Kwanan nan na sayi sabon littafin Haruna Siri Alurar riga kafi, Amin. Yayin da na zagaya shafukan, na lura da wani sashe da aka keɓe ga shahararriyar sa na Dr Stanley Plotkin, “ubangida” na alluran rigakafi.
Na ga shirye-shiryen bidiyo na bidiyo suna yawo a kafafen sada zumunta, amma ban taba daukar lokaci don karanta cikakken kwafin ba - har yanzu.
Tambayoyin Siri ya kasance mai tsari da rashin fahimta… ƙwararren aji a cikin fitar da gaskiya mara dadi.
Fitowar Shari'a
A cikin Janairu 2018, Dokta Stanley Plotkin, babban jigo a ilimin rigakafi kuma mai haɓaka rigakafin cutar rubella, lauya Aaron Siri ya yi rantsuwa a Pennsylvania.
Lamarin dai ya samo asali ne daga takaddamar tsare mutane a Michigan, inda iyayen da suka rabu suka yi sabani kan ko za a yi wa diyarsu allurar. Plotkin ya amince ya ba da shaida don tallafawa rigakafin a madadin mahaifin.
Abin da ya biyo baya a cikin sa'o'i tara masu zuwa, wanda aka kama a cikin rubutun mai shafuka 400, ya kasance na ban mamaki.
Plotkin's shaida ya bayyana makafi na ɗabi'a, hubris na kimiyya, da rashin damuwa ga bayanan amincin alluran rigakafin.
Ya yi wa masu adawa da addini ba'a, ya kare gwaje-gwajen da aka yi kan yara masu tabin hankali, da watsi da gazawar da ke tattare da tsarin sa ido kan allurar rigakafi.
Tsarin Da Aka Gina akan Rikici
Tun daga farko, Plotkin ya shigar da shi cikin rukunin yanar gizon masana'antu.
Ya tabbatar da karbar kudade daga Merck, Sanofi, GSK, Pfizer, da wasu kamfanonin fasahar kere-kere. Waɗannan ba shawarwari ba ne na lokaci-lokaci amma dangantakar kuɗi ta daɗe da waɗanda suka kera allurar da ya ɗaukaka.
Plotkin ya bayyana mamaki lokacin da Siri ya yi tambaya game da faduwar kuɗaɗen sa daga sarauta akan samfuran RotaTeq, kuma ya bayyana mamakin "sautin" na ajiyar kuɗi.
Siri ya ci gaba da cewa: "Ba ku yi tsammanin cewa ma'amalar kuɗin ku da waɗannan kamfanoni za su dace ba?"
Plotkin ya amsa: "Ina tsammani, a'a, ban gane cewa hakan ya dace da ra'ayi na ba game da ko yaro ya kamata ya sami alluran rigakafi."
Mutumin da aka ba wa amanar tsara manufofin rigakafin ƙasa yana da hannun jarin kuɗi kai tsaye wajen faɗaɗa ta, duk da haka ya kawar da shi a gefe kamar yadda ba shi da mahimmanci.
Rana Ga Ra'ayin Addini
Siri ya tambayi Plotkin game da maganganunsa na baya, ciki har da wanda ya kwatanta masu sukar allurar a matsayin "masu kishin addini waɗanda suka gaskata cewa nufin Allah ya haɗa da mutuwa da cuta."
Siri ya tambaya ko ya tsaya kan wannan maganar. Plotkin ya amsa da ƙarfi, "Ina yi."
Plotkin ba shi da sha'awar jam'i na ɗa'a ko daidaita tsarin ɗabi'a daban-daban. A gare shi, lafiyar jama'a yaki ne, kuma masu adawa da addini makiya ne.
Ya kuma yarda da yin amfani da ƙwayoyin tayi na ɗan adam wajen samar da alluran rigakafi - musamman WI-38, layin tantanin halitta da aka samu daga tayin da aka zubar a cikin wata uku.
Siri ya tambaya ko Plotkin ya rubuta takardu da suka shafi yawan zubar da ciki don tarin nama. Plotkin ya gyada kai: “Ban tuna ainihin adadin ba… amma kaɗan ne.”
Plotkin ya ɗauki wannan a matsayin larura ta kimiyya, kodayake ga mutane da yawa - gami da Katolika da Yahudawan Orthodox - ya kasance babban damuwa na ɗabi'a.
Maimakon yarda da irin wannan tunanin, Plotkin ya yi watsi da su kai tsaye, yana watsi da ra'ayin cewa dabi'un bangaskiya ya kamata su yi tasiri ga manufofin kiwon lafiyar jama'a.
Irin wannan haƙiƙanin, inda manufar kimiyya ke kawar da iyakokin ɗabi'a, tun daga lokacin ya sami suka daga masana ɗa'a da shugabannin kiwon lafiyar jama'a.
Kamar yadda daraktan NIH Jay Bhattacharya ya lura daga baya a lokacin majalisar dattawan sa na 2025 tabbatarwa ji, Irin wannan cikas na zubar da amana.
"A cikin lafiyar jama'a, muna buƙatar tabbatar da cewa samfuran kimiyya sun yarda da kowa ga kowa," in ji shi. "Samun hanyoyin da ba su da sabani da layukan salula na tayi ba kawai batun da'a ba ne - batun lafiyar jama'a ne."
Tsammanin Tsaro, Ba Tabbatarwa ba
Lokacin da tattaunawar ta juya ga aminci, Siri ya tambayi, "Shin kuna sane da duk wani binciken da ke kwatanta yaran da aka yi wa alurar riga kafi da yaran da ba a yi musu allurar ba?"
Plotkin ya amsa da cewa "bai san karatun da aka sarrafa ba."
Da aka tambaye shi dalilin da ya sa ba a gudanar da gwajin sarrafa placebo kan alluran rigakafin yara na yau da kullun kamar hepatitis B, Plotkin ya ce irin waɗannan gwaje-gwajen za su kasance “masu wahala.”
Wannan dalili, Siri ya lura, yana haifar da makaho na kimiyya. Idan an yi la'akari da gwaje-gwajen da rashin da'a don gudanarwa, to, daidaitattun bayanan aminci na zinariya - nau'in da ake buƙata don sauran magunguna - kawai ba su wanzu don cikakken jadawalin rigakafin yara.
Siri ya nuna misali ɗaya: rigakafin hanta na Merck, wanda ake yi wa jarirai. Kamfanin ya sa ido kawai mahalarta don abubuwan da ba su dace ba kwanaki biyar bayan allura.
Plotkin bai yi jayayya da shi ba. "Tabbas kwanaki biyar gajeru ne don bibiya," in ji shi, amma ya yi iƙirarin cewa "mafi girman al'amura" za su faru a cikin wannan lokacin.
Siri ya kalubalanci ra'ayin cewa irin wannan kunkuntar taga zai iya ɗaukar bayanan aminci mai ma'ana - musamman lokacin da cututtukan autoimmune ko neurodevelopmental na iya ɗaukar makonni ko watanni kafin su fito.
Siri ya matsa. Ya tambayi Plotkin idan allurar DTaP da Tdap - na diphtheria, tetanus da pertussis - na iya haifar da Autism.
Plotkin ya amsa: "Ina da kwarin gwiwa ba su yi ba."
Amma lokacin da aka nuna rahoton Cibiyar Magunguna ta 2011, wanda ya gano shaidar "bai isa a karɓa ko ƙin yarda ba" wata hanyar haɗi tsakanin DTaP da Autism, Plotkin ya ce, "Ee, amma ma'anar ita ce, babu wani bincike da ya nuna cewa hakan ya aikata haifar da Autism."
A wannan lokacin, Plotkin ya rungumi ruɗi: yana ɗaukar rashin shaida a matsayin shaidar rashi.
"Kuna yin zato, Dr Plotkin," Siri ya kalubalanci. "Zai zama ɗan lokaci kaɗan don yin magana maras tabbas, sarauniya cewa alluran ba sa haifar da Autism, daidai?"
Plotkin ya tuba. "A matsayina na masanin kimiyya, zan ce ba ni da shaida ko wata hanya."
Farashin MMR
Jadawalin ya kuma fallasa tushe mai rauni na rigakafin kyanda, mumps, da rubella (MMR).
Lokacin da Siri ya nemi shaidar bazuwar, gwaje-gwajen sarrafa placebo da aka gudanar kafin lasisin MMR, Plotkin ya ja da baya: "Ance ba a gwada shi ba cikakkiyar wauta ce," in ji shi, yana mai da'awar cewa an yi nazari sosai.
An danna don buga takamaiman gwaji, Plotkin bai iya suna ɗaya ba. Maimakon haka, ya yi nuni ga nasa littafin koyarwa mai shafuffuka 1,800: “Za ku iya samunsu a cikin wannan littafin, idan kuna so.”
Siri ya amsa da cewa yana son a yi nazari na ainihi na ɗan adam, ba wai yana nufin littafin Plotkin ba. "Don haka ba kwa son samar da su?" Ya tambaya. "Kana so mu dauki maganarka kawai?"
Plotkin ya zama takaici a bayyane.
A ƙarshe, ya yarda cewa babu wani gwajin da aka yi bazuwar, mai sarrafa wuribo. "Ban tuna akwai ƙungiyar kula da karatun ba, ina tunawa," in ji shi.
Musayar ta nuna babban sauyi a cikin jawabin jama'a, yana mai nuna damuwar da aka dade ana yi cewa wasu alluran rigakafin sun kasance kakan kaka cikin jadawalin ba tare da isasshen gwajin lafiya ba.
A watan Satumban bana, shugaba Trump kira don a raba maganin MMR zuwa allurai daban-daban guda uku.
Shawarar ta nuna ra'ayi cewa Andrew Wakefield ya bayyana shekarun da suka gabata a baya - wato, cewa hada dukkan ƙwayoyin cuta guda uku zuwa harbi guda na iya haifar da haɗari fiye da raba su.
An zagi Wakefield kuma an buga shi daga rajistar likita. Amma yanzu, wannan tambayar - da zarar an yi masa alama a matsayin rashin fahimta mai haɗari - an saita ta zama sake dubawa sabon kwamitin ba da shawara kan rigakafin rigakafi na CDC, wanda Martin Kulldorff ya jagoranta.
Aluminum Adjuvant Blind Spot
Siri na gaba ya juya zuwa aluminium adjuvants - abubuwan da ke kunna rigakafi da ake amfani da su a yawancin rigakafin yara.
Lokacin da aka tambaye shi ko binciken ya kwatanta dabbobin da aka yi musu allura da aluminum da waɗanda aka ba su gishiri, Plotkin ya yarda cewa bincike kan amincin su ya iyakance.
Siri ya kara dannawa, yana tambayar ko allurar aluminum a cikin jiki zai iya tafiya zuwa kwakwalwa. Plotkin ya amsa, "Ban ga irin waɗannan karatun ba, a'a, ko kuma ban karanta irin waɗannan karatun ba."
Lokacin da aka gabatar da jerin takaddun da ke nuna cewa aluminum na iya yin ƙaura zuwa kwakwalwa, Plotkin ya yarda cewa bai yi nazarin batun da kansa ba, yana mai yarda cewa akwai gwaje-gwajen "wanda ke nuna cewa hakan yana yiwuwa."
Da aka tambaye shi ko aluminum na iya kawo cikas ga ci gaban jijiyoyi a cikin yara, Plotkin ya ce, "Ban san cewa akwai shaidar cewa aluminum tana rushe hanyoyin ci gaba a cikin yara masu saukin kamuwa."
Idan aka haɗu, waɗannan musanyar sun nuna wani gibi mai ban mamaki a tushen shaidar.
An yi allurar abubuwa kamar su aluminum hydroxide da aluminium phosphate a cikin jarirai shekaru da yawa, duk da haka babu wani ingantaccen bincike da ya taɓa yin la'akari da neurotoxicity a kan wani inert placebo.
Wannan fitowar ta sake komawa kan tabo a watan Satumba na 2025, lokacin da Shugaba Trump yi alkawarin don cire aluminum daga alluran rigakafi, kuma babban mai bincike a duniya Dr Christopher Exley sabunta yana kira ga cikakken sake tantancewa.
Karshen Safety Net
Daga nan Siri ya juya zuwa ga amincin Tsarin Ba da Rahoto na Cutar Cutar Alurar riga kafi (VAERS) - tsarin farko na tattara rahotannin raunin da ke da alaƙa da allurar rigakafi a Amurka.
Shin Plotkin ya yi imanin cewa an kama yawancin abubuwan da suka faru a cikin wannan bayanan?
"Ina tsammanin…watakila yawancin an ruwaito," in ji shi.
Amma Siri ya nuna masa wani binciken da gwamnati ta yi na Harvard Pilgrim, wanda ya gano cewa kasa da 1% na abubuwan da suka faru na rigakafin alurar riga kafi ana ba da rahoto ga VAERS.
"Ee," in ji Plotkin, yana ja da baya. "Ban yi imani sosai a cikin tsarin VAERS..."
Amma duk da haka wannan shine jami'an ma'ajin bayanai guda ɗaya da ake ambata don da'awar cewa "alurar rigakafi ba su da lafiya."
Abin ban mamaki, Plotkin da kansa kwanan nan ya haɗu da wani edita mai tsokana a cikin New England Journal of Medicine, yarda cewa sa ido kan amincin rigakafin rigakafin ya kasance “bai isa ba.”
Gwaji akan Masu rauni
Wataƙila ɓangaren da ya fi sanyaya zuciya ya shafi tarihin Plotkin na gwajin ɗan adam.
"Shin kun taɓa amfani da marayu don yin nazarin rigakafin gwaji?" Siri ya tambaya.
"Iya," jawab Plotkin.
"Shin kun taɓa amfani da nakasassu don yin nazarin rigakafin gwaji?" Siri ya tambaya.
"Ban tuna...Ba zan musun cewa na yi haka ba," Plotkin ya amsa.
Siri ya ambaci a binciken Plotkin ne ya gudanar da shi inda ya ba da allurar rigakafin rubella na gwaji ga yaran da aka kafa da su “ba su da hankali.”
Plotkin ya ce da kyar, "To, a wannan yanayin… abin da na yi ke nan."
Babu uzuri, babu alamar tunani na ɗabi'a - kawai yarda da gaskiya.
Siri ba a yi ba.
Ya tambaya ko Plotkin ya yi jayayya cewa yana da kyau a gwada wadanda "waɗanda ke cikin tsari amma ba cikin damar zamantakewa ba" maimakon a kan yara masu lafiya.
Plotkin ya yarda ya rubuta shi.
Siri ya tabbatar da cewa Plotkin ya kuma gudanar da binciken alluran rigakafi a kan jariran iyaye mata da ke kurkuku, da kuma kan al'ummar Afirka da aka yi wa mulkin mallaka.
Plotkin ya bayyana yana ba da shawarar cewa kimar kimiyyar irin waɗannan binciken ta zarce gazawar ɗabi'a - halin da mutane da yawa za su fassara a matsayin 'ƙarewa na gaskiya' ma'ana.
Amma wannan dabarar ta gaza mafi mahimmancin gwajin yarda da aka sani. Siri ya tambaya ko an sami izini a cikin waɗannan lamuran.
"Ban tunawa… amma ina tsammanin hakan ya kasance," in ji Plotkin.
Zaton?
Wannan bincike ne bayan Nuremberg. Kuma babban mai samar da allurar rigakafi a Amurka ba zai iya cewa tabbas ko ya sanar da mutanen da ya gwada da kyau ba.
A kowane fanni na likitanci, irin wannan rashin cancantar zai zama rashin cancanta.
Korar Haƙƙin Iyaye na Wuta
Rashin halin ko in kula na Plotkin ga gwaji akan yara nakasassu bai tsaya nan ba.
Siri ya tambayi ko wanda ya ƙi maganin alurar riga kafi saboda damuwa game da ɓacewar bayanan aminci yakamata a yi masa lakabi da "anti-vax."
Plotkin ya amsa, "Idan sun ƙi a yi musu rigakafin ko kuma sun ƙi a yi wa yaransu allurar, zan kira su mai hana rigakafin, eh."
Plotkin bai damu ba game da manya da ke yin wannan zaɓi ga kansu, amma ba shi da haƙuri ga iyaye suna yin waɗannan zaɓin don 'ya'yansu.
Plotkin ya ce, "Halin yara ya bambanta sosai, saboda mutum yana yanke shawara ga wani kuma yana yanke shawarar da ke da muhimmiyar tasiri ga lafiyar jama'a."
A ra'ayin Plotkin, jihar tana da iko fiye da iyaye akan shawarar likitan yara - koda kuwa kimiyyar ba ta da tabbas.
Ƙididdiga na Plotkin ya tsaya a matsayin nazarin shari'a a cikin yadda rikice-rikice na sha'awa, akida, da kuma biyayya ga hukuma suka lalata tushen kimiyya na lafiyar jama'a.
Plotkin ba adadi ba ne. Ana girmama shi, ana girmama shi, ana girmama shi. Duk da haka yana haɓaka alluran rigakafin da ba a taɓa yin gwajin sarrafa placebo na gaskiya ba, yana kawar da gazawar sa ido bayan kasuwa, kuma ya yarda da yin gwaji kan yawan jama'a.
Wannan ba zato ba ne ko makirci - an rantse da shaida daga mutumin da ya taimaka wajen gina shirin rigakafin zamani.
Yanzu, a matsayin Sakataren Lafiya Robert F. Kennedy, Jr. sake buɗewa Tambayoyin da aka daɗe ana watsi da su game da ma'aikatan aluminium da kuma rashin nazarin aminci na dogon lokaci, gadon Plotkin da ba a taɓa taɓawa ba ya fara lalacewa.
An sake bugawa daga marubucin Mayarwa
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Maryanne Demasi, 2023 Brownstone Fellow, ɗan rahoto ne na likita mai bincike tare da PhD a cikin ilimin rheumatology, wanda ya rubuta don kafofin watsa labarai na kan layi da manyan mujallu na likita. Sama da shekaru goma, ta samar da shirye-shiryen talabijin na Kamfanin Watsa Labarai na Australiya (ABC) kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin mai rubuta magana da mai ba da shawara kan harkokin siyasa na Ministan Kimiyya na Kudancin Australiya.
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