Taswirar Gabaɗaya Filin Nazarin Dalilan Autism a Labari ɗaya

I. Gabatarwa

Yana da alama a gare ni cewa hanyar da ta dace don fahimtar cutar ta Autism ita ce karanta duk abin da aka rubuta a kan abubuwan da ke haifar da autism, jefa duk wani binciken da ke da alaƙa da rikice-rikice na kudi na sha'awa ko kuma rashin kuskuren ƙirar binciken, kuma ga abin da alamu ke fitowa daga takardun da aka bari. A lokacin na digiri na uku Na sake nazarin kusan 80 na manyan binciken a cikin ilimin cututtukan Autism da toxicology. Hakan ya kasance mai ban mamaki a lokacin saboda yawancin masanan ba su da ƙarfin gwiwa don tattauna duk wata kasidu da ke yin barazana ga ribar masana'antu masu ƙarfi. 

Kamar yadda na ci gaba da aiki a cikin wannan sararin sama da shekaru shida da suka gabata, yanzu na gane cewa akwai sama da 800 nazarin haddasa cutar Autism a cikin harshen Ingilishi da aka mayar da hankali kan Amurka. Yana da ban tsoro a yi tunanin ƙoƙarin naɗa kan mutum a kusa da filin mai girma. Don haka, yawancin jami'an kiwon lafiyar jama'a kawai suna ɗaukar binciken da aka fi so a nan ko can don tabbatar da son zuciya, kuma wannan ita ce hanyar da ba daidai ba ta kusanci wannan batu. Dole ne a sami mafi kyawun hanyar aiki ta hanyar ilimin da ake da shi akan wannan batu. 

Yanzu na gaskanta cewa na gano yadda za a yi taswirar gabaɗayan fannin nazarin abubuwan da ke haifar da Autism (kimanin takardu 850 gabaɗaya) a cikin labarin ɗaya. Idan kun zauna don karanta kowane talifi ɗaya ɗaya, zai ɗauki shekaru da yawa. Amma kamar yadda zan nuna a ƙasa, ba lallai ne ku yi hakan ba. Akwai hanyar da za a motsa ta cikin duk wallafe-wallafen a matakin meta wanda na yi imani yana kaiwa ga amsar da ta dace da kuma tsari mai dacewa don yadda za a dakatar da cutar ta Autism. 

Bari mu fara da gabatarwa mai sauri sannan mu shiga cikin nau'ikan karatu daban-daban. 

A farkon shekarun 1980, alluran rigakafi sun kasance masu cutarwa ta yadda masu kera alluran suka yi asara akai-akai a kotu. Sun yi kira ga Majalisar Dokokin Amurka ta zartar da Dokar Rauni ta Yara ta Ƙasa ta 1986 don ba wa kansu kariya ta alhaki. Kuma sun yi alƙawarin yin alluran rigakafi mafi aminci amma babu wata hanyar doka a cikin lissafin don aiwatar da waccan alkawarin don haka ba su taɓa yin hakan ba. 

Kamfanonin harhada magunguna sun ci gaba da ƙara yawan alluran rigakafi kamar yadda zai yiwu ga jadawalin. Kafin 1986, akwai alluran rigakafi guda 3 na yau da kullun waɗanda suka haɗa da allura 7. A yau jadawalin rigakafin cutar kanjamau na mata da yara da matasa na CDC sun haɗa da alluran rigakafi guda 19 waɗanda ke buƙatar allura 76 tare da jimlar allurai 94 na antigen (a zahiri ban damu da antigens fiye da sauran abubuwan da ke cikin allurai ba). 

Babu wanda ke da iko da ya damu don auna tasirin haɓakar jadawalin rigakafin kan lafiyar yara. Yawancin masu gudanarwa sun kasance suna neman aiki tare da Pharma saboda a nan ne kuɗin yake. 'Yan siyasa sun dogara da gudummawar Pharma don yakin neman zaben su na sake tsayawa takara. Kafofin yada labarai na yau da kullun suna samun mafi yawan kudaden shiga daga tallan Pharma don haka ba za su taɓa cizon hannun da ke ciyar da su ba. Pharma ya saka hannun jari sosai a cikin huldar jama'a don killace duk wani aljihun juriya da ya rage. 

An haifi Mercury (thimerosal) a matsayin "Gaba ɗaya Gane As Safe" saboda yana da sauƙin yin hakan fiye da ainihin gwajin aminci. An ba da izinin aluminum adjuvants tare da gwajin aminci kaɗan kawai - mutum 1, zomaye 3, da maƙallan maƙasudin ci gaba (babi na 9 na rubutuna yana rufe tarihin ka'idoji na aluminium adjuvants). Gudun zinare ya kasance don haka masana'antun rigakafin suna da 'yanci don ƙara duk abin da suke so ga allurar kuma za a amince da su duka saboda masu kula da masana'antar likitanci sun kama hankali, jiki, da ruhu ta hanyar Pharma. 

Yawan autism ya karu a cikin 1990s kuma ya ci gaba da karuwa tun daga lokacin. Yawan ADHD, rashin lafiyar da ke barazanar rai, cututtuka na autoimmune, asma, kansar yara, ciwon sukari, da farfadiya sun yi tashin gwauron zabi kuma wadanda watakila raunin rigakafin ne. Amma rashin lafiyar Autism (ASD) ya fi waɗancan yanayi tsada saboda naƙasa ce ta rayuwa ba tare da sanin ingantaccen magani ba (wasu iyaye sun sami damar dawo da ƴaƴansu ta hanyar cikakkiyar hanyoyin warkewa da sauran hanyoyin warkewa amma adadin waɗanda suka yi nasara wajen yin hakan har yanzu yana cikin lambobi ɗaya). 

A wannan lokacin, mutanen da suka haifar da cutar ta Autism dole ne su yi kamar suna neman dalilin. Amma dole ne su tabbatar da cewa ba za su taba gano ainihin dalilin ba saboda a lokacin za a daina ba da tallafin bincike kuma yawancin likitocin da masana kimiyya za su je gidan yari ko kuma a rataye su a jikin fitilu daga iyayen da suka fusata yaran da suka ji rauni. Don haka an ƙirƙiri masana'antu gaba ɗaya don rufe cutar ta Autism.

II. Nazari Ashirin da Biyu A Cikin Rufe Alurar riga kafi

Tun daga 2000, fiye da binciken kimiyya ashirin sun kammala cewa babu wata alaƙa tsakanin alluran rigakafi da autism. Mafi yawan karatun da aka ambata sune: 

• Fombonne da Chakrabarti, 2001; 
• Madsen et al., 2002; 
• Mäkelä, Nuorti, and Peltola, 2002; 
• Pichichero, Cernichiari, Lopreiato, da Treanor, 2002; 
• Hviid, Stellfeld, Wohlfahrt, da Melbye, 2003; 
• Madsen et al., 2003; 
• Nelson dan Bauman, 2003; 
• Stehr-Green, Tull, Stellfeld, Mortenson, da Simpson, 2003; 
• Verstraeten et al., 2003; 
• Wilson, Mills, Ross, McGowan, da Jadad, 2003; 
• Andrews et al., 2004; 
• Heron da Golding, 2004; 
• Smeeth et al., 2004; 
• Honda, Shimizu, and Rutter, 2005; 
• Fombonne et al., 2006; 
• Miles and Takahashi, 2007; 
• Thompson et al., 2007; 
• Baird et al., 2008; 
• Hornig et al. 2008; 
• Schechter da Grether 2008. kuma 
• Tozzi et al., 2009. 

Yawancin waɗannan binciken ne waɗanda ke da'awar cewa babu wata alaƙa tsakanin MMR ko alluran rigakafin da ke ɗauke da thimerosal da Autism, wanda ba shi da kyau saboda binciken cikin gida na CDC ya nuna cewa duka waɗannan nau'ikan alluran suna haifar da Autism (duba. 2014 sanarwa daga William Thompson da 2014 Binciken SafeMinds na takaddun FOIA da aka samu daga tsohon mai binciken CDC ya juya GSK shugaban Thomas Verstraeten). 

JB Handley ya kuma rubuta rikice-rikice na bukatu da lahani a cikin ƙirar binciken don yawancin waɗannan takaddun akan gidan yanar gizo mai haske da ake kira. 14 nazari.com. 

Kwanan nan, masu goyon bayan rigakafin sun yi tsayin daka na ƙarshe tare da Hvid et al. (2019Amma kuma wannan binciken yana da lahani sosai (misali ƙimar Autism a cikin samfurin su ya fi 65% ƙasa da na yawan jama'ar Danish; duba bincike a Hammond, Varia, da Hooker, 2025 da James Lyons-Weiler, 2019). 

Bugu da ƙari kuma, ko da yake bazuwar, makafi biyu, gwaje-gwaje masu sarrafa placebo sune ma'auni na zinariya na biomedicine, babu ɗayan binciken da aka jera a sama da ke da ƙungiyar kulawa mai kyau na yara marasa rigakafi (Informed Consent Action Network yana ba da cikakkun bayanai). nan). Rashin gudanar da ingantaccen RCTs makafi biyu ya sa duk waɗannan karatun ba su da inganci a kimiyyance. 

Kuma kamar haka mun ruguza gabaɗayan dalilin da'awar cewa alluran rigakafi ba sa haifar da Autism. 

III. Manyan Nazarin Halittar Autism Biyar

A cikin 1990s, Human Genome Project ya kama tunanin jama'a da kuma kashe kuɗin kimiyya na gwamnati. Da'awar cewa autism jinsin halitta ya kasance nasara-nasara saboda yana ba da bege cewa autism za a iya warkewa ta hanyar injiniyan kwayoyin halitta. 

Daga nan sai gwamnatin tarayya ta nutsar da sama da dalar Amurka biliyan biyu wajen nemo kwayoyin halittar Autism… 1% na lokuta. 

Ba don gwamnatin tarayya ta yi nasara ba, gidauniyar masu zaman kansu kuma sun nemi tabbatar da cewa Autism na kwayoyin halitta ne kuma ya gaza sosai. 

Bayanin kwayoyin halitta na autism ya kasance matsala koyaushe saboda babu wani abu kamar annoba ta kwayoyin halitta - kwayoyin halittar ɗan adam ba ya canzawa da sauri.

YARDA

Musanya Albarkatun Halittar Autism (YARDA) An kafa shi a cikin 1997 ta Cibiyar Cure Autism Now (CAN), kungiyar da ta gabace ta zuwa Autism Speaks (wanda daga baya ya hade da CAN a 2007). AGRE ya tattara bayanan kwayoyin halitta (DNA) da phenotypic (na asibiti, halayya) daga iyalai 2,000 tare da aƙalla memba ɗaya da aka gano tare da ASD kuma ya ba da bayanan kyauta ga ƙwararrun masu bincike a duniya. Wannan ya haifar da samar da 169 Labaran mujallolin kimiyya amma babu wasu manyan nasarorin da suka kai mu kusa da fahimtar dalilin Autism ko magance alamun Autism. A ƙasa zan yi ƙarin bayani dalilin da yasa duk waɗannan nazarin kwayoyin halitta suka gaza a irin wannan salon. 

SSC

A matsayin masu karatun Substack dina zai tuna, Jim Simons (1938 - 2024) ya kasance manajan asusun shinge na biliyan biliyan tare da diya mai Autism. Ya so ya saka wasu dukiyarsa wajen magance Autism kuma da yawa daga cikin manyan masana kimiyya a kasar sun yi amfani da shi ta hanyar gaya masa cewa Autism na iya zama kwayoyin halitta. Jim ya kafa gidauniyar Simons kuma ya ci gaba da kashe sama da dalar Amurka miliyan 300 don nemo kwayoyin halitta (s) na Autism. Cibiyar Nazarin Autism Foundation ta Simons Foundation (SFARI) ta ƙaddamar da wani aiki mai suna Simons Simplex Collection (SSC) a cikin 2007 wanda ya tattara bayanan kwayoyin halitta, na asibiti, da kuma halayya daga kusan iyalai 2,600 "mai sauƙi" - waɗanda ke da yaro daya da aka gano tare da ASD, iyayen da ba su da lafiya, da kuma yawanci 'yar'uwar da ba ta shafa ba. SSC ta samar 132 wallafe-wallafen da aka yi bita da kuma gano "kwayoyin haɗari 102." Amma bai samar da wani babban ci gaba ba wanda zai kai mu kusa da fahimtar abin da ke haifar da Autism ko magance alamun Autism.

ASC

A cikin 2010, Ƙungiyoyin Sequencing Autism (Autism Sequencing Consortium)ASC) aka kafa ta Joseph Buxbaum a Makarantar Magunguna ta Icahn a Dutsen Sinai, New York kuma Cibiyar Broad da NIH ta goyi bayan. Kamar sauran nazarin kiwon lafiya na miliyoyin daloli, ASC ta ƙaddamar da wani labarin gabatarwa mara numfashi a cikin wata babbar jarida. Maimakon mayar da hankali kan dukkanin kwayoyin halitta, ASC yana mai da hankali kan jerin abubuwan exome wanda shine "bangaren genome wanda ya ƙunshi duk exons, waɗanda sune yankuna masu rikodin furotin na DNA." Da'awar ita ce exome "yana wakiltar ɗan ƙaramin kaso na jimlar kwayoyin halitta, kusan 1-2%, amma ya ƙunshi yawancin sanannun bambance-bambancen jinsin cututtukan da ke da alaƙa." 

Ya zuwa yau, ASC ta tsara kusan 50,000 exomes daga lokuta na ASD, ƴan uwan ​​da ba su shafa ba, da iyaye. Binciken PubMed yana nunawa 22 wallafe-wallafen da aka bita masu alaƙa da ASC. A ciki 2020 sun buga takarda da ke nuna rawar da kwayoyin halitta 102 ke takawa a cikin Autism da kuma a cikin 2022 sun gano karin 72. Irin waɗannan karatun suna samar da kanun labarai masu daɗi a cikin kafofin watsa labarai na yau da kullun amma babu wani ci gaba da zai sa mu kusanci fahimtar abin da ke haifar da Autism ko magance alamun Autism. 

A 2011, BAYANIN NAZARI NA Tagwaye DA AUTISM YA NUNA CEWA AUTISM BA FARKO BANE RASHIN CIWON HALITTA BA….

A farkon shekarun 2000, yayin da adadin autism ya karu, shugabannin siyasa a California sun so su fahimci abin da ke faruwa. Don haka California ta yi kwangila tare da goma sha shida daga cikin mafi kyawun masana ilimin halitta a Amurka kuma sun ba su damar samun duk bayanan haihuwa a cikin jihar. Sun samar da wani bincike mai suna "Gidan gado da raba abubuwan muhalli tsakanin tagwaye tare da Autism" (Hallmayer et al., 2011) wanda shine mafi cikakken nazari akan tagwaye da Autism har yau. Sun gano cewa gadon gado yana bayyana a mafi yawan kashi 38% na cututtukan ASD; a wurare biyu sun bayyana cewa wannan abu ne mai yuwuwa wuce gona da iri. Don haka aƙalla kashi 62 cikin XNUMX na lokuta na Autism (kuma mai yuwuwa fiye da haka) wani abu ne ya haifar da shi banda kwayoyin halitta. Amma neman kwayoyin halitta (s) na Autism ya riga ya zama babban masana'antu kuma mai riba sosai, kuma wannan binciken da ke nuna cewa Autism BA asali kwayoyin halitta ba ya yi kadan don rage ci gaban wannan fanni. 

MSSNG

Yayin da farashin jerin kwayoyin halitta ya ragu, Autism Speaks ya ƙaddamar da MSSNG nazari a cikin 2014. MSSNG ba taƙaitaccen bayani ba ne; jagororin binciken sun ji daɗin yadda sautin yake (ana faɗin “bace”). Sun tsara jerin kwayoyin halittar mutane 13,801 na abin da suka kira iyali "trios" (iyaye biyu da ɗayan da abin ya shafa) ko "quads" (iyaye biyu da yara biyu da abin ya shafa). Har zuwa yau, MSSNG ta samar 138 wallafe-wallafen da aka bita. Suna da'awar sun gano 134 "kwayoyin halittar da ke da alaƙa da Autism" amma ba su sake haifar da wani babban ci gaba ba wanda ya kai mu kusa da fahimtar abin da ke haifar da Autism ko magance alamun Autism. 

FARKO

Ba tare da gazawar duk ayyukan binciken kwayoyin halitta ba har zuwa yau, Gidauniyar Simons ta fadada babban fayil ɗin binciken kwayoyin halittarsu tare da sabon aiki a cikin 2016 - Cibiyar Bincike na Autism Foundation na Simons don IlimiFARKO). Tun daga 2025, SPARK ta yi rajista sama da mutane 100,000 tare da ASD da jimlar mahalarta 250,000 (ciki har da 'yan uwa) a duk faɗin Amurka. Shafukan asibiti 31 ne ke sauƙaƙe daukar ma'aikata (mafi yawancin manyan asibitocin binciken yara). Har zuwa yau, SPARK ya ƙare 40 wallafe-wallafen da aka bita. Ya zuwa yanzu sun gano "sababbin kwayoyin halitta masu hadarin Autism" amma babu wani babban ci gaba da zai kai mu kusa da fahimtar dalilin Autism ko magance alamun Autism. 

GASKIYA KYAUTA

Yayin da kasawar kokarin binciken kwayoyin halitta na Gidauniyar Simons ya hauhawa, maimakon canza hanya sai suka dauki hayar editan Retraction Watch, Ivan Oransky, don matsawa ja da baya na binciken da ke tambayar labarin kwayoyin halitta dangane da binciken autism. Ganin cewa akwai masana'antar biliyoyin daloli da aka gina a kan nazarin halittu da kuma nazarin Autism, mujallolin kimiyya sun fi farin cikin yarda da buƙatun Oransky don tantance labarin a madadin majiɓintan su. 

ME YASA KARATUN GENES DA AUTISM YA KASA (WANNAN ANA SANIN A FARKON SHEKARAR 2000 AMMA YAFI YAWAN KWACEWA SABODA YAWAN KUDI DA ZA A SAMU)

Halin halittar ɗan adam ya ƙunshi nau'ikan tushe guda 3.1 zuwa biliyan 3.2. Lokacin da mutum ya ciyar da dubban kwayoyin halittar ɗan adam tare da nau'i-nau'i biliyan da yawa kowannensu a cikin kwamfuta kuma ya neme ta don neman ƙungiya, tabbas zai sami da yawa bisa dama kawai. Amma matsala ce ta yau da kullun ta "daidaitawar ba dalili ba." 

Daya daga cikin manyan masanan cututtukan cututtuka na duniya, John Ioannidis, ya yi nuni a cikin "Me ya sa Yawancin binciken Bincike da aka buga karya ne" (2005) cewa kawai kusan 1/10 na 1% na waɗannan nau'ikan balaguron kamun kifi ("binciken binciken bincike mai zurfi tare da babban gwaji" - yawanci abinci mai gina jiki da nazarin kwayoyin halitta tare da adadi mai yawa na masu canji) ana iya sake su. 

Kamar yadda Sheldon da Gruber suka nuna a cikin littafinsu Bayanin Halitta: Hankali da Banza (2013) Gabaɗayan ka'idar shari'ar cewa ƙayyadaddun kwayoyin halitta guda ɗaya (ko ma da yawa) na wata cuta ta bayyana a cikin 'yan shekarun nan. 

Gabaɗaya magana, fahimtar Mendelian game da kwayoyin halitta an maye gurbinsu da shi a cikin 'yan shekarun nan ta hanyar mabanbantan yanayin. Masanin kimiyya dan Burtaniya John Dupré a Jami'ar Exeter yayi jayayya a cikin littafinsa Hanyoyin Rayuwa: Kasidu a cikin Falsafa na Biology (2012) cewa DNA ba tsari ba ne ko lambar kwamfuta don sakamakon nazarin halittu amma wani nau'i ne na sito wanda jiki zai iya zana a kai don dalilai daban-daban: 

Zaton cewa gaɓoɓin DNA na jerin DNA har ma da "kwayoyin halitta" na musamman sunadaran sun juya ba gaskiya bane. Madadin rarrabuwar kawuna na wasu jeri, madadin firam ɗin karantawa, da gyara bayan rubuce-rubuce - wasu daga cikin abubuwan da ke faruwa [a zahiri] tsakanin rubutun DNA da tsara samfurin furotin na ƙarshe - suna cikin hanyoyin binciken wanda ya haifar da bambancin ra'ayi na genome…. Don haka an fi ganin jerin lambobi a cikin kwayoyin halitta a matsayin albarkatun da ake amfani da su ta hanyoyi daban-daban a cikin matakai daban-daban na kwayoyin halitta da kuma wanda zai iya shiga cikin samar da kwayoyin halitta daban-daban fiye da yadda wani nau'i na wakiltar ko da sakamakon kwayoyin halitta, balle wani nau'i na phenotypic (shafi na 264-265).

Mutanen da suke nazarin kwayoyin halitta sun san cewa, aƙalla idan ya zo ga autism, ƙaddarar kwayoyin halitta ya mutu. Amma akwai arziki da za a samu daga yin riya. Don haka labarin da aka sayar wa gwamnati da tushe masu zaman kansu shine cewa "genes for autism" suna waje a wani wuri kawai suna jiran a samo su idan kawai za su ci gaba da gudanar da kudaden bincike. 

Gwamnati tana wasa tare da wannan dabarar saboda ba da gudummawar binciken ilimin halittar dan adam yana hana masana kimiyya nesanta kansu daga nazarin abubuwan da za su iya yin barazana ga bukatu masu karfi. Sakamakon haka shine masana'antar bincike ta biliyoyin daloli da ke samar da ɗaruruwa da ɗaruruwan labaran da aka bita da su waɗanda ba su taɓa kusantar mu da fahimtar abin da ke haifar da Autism ko samar da magani ba. 

Kamar yadda binciken “Genetic Autism” ya ci tura akai-akai, masana ilmin halitta sun fito da wata ka’idar da suka kira “Genetic Dark matter” da aka tsara bayan duhun kwayoyin halitta a ilmin taurari da aka ce ya kunshi mafi yawan sararin samaniya – wanda masana ilmin taurari ba za su iya bayyanawa ko aunawa ba. Ma'anar ita ce, dole ne a sami kwayar halittar Autism amma ba su da kayan aikin gano shi tukuna. Wannan ya sa kudin tallafin ya ci gaba a yanzu. Amma duk tsarin ba zai yiwu ba. 

Don ƙarin bayani kan binciken tatsuniya na “gene(s) don Autism” don Allah a duba labarina, “Kusan duk abin da aka gaya mana game da kwayoyin halitta da Autism ba daidai ba ne” (2025). 

IV. Manyan Nazarin Epigenetic Hudu

cajin

Jami'ar California, Davis ta ƙaddamar da Haɗarin Autism na Yara daga Genetics da Muhalli (cajin) yin nazari a cikin 2003 don bincika abubuwan da ke haifar da muhalli da abubuwan haɗari ga autism da jinkirin ci gaba. Irva Hertz-Picciotto, daya daga cikin manyan kwararrun masana muhalli da aka fi sani da muhalli a duniya ne ke jagoranta. CHARGE wani bincike ne na sarrafa shari'a inda masu bincike ke gano yara masu shekaru 2 zuwa 5 tare da Autism kuma kwatanta su da yara masu kama da juna ba tare da gano cutar Autism ba. Sun yi rajista fiye da iyalai 2,000 na Autism a cikin karatunsu kuma sun samar da rahotannin tushe kan tasirin:

• gurbacewar iska (misali, barbashi, nitrogen dioxide, ozone)
• magungunan kashe qwari (misali, organophosphates, pyrethroids, carbamates)
• karafa masu nauyi (misali, mercury, gubar, cadmium)
• abubuwan per- da polyfluoroalkyl (PFAS)
• polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)
• abubuwan gina jiki (misali, folic acid, bitamin D)
• masu kashe wuta (misali, polybrominated diphenyl ethers - PBDEs) 
• yanayin rayuwa na mahaifa (misali, kiba, ciwon sukari) da
• maras tabbas Organic mahadi (VOCs). 

Har zuwa yau, CHARGE ya haifar 144 wallafe-wallafen da aka bita. Amma kwanan nan na gano cewa babu ɗayan karatunsu da ke sarrafa maganin alurar riga kafi (alurar riga kafi vs. marasa alurar riga kafi, adadin alluran rigakafi, lokaci na rigakafi, da dai sauransu) a matsayin wani abu mai rikitarwa - ko da yake a yawancin lokuta ana samun bayanin a gare su. Rashin kulawa don bayyanar da alluran rigakafin ya sa duk binciken CHARGE ya zama marasa dogaro. 

A bayyane yake, duk abubuwan da suka sa guba da suke nazarin matsala ne, suna iya haifar da Autism, kuma yakamata a inganta su ko kuma a hana su. Abin da nake cewa ko da yake shi ne, mutum ba zai iya auna tasirin kowane ɗayan waɗannan sinadarai ba tare da haɗa da ma'auni don tasirin maganin alurar riga kafi ba. 

Don haka alal misali, ingantaccen binciken CHARGE, Shelton et al. (2014) ya gano cewa iyaye mata da ke zaune a cikin nisan kilomita 1.5 ( kasa da mil 1) na gonakin noma da aka fesa da magungunan kashe kwari daban-daban suna da haɗari na Autism a cikin 'ya'yansu. Amma wanene zai fi zama kusa da filayen? Ma'aikatan gona da sauran mazauna wurin masu karamin karfi. Don haka yana yiwuwa ’ya’yan da matan da ke zaune kusa da filayen noma suka haifa suna samun ƙananan alluran rigakafi ta tsarin rigakafin yara kuma wannan yana bayyana haɗarin autism mafi girma. Ko wataƙila waɗannan yaran ba a yi musu allurar ba kwata-kwata kuma haɗarin autism gaba ɗaya daga magungunan kashe qwari ne. Amma ba za mu taɓa sanin haɗarin kowane abu ba saboda Shelton et al. (2014) bai kula da matsayin rigakafin ba. 

Ko kuma ɗauki wani misali. Yawancin binciken CHARGE sunyi iƙirarin cewa kari tare da folic acid a cikin watan farko na ciki yana rage haɗarin autism. Amma alluran rigakafi da sauran abubuwan maye na iya haifar da dysregulated folate metabolism. Kuma ga wasu daga cikin waɗannan matan, haɓakawa da folic acid yana ƙara haɗarin autism a cikin zuriyarsu saboda jikinsu ba zai iya canza folic acid zuwa folate (duba Raghavan et al. 2018). Ta hanyar rashin kula da adadin allurar rigakafin da uwa ta sha kafin ciki da kuma lokacin daukar ciki, ba za mu iya bayyana illar sauye-sauyen kwayoyin halitta, karin bitamin, alluran rigakafi, da magungunan kashe kwari. 

Me yasa wasu mafi kyawun cututtukan cututtuka a duniya za su kashe lokaci, kuɗi, da ƙoƙari sosai sannan su yi kuskure wannan asali? Amsar ita ce madaidaiciya madaidaiciya - fannin binciken autism yana da alaƙa da siyasa kuma duk wanda ke da hannu tare da waɗannan karatun ya san cewa idan sun haɗa da alluran rigakafi a matsayin mai canzawa nan take za su rasa duk kuɗin binciken su kuma za a sanya su cikin jerin baƙar fata daga kudaden bincike na gaba. Wancan shawarar, bisa ƙa'ida, kuma shawarar da ta dace a kimiyyance za ta ƙare nan da nan kuma har abada abadin. Don haka suna guje wa canjin da ba za a faɗi sunansa ba duk da cewa wannan tsallakewar ya sa duk aikin su ba shi da aminci. 

Zan ƙara kawai cewa duk waɗannan manyan binciken abubuwan da ke haifar da autism sun kasa ta irin wannan hanya - suna shiga cikin tunani madauwari (rashin fahimta wanda jigon gardama ya ɗauka ƙarshe ya zama gaskiya). 

• Nazarin alurar riga kafi sun ɗauka cewa alluran rigakafi suna da lafiya kuma suna da tasiri don haka ba za su taɓa damuwa da ƙungiyar placebo mai kyau wanda zai iya tabbatar da in ba haka ba. 
• Nazarin kwayoyin halitta sun ɗauka cewa kwayoyin halitta sune sanadin don haka kawai suna tattara abubuwan da suka kai tiriliyan har sai sun sami wata ƙungiya mai banƙyama (nazarin jinsin ba ya kula da matsayin rigakafi ko da yake yiwuwar mutagenic na sinadaran rigakafi akan DNA shine damuwa mai gudana). 
• Kuma binciken epigenetic ya ɗauka cewa alluran rigakafi ba za su iya zama wani abu ba don haka ba za su iya sarrafa su ba (duk da cewa wasu daga cikin abubuwan da suke daɗaɗɗa a cikin muhalli sune masu guba iri ɗaya da ake yi wa allurar kai tsaye a cikin jikin yara). 

CHARGE (da sauran nazarin halittu waɗanda na bayyana a ƙasa) suna bin daidaitattun ayyuka a cikin ilimin cututtukan cututtukan da yawanci ba sa la'akari da matsayin allurar rigakafin rikice-rikice a cikin nazarin abubuwan haɗarin muhalli don Autism. Amma wannan shine ainihin matsalar - daidaitaccen aiki a kowane ɗayan waɗannan fagagen bincike yana ɗauke da tambayar maganin alurar riga kafi maimakon nazarin ta. Tattalin arzikin siyasa na bincike na haifar da autism shine irin waɗannan malaman ba za su taba fahimtar cutar ta Autism ba saboda an hana su fita waje da matsalolin tunani (ba domin su mutane ne marasa kyau ba amma saboda ɗaukan matsalolin fashewar siyasa shine yadda waɗannan sana'o'in ke tsira a fuskar ikon kamfanoni). 

MARBLES

A cikin 2006, Cibiyar UC Davis MIND ta ƙaddamar da Alamar Haɗarin Autism a cikin Jarirai - Alamomin Farko na Koyo (MARBLES) karatu. MARBLES wani bincike ne na dogon lokaci ga mata masu juna biyu waɗanda suka riga sun sami ɗa na halitta tare da Autism. Ana tattara bayanai game da kwayoyin halittar kowane ɗan takara da muhallinsa ta hanyoyi da dama, gami da:

• Jini, fitsari, gashi, yau, da nono, da kuma ta hanyar samfurin ƙurar gida, don samun cikakken hoto na yanayin da ke kewaye da kowane ciki.
• Har ila yau, suna gudanar da tambayoyi tare da uwa da samun damar bayanan likita don gano ƙarin bayani game da kowane nau'i na hali ko yanayin da zai iya taimakawa wajen bunkasa autism.
• Uwaye suna kula da cikakkun bayanai game da alamun lafiya, abinci, da amfani da samfur yayin da bayan ciki. 
• Suna kuma gudanar da daidaitattun ƙididdiga na ci gaban yaro har zuwa watanni 36. 

Ya zuwa yau sun shigar da mata masu juna biyu 460 tare da riko da kashi 84%. Ɗaya daga cikin reshe na binciken MARBLES ya samar 71 wallafe-wallafen da aka bita. Wani reshe - wanda yayi nazarin fecal microbiome, fecal glycome, da ma'auni na bayyanar muhalli na gida a cikin jariran da suka yi kuma ba su haifar da autism ba - samar da su. 80 wallafe-wallafen da aka bita. 

Tare da ƙirar binciken da ke da mahimmanci, mutum zai yi tunanin cewa za su iya gano dalilin autism cikin sauri. Amma kuma, nazarin MARBLES ba ya sarrafa maganin alurar riga kafi (alurar riga kafi vs. marasa alurar riga kafi, adadin alluran rigakafi ga uwa da yaro, lokacin rigakafin, da dai sauransu) ko da yake suna da damar yin amfani da wannan bayanin. Rashin sarrafa waɗannan sanannun sanannun kuma yiwuwar manyan abubuwan da ke haifar da guba ya sa duk binciken MARBLES ya zama abin dogaro. 

Lokacin da nake rubuta karatun digiri na na yi matukar sha'awar karatun epigenetic ciki har da MARBLES saboda sun kasance masu rikitarwa kuma suna duban sauye-sauye masu guba wanda yawancin masana kimiyya na yau da kullun ba su da ƙarfin yin nazari. Na karanta gwargwadon iyawa kuma na haɗa cikakkun bayanai a cikin rubutuna. Amma yanzu da na san cewa ba su taɓa sarrafa maganin alurar riga kafi ba na sami waɗannan karatun suna da matukar damuwa. MARBLES a mai yiwuwa binciken da ya biyo bayan matan da suka riga sun haifi ɗa guda tare da Autism ta hanyar daukar ciki na gaba kuma ba su taɓa ba wa waɗannan matan izini ba saboda ba su tattauna da su haɗarin rigakafin ba. Don masu bincike su juya waɗannan yara - da yawa daga cikinsu sun sami Autism saboda wannan rashin sanin yarda - cikin data don takardun da aka buga na takwarorinsu, na yi imani ya saba wa rantsuwar Hippocratic, Sanarwa na Helsinki, da Lambar Nuremberg. 

GABA

A cikin 2007, CDC ta ƙaddamar da Nazari don Neman Ci gaban Farko (GABA) - wurare da yawa, binciken kula da shari'o'i don gano abubuwan haɗari da alamun farko na rashin lafiyar autism da sauran nakasassun ci gaba a cikin yara masu shekaru 2 zuwa 5. SEED ta yi rajista sama da iyalai 4,500, gami da yara sama da 1,500 da aka gano suna da Autism, a cikin matakai da yawa na binciken. Binciken yana amfani da tambayoyin iyaye, kima na asibiti, tarin samfurori, da kuma duba bayanan likita don tattara bayanai game da kwayoyin halitta, muhalli, da abubuwan halayen da zasu iya rinjayar hadarin autism. Kasafin kudin ya haura dala miliyan 5 a shekara kuma binciken yana ci gaba da gudana. Har zuwa yau, binciken SEED ya samar 54 wallafe-wallafen da aka bita. Babu wani binciken SEED da ke kula da alluran rigakafi (alurar riga kafi da marasa alurar riga kafi, adadin alluran rigakafi ga uwa da yaro, lokacin rigakafin, da sauransu) duk da cewa suna da damar samun wannan bayanin. Rashin sarrafa waɗannan sanannun da kuma yiwuwar manyan bayyanar cututtuka masu guba ya sa duk binciken na SEED ya zama rashin dogara. 

TSOHON

A cikin 2008, NIH da Autism Speaks sun ƙaddamar da Binciken Haɗarin Risk na Autism na Farko.TSOHON) nazari - nazari na rukunin rukunin yanar gizo da yawa wanda ke nufin gano abubuwan muhalli da kwayoyin halitta waɗanda ke ba da gudummawa ga rashin lafiyar bakan. Ya sanya mata masu juna biyu sama da 260 waɗanda suka riga sun haifi ɗa tare da ASD, suna bin ƙanana har zuwa shekaru 3 don bincika yiwuwar haɗarin muhalli da gudummawar kwayoyin halitta don Autism. Ƙungiyar ta haɗa da Jami'ar Johns Hopkins, UC Davis, Jami'ar Drexel, Jami'ar Pennsylvania/Asibitin Yara Philadelphia, da Kaiser Permanente Arewacin California.

Ɗayan reshe na EARLI (musamman kallon abinci, abinci mai gina jiki, da bayyanar phthalate) ya samar 39 wallafe-wallafen da aka bita; wani reshe (musamman yana kallon gurbacewar iska na masana'antu da fallasa ga karafa masu nauyi) da aka samar 40 wallafe-wallafen da aka bita; da kuma reshe na uku (musamman yana duba gurbacewar iska daga manyan hanyoyi da manyan motocin diesel) da aka samar 9 wallafe-wallafen da aka bita. Amma babu ɗayan waɗannan binciken da aka sarrafa don maganin alurar riga kafi (alurar riga kafi vs. marasa alurar riga kafi, adadin alluran rigakafi ga uwa da yaro, lokacin rigakafin, da dai sauransu) don haka ya sa duk sakamakon EARLI ya zama abin dogaro. 

Mafi kyawun shari'ar da zan iya yi don waɗannan manyan karatun epigenetic shine cewa masu bincike sun ɗauka cewa kowa yana da alurar riga kafi kuma kowa ya sami alluran rigakafi iri ɗaya a lokaci guda don haka ba sa buƙatar haɗawa da canjin. Babu ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan da ke gaskiya, amma don dalilai kawai bari mu ɗauka cewa masu binciken sun yarda da wannan. Babban karatun epigenetic sannan kuma auna cutarwa daga sauran abubuwan maye ban da ƙimar tushe wanda ya haɗa da gaskiyar cewa an yiwa kowa da kowa alurar riga kafi. Amma hakan ma ba haka yake ba. Akwai yuwuwar tasirin synergistic tsakanin masu guba daban-daban, alluran rigakafi, da tsarin a cikin jiki (endocrine, rigakafi, narkewa, da sauransu) don haka ba za mu iya sanin illolin dangi daga waɗannan sauran masu guba ba tare da sanin irin alluran rigakafin da mutum ya rigaya ya karɓa ba. 

Duk wani abu da ke haifar da taron kunna rigakafi - cuta mai saurin yaduwa, mai guba, ko alurar riga kafi - na iya haifar da Autism. Amma bincike daga Thomas da Margulis (2016) ya nuna cewa yawan Autism a cikin yara da ba su da maganin alurar riga kafi shine 1 a cikin 715 kuma yawan autism a cikin yara da aka yi wa alurar riga kafi shine 1 a cikin 31. Don haka waɗannan manyan nazarin epigenetic da suka kasa sarrafa maganin alurar riga kafi na iya taimakawa wajen bayyana 1 a cikin 715 na autism amma suna da wuya su taimaka mana mu dakatar da cutar ta Autism sai dai idan sun canza ka'idoji. 

Ɗaya daga cikin bayanin kula na ƙarshe akan wannan sashe: manyan nazarin halittu guda uku da aka kwatanta a sama (ASC, SSC, da SPARK) suna raba bayanan su tare da National Database for Autism Research.NDAR) wanda kuma ya raba bayanansa tare da tasirin muhalli akan Sakamakon Lafiyar Yara (Echo) Shirin. Manyan nazarin halittu guda huɗu da aka kwatanta a nan (CHARGE, MARBLES, SEED, da EARLI) duk suna raba bayanan su tare da ECHO kuma. Ana sarrafa damar zuwa ECHO ta hanyar Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiyar Yara da Ci gaban Bil Adama ta Eunice Kennedy Shriver (NICHD) da Cibiyar Samfura (DASH). Amma masu tsaron ƙofa a DASH sun sa ba zai yiwu ba ga masu bincike masu zaman kansu su sami damar shiga bayanan (Na yi ta aikace-aikacen akai-akai kuma an juya ni a kowane lokaci). Don haka masu biyan haraji na Amurka sun kashe dala biliyan da yawa don samar da bayanan Autism kuma jama'a ba za su iya samun damar yin amfani da shi ba duk da cewa cutar ta Autism tana girma kowace shekara. 

V. Don haka wannan ya bar mu da ɗimbin ɗimbin Nazari don fahimtar Sanadin Autism

Mahimmin binciken da ke taimaka mana mu fahimci tasirin tasirin abubuwan maye daban-daban waɗanda ke taimakawa wajen haifar da Autism shine Sally Ozonoff ta jagoranci a UC Davis kuma an buga shi a cikin 2018. Yin amfani da zane mai ban mamaki ta nuna cewa har zuwa kashi 88 cikin XNUMX na al'amuran autism suna da halin rashin lafiyar autistic - yaron yana tasowa kullum sa'an nan kuma ba zato ba tsammani a cikin sa'o'i, kwanaki, ko makonni yaron ya rasa ido, magana, da ikon yin hulɗa tare da wasu. Wannan yana nuna mummunar bayyanar da guba kuma a yanzu muna da shaidar gani da ido daga daruruwan dubban iyaye cewa mummunar bayyanar da guba da ta rigaya ta haifar da autistic alƙawari "jari mai kyau" alƙawari tare da likitan yara. 

Grail mai tsarki a cikin bincike na autism shine don nemo maganin alurar riga kafi vs. binciken da ba a yi ba. Alhamdu lillahi yanzu akwai kyawawan karatu guda shida da za mu iya dogaro da su. 

GALLAGHER and GOODMAN (2008 da kuma 2010) 

Gallagher da Goodman (2008), ta yin amfani da bayanai daga Binciken Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a da Gina Jiki 1999-2000, ya gano cewa yara maza da suka karbi dukkanin allurai uku na maganin cutar hanta B (n = 46) sun kasance 8.63 sau da yawa (CI: 3.24, 22.98) don samun nakasa ci gaba ciki har da autism fiye da yara maza waɗanda ba su karbi duk nau'i uku ba (n = 7).

Gallagher da Goodman (2010), ta yin amfani da bayanai daga Binciken Tattaunawar Lafiya ta Ƙasa ta 1997-2002, ya gano cewa yara maza "waɗanda suka karbi kashi na farko na maganin cutar hanta B a cikin watan farko na rayuwa suna da rashin daidaituwa sau 3 don ganewar autism (n = 30 tare da ganewar autism da 7,044 ba tare da ganewar autism ba; OR = 3.002; CI: 1.109) ko dai a matsayin yaro idan aka kwatanta da 8.126. ko ba komai” (shafi na 1669). 

Kuma wannan shine kawai tasirin harbi daya. Babu wanda ya san tasirin yin hakan sau 76 amma abin da CDC ya ba da shawarar Jadawalin Alurar Yara da Matasa. 

MAWSON (2017A da kuma 2017B) 

Anthony Mawson wani malami ne mai ziyara a fannin ilimin cututtuka a Makarantar Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a ta Jami'ar Jihar Jackson tare da yin aiki na shekaru talatin a cikin ilimin cututtukan dabbobi da kuma dogon tarihin bugawa ciki har da wallafe-wallafe biyu a cikin Lancet. a 2017, Mawson da mawallafinsa sun tsara "binciken sashe na sashe na iyaye mata masu kula da gida a kan alurar riga kafi da yara masu ilimin halitta masu shekaru 6 zuwa 12" kuma sun yi aiki tare da Cibiyar Nazarin Harkokin Ilimin Gida ta Ƙasa, Cibiyar Nazarin Gida ta gida, don aiwatar da binciken. Sun sami sakamako ga yara 666 wanda 405 (61%) aka yi musu rigakafin kuma 261 (39%) ba a yi musu allurar ba. Binciken da aka sarrafa don tseren, jinsi, yanayi mara kyau (ba a bayyana shi ba), amfani da kwayoyin cutar yayin daukar ciki, haihuwa da haihuwa, da duban dan tayi yayin daukar ciki.

Kamar yadda mutum zai yi tsammani, sun gano cewa yara da aka yi wa alurar riga kafi ba su da mahimmanci fiye da wadanda ba a yi musu ba don samun ciwon kaji (7.9% vs. 25.3%; OR = 0.26; CI: 0.2, 0.4) da kuma tari (pertussis) (2.5% vs. 8.4%; OR = 0.3, 0.1 CI). 

Sakamakon rashin lafiya na yau da kullum ya kasance labari daban. Yaran da aka yi wa alurar riga kafi sun fi na waɗanda ba a yi musu allurar ba da aka gano da su 

• rashin ilmantarwa (5.7% vs. 1.2%; OR = 5.2; CI: 1.6, 17.4);
• ADHD (4.7% vs. 1.0%; OR = 4.2; CI: 1.2, 14.5); 
• Autism (4.7% vs. 1.0%; KO = 4.2; CI: 1.2, 14.5; 
• duk wani rashin lafiyar neurodevelopmental (watau rashin ilmantarwa, ADHD ko ASD) (10.5% vs. 3.1%; OR = 3.7; CI: 1.7, 7.9); kuma 
• kowane rashin lafiya na yau da kullun (44.0% vs. 25.0%; OR = 2.4; CI: 1.7, 3.3) (Mawson et al. 2017a). 

Mawson, Bhuiyan, Yakubu, and Ray (2017b) ya gudanar da bincike daban na bayanan akan yaran da ba a gama haihuwa ba (aka “premies”), matsayin rigakafi, da sakamakon lafiya. Marubutan sun gano:

• Babu wata ƙungiya...tsakanin haihuwa kafin haihuwa da nakasar haɓakar jijiyoyi [NDD da aka ayyana azaman nakasa ilmantarwa, ADHD, da/ko ASD] in babu alurar riga kafi. 
• Haihuwar haihuwa tare da alurar riga kafi ta ƙara ƙimar NDD da fiye da sau biyar idan aka kwatanta da yaran da ba a haifa ba da aka yi musu allurar (48% vs. 8.9%; OR = 5.4; CI: 2.5, 11.9). 
• Haihuwar da ba ta kai ga haihuwa ba tare da alluran rigakafi sun ƙaru da ƙima na NDD da fiye da sau goma sha biyu idan aka kwatanta da haihuwa ba tare da allurar rigakafi ba (48% vs. 0%; KO = 12.3; CI: 0.67, 224.2, p=.024; amma "ba mahimmanci a fasaha ba saboda babu wani yaro a cikin samfurin tare da NDD wanda ya kasance wanda bai riga ya kasance ba kuma ba a yi shi ba"). 
• Haihuwar haihuwa tare da alurar riga kafi ya ƙara haɗarin NDD da fiye da sau goma sha huɗu "idan aka kwatanta da yaran da ba su riga sun kasance ba kuma ba a yi musu allurar rigakafi ba" (48% vs. 3.3%; KO = 14.5; CI: 5.4, 38.7). 

Idan Mawson et al. (2017b) daidai ne, to, yawan adadin NDD a tsakanin yaran da aka haifa kafin haihuwa na iya kasancewa kusan gaba ɗaya sakamakon maganin alurar riga kafi, maimakon isowa da wuri.

HOOKER da MILLER (2021) 

Brian Hooker a Jami'ar Simpson a California kuma mai bincike mai zaman kansa Neil Miller (2021), ta yin amfani da bayanan bincike daga masu amsawa da ke da alaƙa da ayyukan likita guda uku a Amurka, idan aka kwatanta da yaran da aka yi wa alurar riga kafi zuwa yaran da ba a yi musu allurar ba don aukuwar yanayin rashin lafiya da yawa ciki har da Autism. Yaran da aka yi wa alurar riga kafi sun fi dacewa fiye da yaran da ba a yi musu allurar ba don kamuwa da su: 

• rashin lafiya mai tsanani (OR = 4.31, 95% CI 1.67 - 11.1), 
• Autism (KO = 5.03, 95% CI 1.64 - 15.5), 
• cututtuka na ciki (OR = 13.8, 95% CI 5.85 - 32.5), 
• asma (OR = 17.6, 95% CI 6.94 - 44.4), 
• ADHD (OR = 20.8, 95% CI 4.74 - 91.2), da 
• cututtukan kunne na yau da kullun (OR = 27.8, 95% CI 9.56 - 80.8). 

Yaran da aka yi wa alurar riga kafi ba su da yuwuwar a gano su da cutar kaji (OR = 0.10, 95% CI 0.029 - 0.36). Amma wannan mummunan ciniki ne da za a yi (ƙara yawan cututtuka na tsawon rai don samun raguwar kurji na wucin gadi). 

Sakamakon binciken da aka yi a wannan binciken kan alakar da ke tsakanin allurar rigakafi da matsayin shayarwa da kuma alakar da ke tsakanin allurar rigakafi da yanayin haihuwa yana da ban tsoro musamman:

Yaran da aka yi "alurar rigakafi kuma ba a shayar da su ba" suna da haɗarin autism fiye da sau 12 (OR = 12.5, p <0.0001).

Yaran da aka yi wa "alurar rigakafi da haihuwa ta hanyar cesarean" suna da haɗarin autism fiye da sau 18 (OR = 18.7, p <0.0001).

Waɗannan su ne mafi girman ƙima da na taɓa gani a kowane bincike na sanadin Autism. A cikin duniyar adalci, binciken da aka samu daga wannan binciken zai kasance labarai ne na gaba a duk faɗin ƙasar kuma nan da nan ya haifar da sauraron ƙararrakin Majalisa da matakin ƙa'ida a kan masu yin alluran rigakafi, masu yin dabara, da likitocin obstetrics/asibitoci tare da ƙimar c-section. Amma saboda manyan kafofin watsa labarai da tsarin siyasa a Amurka Pharma sun kama wannan binciken kwata-kwata. 

MAWSON da JACOB (2025)

Anthony Mawson da Binu Yakubu sun dawo tare da wani gagarumin nazari a cikin (2025). Yawan binciken ya ƙunshi yaran da aka haifa kuma suna ci gaba da yin rajista a cikin shirin Medicaid na Jihar Florida daga haihuwa zuwa shekaru 9. Binciken bayanan da'awar ga yara 47,155 9 shekaru ya bayyana cewa: 

1. maganin alurar riga kafi yana da alaƙa da haɓaka haɓakar ƙima ga duk cututtukan da aka auna neurodevelopmental (NDDs); 

2. a cikin yara da aka haifa kafin haihuwa da kuma alurar riga kafi, 39.9% an gano su tare da akalla NDD guda ɗaya idan aka kwatanta da 15.7% a cikin waɗanda aka haifa ba tare da jima'i ba (OR = 3.58, 95% CI: 2.80, 4.57); kuma 

3. Haɗarin dangi na rashin lafiyar Autism ya ƙaru bisa ga adadin ziyarar da suka haɗa da alluran rigakafi. Yaran da suka ziyarci maganin rigakafi sau 1.7 sun fi yuwuwar an gano su da ASD fiye da waɗanda ba a yi musu allurar ba (95% CI: 1.21, 2.35) yayin da waɗanda ke da ziyara 11 ko fiye waɗanda suka haɗa da alluran rigakafi sun kasance sau 4.4 mafi kusantar an gano su da ASD fiye da waɗanda ba su da ziyarar allurar. (95% CI: 2.85, 6.84).

Mun san abin da ke haddasa cutar Autism. Kumburi, rashin kimiyya, jaddawalin allurar rigakafin CDC da ke haifar da riba yana haifar da annobar Autism. Dole ne Amurka ta matsa nan da nan zuwa tsarin tushen kimiyya, keɓantacce, N-of-1 don yin rigakafi, ba tare da kariya ta alhaki ga masu yin alluran rigakafi ko ƙwararrun likitocin ba, kuma kawai waɗancan allurar rigakafin da aka nuna don samar da ƙari. amfanin fiye da illa yarda a kasuwa. 

VI. Kammalawa

Babban karatun da ke ƙoƙarin tabbatar da cewa alluran rigakafin ba sa haifar da Autism duk ba su da inganci saboda ba su da ƙungiyar kulawa da ba ta dace ba. 

Fiye da dala biliyan 2 da aka kashe don neman “gene(s) don Autism” ba su kasance jari mai kyau ba - ban da tabbatar da fitar da kwayoyin halitta a matsayin babban direban annobar.

Manyan karatun epigenetic an tsara su da ɗan ƙira kuma suna nuna ƙarfin hali a cikin binciken abubuwan maye da masana'antu masu ƙarfi suka yi. Abin baƙin ciki shine gazawarsu don sarrafa bayyanar da allurar rigakafin ya sa duk abin da suka yanke ya zama abin dogaro. 

Don haka wannan ya bar mu da ingantaccen alurar riga kafi guda shida da binciken da ba a yi ba wanda ya nuna cewa alurar riga kafi na haifar da Autism. Alurar riga kafi gabaɗaya da alama yana ƙara haɗarin autism game da ninki 4 (kewayon waɗannan karatun shida shine 3.002 zuwa 8.63). Wuraren yin alluran rigakafi (OR = 14.5), allurar rigakafi + bayarwa na sashen c (OR = 12.5), da allurar rigakafi idan babu shayarwa (OR = 18.7) yana haifar da haɗarin autism zuwa sama. Wannan shine abin da ke haifar da cutar Autism, bisa ga mafi kyawun shaidar kimiyya.

Abin da ke tattare da wannan duka shi ne cewa duk fagen binciken autism ya zama abin kunya. Iyayen yaran da ke fama da cutar ta Autism suna kashe ɗan kuɗin da suke da shi don samar da ingantaccen bincike na kimiyya yayin da hukumomi, gidauniyoyi, da gwamnati ke amfani da babban ƙarfinsu don ɓoye musabbabin annobar. 

Labari mai dadi shine cewa dubun dubatan iyaye sun bayyana sun gano hakan. Mafi kyawun shaidar kimiyya da ke akwai suna nuna cewa za mu iya dakatar da cutar ta Autism ta hanyar ba da izinin allurar rigakafi kawai a kasuwa (wasu allurar rigakafin ƙwayoyin cuta masu rai) da kuma ba su, idan ma, a ƙarƙashin sharuɗɗan yarda a cikin shekaru masu zuwa lokacin da tsarin garkuwar jiki zai iya amsa daidai. Rage yawan amfani da sassan c-sections da magungunan haihuwa da tallafawa shayarwa na iya haifar da raguwa mai yawa a cikin ƙimar autism. Karami kaɗan amma har yanzu gagarumin raguwa a cikin ƙimar Autism shima yana yiwuwa ta hanyar rage duk abubuwan da ke haifar da guba (ciki har da gurɓataccen iska, magungunan kashe qwari, masu rushewar endocrine, sauran magunguna, da sauransu) ga kowa da kowa. 

Ga cikakken labarin a cikin bayanai guda ɗaya: 

Hakanan zaka iya sauke shi azaman PDF:

Sabuntawa, Mayu 22, 2025:

Wani haziki mai karatu ya yi nuni da cewa, akwai ’yan kadan daga cikin nazarce-nazarce masu zaman kansu na wasu abubuwan da suka sa maye baya ga binciken da na yi bayani a sama. Wannan gaskiya ne kuma na rufe su a cikin nawa taƙaitaccen labari. Amma anan zan ambaci kadan daga cikinsu:

Palmer et al. An gudanar da wasu bincike masu ban sha'awa guda biyu akan tsire-tsire masu wutar lantarki da kuma Autism (2006 da kuma 2009). Kamar binciken magungunan kashe qwari da na ambata a sama, gazawar sarrafa alluran rigakafi babban iyakance ne na waɗannan karatun. 

Ina son alamomin EMF guda biyu da nazarin Autism na Martha Herbert da Cindy Sage (2013a da kuma 2013b). Wadannan nazarin sun fi mayar da hankali kan tasirin EMF akan sel, don haka ba za su iya sarrafa maganin rigakafi ba. 

Stephen Schultz ya yi nazari mai zurfi akan Tylenol da Autism (2008 da kuma 2016) ko da yake ina fata da gaske waɗancan karatun za su iya sarrafa maganin alurar riga kafi saboda wannan babban abu ne mai ruɗani. Bauer et al. (2018) shi ne nazari na yau da kullum na nazarin 9 Tylenol, ko da yake kuma, rashin nasarar sarrafa maganin alurar rigakafi ya sa girman tasirin ya zama abin dogara. 

Sannan akwai karatu masu zaman kansu da yawa a wajen Amurka masu ban sha'awa. Alal misali, Larsson et al. (2009), a cikin wani binciken da aka fara tsara don kallon rashin lafiyar jiki ya gano cewa bene na vinyl a cikin ɗakin kwana na iyaye yana da alaƙa da haɗarin ASD da 140% (OR = 2.4; CI: 1.31, 4.40). Ba a sarrafa maganin rigakafi kuma yana iya zama abin ruɗarwa. 

Ina tsammanin za mu iya haɗa wani nazarin 50 zuwa 100 na abubuwan maye waɗanda ke ƙara haɗarin autism. Amma a cikin kwarewata babu ɗayansu da ke sarrafa maganin alurar riga kafi ko da yake suna da mahimmancin rikice-rikice kuma babu wanda zai sami rashin daidaituwa kamar yadda binciken da ba a yi ba tare da allurar rigakafi guda shida da aka kwatanta a sama. 

An sake bugawa daga marubucin Mayarwa

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