Wasu 'yan siyasa suna magana game da "annobar marasa lafiya." Amma mutanen da ke da cikakken alurar riga kafi na iya ɗaukar nauyin ƙwayar cuta mai yawa, yada SARS-CoV-2 kuma suna haifar da mummunar cutar ta Covid-19, har ma a tsakanin sauran mutanen da ke da cikakken rigakafin. Bai kamata haɗin kan jama'a ya kasance cikin haɗari ba saboda kuskure da ra'ayi mai zurfi game da yanayin annoba.
A farkon barkewar cutar, adadin masu cutar Covid-19 a China (79.8%) sun ji ana nuna musu wariya. An yi musu kallon barazana ga wasu. Da zarar an samu allurar, ba a fi ganin su akai-akai a matsayin barazana mai yiwuwa saboda wanda aka yi wa alurar riga kafi ya ji lafiya (1).
A halin yanzu, duk da haka, ana ƙara zargin mutanen da ba a yi musu allurar rigakafin cutar ba. A cikin Yuli 2021, Shugaban Amurka Joseph Biden ya yi tsokaci masu zuwa: "Duba, annoba daya tilo da muke da ita tana cikin wadanda ba a yi musu allurar ba" (2). Ministan lafiya na Jamus Jens Spahn ya fada a watan Agustan 2021 cewa a halin yanzu suna ganin "annobar marasa lafiya." Tsakanin kashi 90% zuwa 95% na marasa lafiya na Covid-19 a cikin rukunin kulawa mai zurfi ba a yi musu allurar rigakafi ba, in ji shi (3).
Shugaban gwamnatin Austria Sebastian Kurz yayi amfani da wannan kalmar a cikin Satumba 2021 (4). Hatta tashar talabijin ta Jamus ZDF ta yi amfani da wannan kalmar a matsayin kanun labarai. Bayan da manyan ‘yan siyasa suka fitar da wannan zaɓen kalmomin da za a yi amfani da su a bainar jama’a, ɗaiɗaikun masana kimiyya sun bi sawu bayan ɗan lokaci kaɗan.
Goldman kwanan nan ya zargi waɗanda ba a yi musu allurar ba don zama wurin tafki don bambance-bambancen karatu kuma waɗanda ba a yi musu allurar suna barazana ga waɗanda aka yi wa allurar ba. Wani bangare na yawan jama'a ne kawai yake kallonsa a matsayin barazana yayin da ya bayyana wadanda ba a yi musu allurar a matsayin "wurin haifar da kwayar cutar don ci gaba da haifar da bambance-bambancen" kuma ya yi hasashen cewa "za a sake buƙatar kulle-kulle da abin rufe fuska" da kuma cewa "da yawa waɗanda ke da kariya a halin yanzu, musamman a cikin masu rauni, za su mutu" saboda wasu mutane ba sa yin allurar (5).
Wadannan manyan zarge-zarge ne daga wani masanin kimiyya a kan wani bangare na al'umma. Amma shin sun cancanta?
Menene annoba?
The International Epidemiology Association's Dictionary of Epidemiology ya bayyana annoba a matsayin "cutar da ke faruwa a duniya, ko kuma a kan wani yanki mai faɗi sosai, ke ketare iyakokin ƙasa da ƙasa kuma yawanci yana shafar mutane da yawa (6). Ba a taɓa keɓance ma'anar ga wani takamaiman yanki na jama'a kamar marasa rigakafi, tsofaffi ko masu kiba ba.
Ƙarfafa stigmatization na "marasa alurar riga kafi"
Jama'ar da ba a yi musu alluran rigakafi ba a Jamus suna fuskantar karuwar kyama da rabuwa da sauran al'umma. A cikin jihohi da yawa na tarayya, an kafa tushen doka da ke ba da damar gidajen abinci su ware mutanen da ba su da rigakafin su ci a ciki ko da an gwada rashin lafiyar Covid-19. Ba a yarda da halartar taron al'adu da hukumomin yankin suka shirya a wasu biranen Jamus. A cikin waɗannan saitunan, ƴan ƙasar da aka yiwa alurar riga kafi da murmurewa, duk da haka, basa buƙatar nisanta jiki daga wasu kuma basa buƙatar sanya abin rufe fuska.
Masu yanke shawara suna ɗauka cewa ba za su iya zama ainihin tushen watsawa ba. A cikin jihohin tarayya na Lower Saxony da Hessen gwamnatoci yanzu ma sun ba da izinin manyan kantuna su hana siyayya ga waɗanda ba a yi musu allurar ba tare da mummunan sakamakon gwaji.
Alurar riga kafi yana ba da kariya kaɗan kawai
Gwajin gwaji na kashi 3 na allurar Covid-19 ya nuna a sarari cewa allurar rigakafin tana haifar da wani yanki na kariya ga Covid-19, ba cikin cikakkiyar kariya ba (7-10). Ana buga ƙarin rahotanni da ke ba da shaidar cututtukan cututtuka don kawai kariyar da aka yi wa allurar. A Massachusetts, an gano jimillar sabbin shari'o'i 469 na Covid-19 yayin al'amura daban-daban a cikin Yuli 2021, wanda 346 daga cikinsu sun faru a cikin waɗanda aka yi cikakken ko kuma ba su cika ba (74%). 274 daga cikin waɗannan mutanen da abin ya shafa sun kasance masu alama (79%). Ƙimar Ct sun yi ƙanƙanta a cikin dukkan ƙungiyoyi (matsakaici: 21.5 zuwa 22.8), yana nuna babban nauyin ƙwayar cuta, har ma a cikin cikakkiyar alurar riga kafi (11).
Mafi girman kimantawa na ci gaban cututtuka zuwa yau ya fito ne daga Amurka. A can, an ba da rahoton adadin mutane 10,262 na Covid-19 a cikin mutanen da aka yi wa alurar riga kafi a ranar 30 ga Afrilu, 2021, wanda kashi 27% na asymptomatic, 10% suna asibiti, kuma 2% sun mutu (12). A cikin Jamus, ana ba da rahoton adadin alamun Covid-19 a cikin cikakkiyar rigakafin ("cututtukan ci gaba") mako-mako tun daga Yuli 21, 2021, kuma ya kasance 16.9% a wancan lokacin tsakanin marasa lafiya na shekaru 60 da haihuwa (13).
Wannan rabon yana ƙaruwa mako-mako kuma ya kasance 57.0% akan 20. Oktoba 2021, yana ba da bayyananniyar shaida na ƙara dacewa da cikakkiyar allurar rigakafi azaman tushen watsawa. Irin wannan binciken akan adadin shari'o'in Covid-19 tsakanin waɗanda aka yi wa cikakken rigakafin an ruwaito su daga Burtaniya (14).
Wani misali shine ƙwararrun ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa a Jamus inda kwanan nan aka sami sabbin maganganu 12. Wasu 'yan wasan sun nuna alamun da suka dace na Covid-19. An yi wa ‘yan wasa goma allurar riga-kafi, akasarinsu an yi musu cikakkiyar allurar riga-kafin, an samu dan wasa daya, ba a kuma yi wa dan wasa daya allurar ba. Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta damu kuma ta kasa bayyana barkewar cutar.
Tattaunawar ta jama'a an gudanar da ita ne ta hanyar da ake zargin dan wasan da ba a yi masa allurar ba a matsayin tushen yaduwar cutar. Amma yana da mafi ƙarancin nauyin ƙwayar cuta na duk 'yan wasa; Da kyar aka gano kwayar cutar ta RNA a cikin samfuransa guda biyu da ke nuna cewa sauran 'yan wasa sun fi zama tushen barkewar cutar (15).
Kwanan nan, barkewar cutar ta faru a Münster, Jamus, a cikin mutane 380 waɗanda ko dai an yi musu cikakken rigakafin ko kuma aka murmure daga Covid-19. Sun halarci wani kulob wanda ya haifar da aƙalla sabbin maganganu 85 na Covid-19 (16).
Bayanai na baya-bayan nan kan adadin sabbin shari’o’in Covid-19 a wasu kananan hukumomin Amurka da ke da matakan rigakafi daban-daban sun nuna cewa babu wata alaka da ke tsakanin adadin yawan mutanen da aka yi wa cikakken rigakafin da kuma sabbin shari’o’in Covid-19. Daga cikin manyan gundumomi biyar waɗanda ke da mafi girman kaso na yawan jama'a da aka yi cikakken alurar riga kafi (99.9-84.3%), Cibiyar Kula da Cututtuka da Cututtuka ta Amurka (CDC) ta bayyana huɗu daga cikinsu a matsayin gundumomin watsawa na “high” (17).
A cikin Isra'ila an ba da rahoton barkewar cutar ta Covid-19 wanda ya ƙunshi ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya 16, marasa lafiya 23 da aka fallasa da wasu dangi biyu. Majiyar ta kasance cikakken majinyacin da aka yi wa allurar rigakafi wanda aka gano yana da Covid-19. A ƙarƙashin duk mutanen da aka fallasa (ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya 151 da marasa lafiya 97) adadin rigakafin ya kasance 96.2%. Marasa lafiya goma sha huɗu da aka yi musu cikakken allurar sun kamu da rashin lafiya ko kuma sun mutu, marasa lafiya biyu da ba a yi musu allurar ba sun kamu da rashin lafiya (18).
Mutanen da ke da cikakkiyar rigakafin kamuwa da cutar ta Covid-19 har yanzu suna iya fitar da cutar ta SARS-CoV-2 kwanaki shida zuwa bakwai bayan bayyanar alamun a cikin rabin lamuran (19). Hatta watsawa daga cikakkiyar allurar rigakafin cutar ta Covid-19 an bayyana su (20). A ƙarshe, CDC ta ba da rahoton cewa bambance-bambancen delta ya bayyana yana haifar da manyan matakan ƙwayoyin cuta iri ɗaya a cikin waɗanda ba a yi musu allurar rigakafi da waɗanda aka yi wa allurar (21).
Mutanen da aka yi wa alurar riga kafi na iya haɓaka yaduwar SARS-CoV-2
Ɗaya daga cikin fa'idodin allurar rigakafin shine cewa ƙananan darussan Covid-19 sun zama ƙasa da yuwuwar don haka alamun kamuwa da cuta sun fi sauƙi a cikin mutanen da aka yi wa alurar riga kafi. Don haka, wasu majinyatan da aka yi wa alurar riga kafi za su sami alamu masu laushi kawai waɗanda za su sami alamun cututtuka masu tsanani ba tare da alurar riga kafi ba. Sauran majinyatan da aka yi wa alurar riga kafi ba za su sami alamun da za su sami alamu masu laushi kawai ba tare da alurar riga kafi ba.
Mutanen da aka yi wa alurar riga kafi yawanci suna nuna halayen haɗari, suna da ƙarin lambobin sadarwa, zuwa wuraren kide-kide da liyafa akai-akai. Ba a sake gwada su a Jamus kuma ba a keɓe su. Wuri ne na carte blanche don rayuwar zamantakewa ta kusan al'ada. Idan sun kamu da cutar, sau da yawa ba su da ko kuma kawai alamu masu sauƙi don haka ba sa gane kamuwa da cutar ko gane shi ya yi latti. Sakamakon haka, da kyar ba za a iya ganin guguwar da ake sa ran a tsakanin masu allurar ba. Ya kamata a ji tsoron cewa cututtuka a Jamus za su bazu daga nan zuwa mutane miliyan 3.4 da ba a yi musu allurar ba sama da 60 (22).
Gwajin lokaci na 3 tare da AZD 1222 ya riga ya nuna cewa adadin asymptomatic Covid-19 shari'o'in ya yi kama da tsakanin duka waɗanda aka yi wa alurar riga kafi da kuma waɗanda ba a yi musu allurar ba (1.0% da 1.0%) suna nuna mahimmancin mutanen da aka yi musu allurar asymptomatic azaman tushen yiwuwar watsawa (7). Yawan karuwar kamuwa da cuta a cikin kasashen da ke da yawan allurar rigakafin ya nuna bugu da kari cewa kwayar cutar ta ninka a cikin wadanda aka yi wa allurar da wadanda ba a yi musu allurar ba.
Wanda aka yi wa alurar riga kafi na iya ba da gudummawa ga bambance-bambancen
A cikin duniyar ƙwayoyin cuta, ƙa'idar Darwin ta tsira daga mafi dacewa an san cewa duk wani zaɓin zaɓin da maganin rigakafi da magungunan biocidal ke haifarwa yana haɓaka haƙuri, a ƙarshe yana haifar da amsawar daidaitawa ta salula wanda ke ba tantanin halitta damar rayuwa a cikin yanayi mara kyau (23). Idan an canza wannan ka'idar zuwa ƙwayoyin cuta, yana iya kasancewa cewa waɗanda aka yi wa allurar rigakafin cutar ta Covid-19 zai iya ba da gudummawa mafi kyau ga haɓaka bambance-bambancen da za su iya aƙalla tserewa martanin rigakafin ɗan adam (24).
Ganin bayyanar bambance-bambancen rigakafin rigakafi tun kafin a tura alluran rigakafi gabaɗaya, yana da wahala a shigar da alluran rigakafi ko dabarun tura rigakafin a matsayin manyan abubuwan da ke haifar da gujewa rigakafi (24). Shi ya sa da alama yana yiwuwa ko ma mai yuwuwa masu kamuwa da allurar su ma na iya zama wurin tafki don bambance-bambancen kuma ta haka za su ci gaba da ba da gudummawa ga cutar.
Side na illar stigmatization
Tozarta mutane abu ne da ba a yarda da shi ba ko kuma ba a so. Tsari ne na zamantakewa na lakabi, ƙiyayya, da son zuciya waɗanda ke haifar da rarrabuwa, rage ƙima, da wariya. Har ila yau izgilanci na iya zama shinge ga neman taimako. Ƙila mutane ba za su yi amfani da ayyuka kamar su bincike, rigakafi, da/ko jiyya ba don guje wa kyama.
Don haka, fargabar da ke tattare da wariya da wariya ta yi illa ga lafiyar jama'a sosai. Mai yiyuwa ne izgilanci ya yi mummunan tasiri a kan ingancin rayuwar mutanen da abin ya shafa, danginsu, shirye-shiryen kiwon lafiya da al'umma.
Yuan et al. ya ba da shawarar cewa ilimin kiwon lafiyar jama'a tare da bayanan kimiyya da yaƙin neman zaɓe mai yiwuwa su ne hanyoyin da suka fi dacewa don hana cin zarafin jama'a na ƙungiyoyi masu haɗari. Sun ƙarfafa shugabannin al'umma da jami'an kula da lafiyar jama'a da su guji yin amfani da harshe mara kyau da za su iya haifar da rashin tausayi, da kuma ba da goyon baya ga al'umma da zamantakewa don kalubalanci ra'ayi da kuma kyama (25).
Amnesty International ta rubuta cewa nuna wariya na faruwa ne a lokacin da mutum ya kasa cin moriyar hakkinsa na ɗan adam ko wasu haƙƙoƙin doka daidai gwargwado tare da wasu saboda bambancin ra'ayi da bai dace ba da aka yi a siyasa, doka ko kulawa. Wannan yana da alama yanayin "marasa rigakafi" a wasu sassan duniya.
Kammalawa
Wadanda aka yi wa alurar riga kafi suna da ƙananan haɗari don kamuwa da cuta mai tsanani amma har yanzu wani ɓangare ne na cutar. Don haka ba daidai ba ne a yi magana game da "annobar marasa lafiya." To sai dai wannan bayanin da alama wani sako ne na maraba ga ‘yan siyasa a kasashe daban-daban, a bangare guda na kara kaimi wajen yin alluran rigakafi, a daya bangaren kuma a dora laifin rashin yin allurar rigakafin cutar kanjamau.
A sakamakon haka, waɗannan zarge-zargen na iya ƙara dagula tattaunawa mai wuyar gaske a wasu lokuta tsakanin wakilan mabambantan ra'ayoyi kuma daga baya ya haifar da karuwar rarrabuwar kawuna.
A tarihi, duka Amurka da Jamus suna da munanan gogewa tare da kyamatar ƙungiyoyin jama'a saboda launin fatarsu ko addininsu. Shi ya sa bai kamata manyan 'yan siyasa da masana kimiyya su yi amfani da kalmar "annobar marasa lafiya ba." Haɗin kai tsakanin al'umma yana da ƙima mai girma wanda bai kamata a yi la'akari da shi ba saboda kuskure da ƙunƙun ra'ayi game da yanayin annoba.
References
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3. Anonym. Jamus tana ganin 'annobar marasa lafiya,' in ji Ministan Lafiya 27. Satumba 2021. Akwai daga: https: //www.thelocal.de/20210824/Jamus-is-seeing-pandemic-of-the-unvaccinated-ce-health-minister/.
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Farfesa Dr. Günter Kampf mai ba da shawara kan cututtukan cututtuka na asibiti kuma Mataimakin Farfesa na tsafta da magungunan muhalli a Jami'ar Medicine Greifswald, Cibiyar Tsabtace da Magungunan Muhalli, Jamus.
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