Kamar kowane muhimmin al'amari na zamantakewa, gwamnatocin farfaganda suna da tarihin tarihi. Misali, ana iya yin shari'a mai ƙarfi cewa abin da ke gudana, kuma abin baƙin ciki ne a yarda, babban farfagandar Covid da aka yi wa kisan gilla wanda muke rayuwa a yanzu zai iya gano tushen sa zuwa yaƙe-yaƙe biyu da ake kira yaƙe-yaƙe na zanga-zangar (Mamayar Panama da Rikicin Gulf na farko) wanda George Bush Sr.
Manyan Amurkawa sun yi mugun sosa rai sakamakon shan kashin da kasar ta yi a Vietnam. A ciki, daidai sun ga babban tauye abin da suka zo gani a matsayin haƙƙin allahntaka tun ƙarshen WWII: ikon shiga tsakani kamar yadda suka dace a kowace ƙasa da laima na nukiliyar Soviet ba ta bayyana a sarari ba.
Kuma a cikin binciken da suka yi na wannan gazawar, sun yi daidai da rawar da kafofin watsa labarai — ta hanyar kawo gaskiyar yaƙi a cikin ɗakunanmu—sun taka rawar gani wajen kawo cikas ga yunƙurin ’yan ƙasa na shiga cikin irin wannan balaguron mara amfani, mai tsada da ban tsoro a nan gaba.
Tare da babban aikin sojansa da goyon bayan wakilai a Latin Amurka a cikin shekaru tamanin, Ronald Reagan ya ɗauki matakai na farko don dawo da wannan babban haƙƙin da aka rasa.
Amma sai da gwamnatin George Bush Sr. da rigingimu guda biyu da aka ambata a sama, kamar yadda shi da kansa cikin farin ciki ya bayyana hakan, bayan kisan gillar da ya yi wa wasu ’yan Iraqi 100,000 da ba su da isasshen kayan aiki, “Mun kori cutar Vietnam sau da kafa.”
Bush ya san abin da yake magana akai, kuma ba lallai ba ne, ko ma da farko, karfin soja ko bajinta.
Abin da ya fi iyakance Reagan ga yakin basasa a cikin shekaru takwas a ofis abubuwa biyu ne. Na farko ɗan ƙasa ne wanda har yanzu yana da sabbin abubuwan tunawa game da ɓarna a kudu maso gabashin Asiya. Na biyu, kuma wanda za a iya cewa ya fi muhimmanci shi ne ’yan jarida da ke da masaniya a kan hakikanin wadannan rikice-rikicen da suka ci gaba da kalubalantarsa a kan kyawawan dabi’u da dabarunsu.
Bush da tawagarsa, waɗanda za ku iya tunawa sun haɗa da wani Richard Cheney a Tsaro, sun yi maganin wannan "matsala" na shakkun yaƙi ɗaya daga cikin manyan manufofin shugabancinsa. Kamar yadda Barbara Trent ta nuna a cikin abin mamaki Yaudarar Panama, Gwaji da sabbin dabarun sarrafa kafofin watsa labaru ba dabara ba ce ta hanyar rikici, sai dai ta babban burin.
Yakin Gulf ne ya biyo bayan mamayar Panama a jere, inda rahotannin jaridu suka mayar da hankali sosai kan ra'ayoyin jiga-jigan sojojin Amurka da kuma bayaninsu na hazakar fasaha ta fasahar sojan da Amurka ta yi. Ta wannan hanyar, an gabatar da yaƙin ga Amurkawa a matsayin wani nau'in wasan bidiyo mai ban sha'awa mai ban sha'awa da ke tattare da walƙiya na haske a cikin dare da madaidaicin hare-hare ba tare da zubar da jini da mutuwa ba.
Wannan tsari na rashin jin daɗin kafofin watsa labarai, kuma daga nan, jama'ar Amurka zuwa ga mummunan tasirin yaƙin ɗan adam ya ƙare a cikin tashin hankali, a ranar 30 ga Janairu.th, 1991 na 'yan jarida suna dariya tare da Janar Norman Schwartzkopf yayin da ya yi dariya yayin da yake nuna musu bidiyon da ake zaton "bama-bamai" suna kashe mutane kamar tururuwa daga kare lafiyar ƙafa 30,000.
Ba tare da samun wani koma baya ba daga duk wanda ke da iko game da wannan wulaƙancin da ake yi wa rayuwar ɗan adam da jama'ar Amurka, sai suka ninka sau uku suka tafi cikakkiyar Manichae bayan 11 ga Satumba.
Me ya sa ba?
Tare da sokewar Reagan na koyarwar gaskiya a cikin 1987 da Dokar Sadarwar Bill Clinton ta 1996 ba ta taɓa kasancewa kafofin watsa labarai ba a) mai da hankali a cikin 'yan kaɗan b) don haka ga tsarin gwamnati don ci gaba da babban riba da aka samu ta wannan haɓakawa c) ta lalace ta hanyar kasuwancin intanet) ta lalace ta hanyar intanet. yi la'akari da damuwa da muradun yawancin jama'ar Amurka.
Yanzu da gaske ne, kamar yadda George Bush Jr ya ce, batun “ko dai kuna tare da mu ko kuma kuna adawa da mu,” mu ba shakka kasancewarmu gwamnatin yaƙi (ciki har da Jiha mai zurfi) tare da bakunanta na kafofin watsa labarai masu aminci. Idan kamar Susan Sontag - wanda ko kuna son ta ko ba ku so, ta kasance mai haske sosai kuma ƙwararriyar mai tunani - kun yi imani da zato na maniyyi na martanin Amurka ga Satumba 11.th sun kasance masu kuskure, kuma sun ce haka, za ku iya a cikin wannan sabon yanayi, ku yi tsammanin zama abin da aka haɗa kai tsaye a kan halinku.
Ba a taba yin wani abu da gwamnati ta yi kira da a daure a irin wadannan hare-hare ba, haka kuma babu wani jami’in gwamnatin da ya tunatar da mutane muhimmancin da ake zaton Amurkawa na da hakkin a saurare kowa da kowa.
Ganin gajiyar tambarin Bush bayan rikicin Iraki, Jihar Deep ta sauya mubaya'ar jam'iyya a gabanin zaben 2008. Kuma ya tsaya tsayin daka a kan abin da ake kira "hagu" tun daga lokacin, yana ƙarfafa yin amfani da tsarin gwamnatin Bush-Cheney-kafofin watsa labarai na gwamnati a kan wadanda za su iya yin kuskuren yin tambaya game da dalilan tsarkakan warmonger Obama, ko, a ce, "ma'anar" ƙoƙarin rage matsalolin wariyar launin fata ta hanyar inganta shi ta hanyar siyasar ainihi.
Ingantacciyar irin waɗannan dabarun tada kayar-baya ta ƴan ƴan tada zaune tsaye ta sami bunƙasa sosai sakamakon faɗaɗa dandalin sada zumunta a shekarun Obama da Trump.
Ba ƙari ba ne a ce mutumin da aka haifa a shekara ta 1990 ko kuma daga baya yana da ɗan fahimtar abin da ake nufi da rashin jituwa dalla-dalla da imani da wani wanda manufofin siyasa da / ko zamantakewa ya bambanta da nasu. Haka kuma abin da ake nufi da jin wajabcin mayar da martani ga iƙirarin wasu tare da karyata gaskiya a hankali.
Abin da suka sani, domin galibin abin da suka gani daga “masu kyau” shi ne cewa yin gardama shi ne neman halakar da wanda ya yi magana da shi, kuma ya kasa hakan, don tabbatar da cewa hujjarsa ta hana ta yawo cikin walwala a cikin guraren da muke da su. Talauci na yare da ke ƙara ta'azzara na waɗanda aka cuɗanya da tarbiyya a cikin wannan yanayi a bayyane yake ga duk wanda ya yi hidima a matsayin malamin aji a cikin ƙarni na rubu'in da ya gabata.
Wuri Mai Tsarki ga gajiyayyu
Duk da yake mafi yawan mutane kamar suna so su yi kamar cewa babu wani sabon abu da ke faruwa, cewa haɗin gwiwar tsakanin kafofin watsa labaru da gwamnati ya kasance mai tsanani, yawancin mu ba haka ba. Mun kasance da abubuwan tunawa. Kuma mun san cewa "filin tunani mai tunani" ya kasance mafi ƙanƙanta a cikin 2005 fiye da na 1978. Kuma mun san cewa ya zama mai yawa, da yawa a cikin 2018 fiye da yadda yake a cikin 2005. A cikin bincikenmu na amsa mun juya zuwa ga masu sukar kafofin watsa labaru da masana tarihin kafofin watsa labaru. Mun kuma juya ga rubuce-rubucen 'yan jarida- masu fafutuka tare da sha'awa da fahimtar waɗannan batutuwa.
Lokacin da aka zo ga wannan rukuni na ƙarshe, na sami kaina na jawo hankali ga abin da za a iya kira masu adawa da mulkin mallaka. Ina karanta su, na fadada fahimtar yadda manyan mutane da zaɓaɓɓun “ƙwararrun” su ke sarrafa bayanai, kuma a koyaushe suna neman rage ma'anar ra'ayi mai karɓuwa kan lamuran manufofin ketare.
Shekaru biyu da suka gabata a watan Maris din da ya gabata, duk da haka, tunanina na kusanci na hankali tare da wannan rukunin masu tunani ba zato ba tsammani ya yi rauni sosai. Muna fuskantar abin da na gane nan da nan a matsayin yaƙin neman zaɓe mafi girma kuma mafi girman kai a cikin 'yan lokutan nan, kuma watakila a tarihin duniya. Ɗayan, haka kuma, wannan yana amfani da duk dabarun da aka yi amfani da su a cikin shekaru biyu zuwa talatin da suka gabata don tabbatar da amincewar 'yan ƙasa ga yakin Amurka.
Amma duk da haka ta fuskance ta, kusan dukkan mutanen da na je wajen nazarin farfaganda ba su da wani abin cewa ko kadan. Kuma lokacin da na aika da gudummawar da ke bayyana shakku na game da haɗin kai na taron gaggawa na Covid zuwa wuraren da gabaɗaya suka yi maraba da nazarin farfagandar yaƙi, ba zato ba tsammani an sami shakku a ɗayan ƙarshen.
Kuma wucewar lokaci bai warke ba. Lallai abin da wadannan mutane suka fada a hanya; wato, idan suka yi magana da Covid kwata-kwata, shine su nuna tsananin yanayin da ba a taba ganin irinsa ba (shaida mai cike da shakku) da garaya a kan yadda Trump ya yi mugun halin da ake ciki.
Kusan babu hasken rana tsakanin ra'ayoyin waɗannan mutane da masu sassaucin ra'ayi waɗanda, a matsayinsu na masu hagu na gaskiya, ko da yaushe suna iƙirarin nuna kyama. Kuma a kan haka ya tafi, tsawon shekaru biyu na fargabar Covid.
Mako guda ko makamancin haka, John Pilger, wanda za'a iya cewa daya daga cikin masu sharhi na farfagandar kafuwa na hagu, wanda ake iya cewa shine "Yin shiru da 'yan raguna: Yadda farfaganda ke aiki" a shafinsa na yanar gizo sannan kuma da dama na labarai masu ci gaba.
A ciki, yana maimaita kowane irin sanannun ra'ayoyi da ra'ayoyi. Akwai magana game da Leni Riefenstahl da kuma yadda ta yi imani cewa bourgeoisie sune waɗanda suka fi dacewa don yin tasiri ga yaƙin neman zaɓe, tunatarwa game da mummunan kaddara da rashin cancantar Julian Assange, wanda ya cancanci yabo ga Harold Pinter na matuƙar ban mamaki idan aka yi watsi da su. Jawabin karbuwar Nobel, Tattaunawa ta hankali game da yadda kafafen yada labaranmu suka ki gaya mana duk wani abu da ya faru tsakanin Rasha da Yamma, da Rasha da Ukraine tsakanin 1990 zuwa Fabrairu na wannan shekara.
Babban jigon labarin shi ne cewa yayin da ake watsawa da kuma tura saƙon da aka amince da su akai-akai su ne muhimman abubuwan farfaganda, haka nan ma bacewar dabarun tarihi da gaskiyar gaske.
Duk kaya masu kyau. Lallai, duk jigogin da na rubuta game da su akai-akai da yanke hukunci tsawon shekaru.
Zuwa ƙarshen yanki Pilger yayi tambaya mai zuwa:
Yaushe 'yan jarida na gaske za su tashi?
Sannan wasu layukan baya, bayan kawo mana jerin wuraren da za mu samu ‘yan jaridu da ‘yan jarida da san abin da suke yi lokacin da ya zo game da wasan ɓarnar bayanai na fitattun mutane, ya ƙara da cewa:
Kuma yaushe marubuta za su tashi, kamar yadda suka yi adawa da hawan farkisanci a shekarun 1930? Yaushe masu shirya fina-finai za su tashi, kamar yadda suka yi yaƙi da yakin cacar baka a shekarun 1940? Yaushe masu satar za su tashi, kamar yadda suka yi a zamanin baya?
Da yake sun shafe shekaru 82 cikin zurfin wanka na adalci wanda shine sigar yaƙin duniya na ƙarshe, ba lokaci ba ne waɗanda suke son su ci gaba da yin rikodin kai tsaye suka ayyana ’yancin kansu kuma suka yanke farfagandar? Gaggawa ya fi kowane lokaci girma.
Karatun wannan ƙarshe ya bunƙasa yayin tunawa da shuru kamar ɗan rago na John Pilger a fuskar ci gaba da ci gaba da ci gaba da ci gaba da ci gaba da ci gaba da ƙarairayi na ƙungiyoyin jama'a da kuma sahihancin matakin Soviet, mutum bai san ko yin dariya ko kuka ba.
Kuma idan aka yi la’akari da cewa kusan duk waɗanda ya amince da su a matsayin misalan aikin jarida na farfaganda-mutane irin su Chris Hedges, Patrick Lawrence, Jonathan Cook, Diana Johnstone, Caitlin Johnstone duk aikin da na yi nasara akai-akai da himma a tsawon shekaru - sun ɗauki hanya iri ɗaya ta tauna, tunanin farce kawai girma.
Ana iya faɗi iri ɗaya na yawancin kantunan (Grayzone, Mint Press News, Media Lens, Declassified UK), Alborada, Electronic Intifada, WSWS, ZNet, ICH, CounterPunch, Independent Ostiraliya, Globetrotter) waɗanda ke nuna kansu a matsayin masu hikima ga ƙwararrun ayyuka masu tasiri.
Wanene, tambayar da ta zo gare ni, da gaske ke rayuwa a cikin “zurfin wanka na adalci” wanda ke hana ikon samun damar samun gaskiyar da ta wuce “sassarar hukuma” ta zamanin da da na yanzu?
Wanene ya kasa mayar da martani ga kasancewar ra'ayin farkisanci a tsakiyarmu?
Idan ban san da kyau ba, da na rantse John ne da ƙungiyar sa na farfaganda.
Shin yana da wahala a gare su su ga inuwar farkisanci a cikin haɗin gwiwar da aka samu a yanzu tsakanin gwamnatin Amurka da Big Tech a cikin yin la'akari da ra'ayoyin da suka saba wa maganganun gwamnati da Big Pharma da ake so a kan Covid?
Shin da gaske yana da wahala a gare su su ga kasancewar rundunonin baƙar fata iri ɗaya a cikin rashin yarda da gwamnatin Amurka ta soke ƙa'idar Nuremberg da ke da alaƙa da ingantaccen yarda da gwajin likita?
Shin ba su damu da yadda alluran gwaji da aka sayar wa jama'a a kan iya dakatar da kamuwa da cutar ba su yi hakan? Ko kuma an san wannan ga duk wanda ya karanta takaddun taƙaitaccen bayanin FDA da aka buga lokacin da aka saki waɗannan alluran akan jama'a?
Shin wannan yana ƙidaya a matsayin babbar "matsalar farfaganda" wanda ya cancanci dubawa?
Shin sun damu da miliyoyin mutanen da suka rasa ayyukansu saboda wannan karairayi, kuma ko shakka babu irin kyamar da gwamnati ke yi na ’yancin da aka dade a shari’a na ƙin yarda da magani bisa dalilan addini?
A matsayinsu na ’yan siyasa na dogon lokaci na manufofin ketare, shin sun duba yanayin irin na mafia na kwangilar rigakafin da aka tilasta wa ƙasashe masu iko a duniya?
Kasancewa manyan masu ɓoye bayanan da suke, shin ya haifar da wani zato a cikin su lokacin da Pfizer ya nemi adana duk bayanan asibiti da suka shafi alluran a ƙarƙashin rufe shekaru 75?
Kuma kasancewarsu masu ci gaba mai kyau, shin ɗimbin ɗimbin arziƙi na sama da aka yi a cikin shekarun Covidien na keɓance ya dame su?
Shin ya haskaka wani zato cewa duk wannan hullabaloo bazai shafi lafiya kawai ba?
Shin sun shirya ƙungiyoyin tallafi da tsare-tsare na ayyuka ga biliyoyin yara a faɗin duniya waɗanda aka jefa rayuwarsu cikin ruɗani ta hanyar keɓe marasa amfani da rufe fuska da aka yi musu, kuma waɗanda, da alama ba za su taɓa dawo da shekarun ci gaban ci gaban da aka rasa ga wannan shirin na rashin tausayi ba?
Zan iya ci gaba.
Kamar yadda zan iya faɗa, amsar duk waɗannan tambayoyin ita ce "A'A!"
Ina godiya kwarai da gaske ga duk abin da John Pilger da abokansa a cikin masu yada farfaganda na hagu suka koya mini tsawon shekaru. Amma kamar yadda Ortega y Gasset ya ce, haziƙin jama'a yana da kyau gwargwadon ikonsa na ci gaba da kasancewa a "tsayin zamaninsa."
Abin baƙin ciki shine, wannan rukunin ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ce ta yi nasara a wannan gwajin, ba tare da bata lokaci ba, a cikin shekaru biyu da suka wuce. Duk yadda zai yi musu zafi da jin haka, sun nuna cewa sun fi zama kamar “malamai” da Julien Benda ya jefar a cikin 1927 da kyau bayan sun rasa halayensu na ɗabi’a da ƙwazonsu a gaban babbar farfagandar da aka yi amfani da ita don haɓaka kashe-kashen rashin hankali na Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya.
Dalilin da ya sa waɗannan ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun zamaninmu suka yanke shawarar ba zato ba tsammani abin da ke faruwa a gaban idanunsu aiki ne ga masana tarihi na gaba.
Amma idan na yi hatsarin zato a yau, zan ce yana da alaƙa da duk abubuwan da aka saba da su na ɗan adam kamar tsoron rasa abokai da daraja ko kuma ganin masu aiwatar da akida a gefensu kamar za su wuce ga abokan gaba. Duk abin yana da kyau kuma mai fahimta.
Amma idan haka lamarin yake, shin bai yi yawa ba don a bainar jama'a yanzu da kuka rasa jirgin a wannan muhimmin labari?
Idan kuma ba za ku iya sarrafa hakan ba, shin za ku iya aƙalla da hankali don ku daina ba da wa’azi a kan batutuwa kamar “yadda farfaganda ke aiki” na dogon lokaci?
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Thomas Harrington, Babban Masanin Kimiyya na Brownstone da Brownstone Fellow, Farfesa Emeritus na Nazarin Hispanic a Kwalejin Trinity a Hartford, CT, inda ya koyar da shekaru 24. Bincikensa yana kan ƙungiyoyin Iberian na asalin ƙasa da al'adun Catalan na zamani. Ana buga kasidunsa a Words in The Pursuit of Light.
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