"Mu Al'ummar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya mun yanke shawarar (...) don inganta ci gaban zamantakewa da ingantacciyar rayuwa cikin 'yanci mafi girma,"
Gabatar Yarjejeniya ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (1945)
Sakatariyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UN) za ta gudanar da na gaba Taron koli na gaba a New York a kan 22-23 Satumba 2024. Shiri ne mai girman gaske na siyasa wanda ya kunshi mafi kyawun abubuwan da suka hada da rage talauci, 'yancin ɗan adam, muhalli, sauyin yanayi, ci gaba, da walwala da 'yancin yara, matasa, da mata. Ana sa ran shugabannin duniya za su amince da sanarwar Yarjejeniya don Gaba, da kuma himmatu don aiwatar da aikin da ya dace.
Yana kama da ban mamaki. Kamar a zamanin da, mawadata, masu iko, da masu cancanta suna zuwa don su cece mu daga kanmu kuma su sa mu yi rayuwa mafi kyau. 'Yanci, bayan haka, ba shi da aminci a zahiri.
Wannan shi ne na farko a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da ke tsarawa da aiwatar da wannan sabuwar ajandar, da ke kunshe da abubuwan da suka shafi lafiyar duniya, ci gaban tattalin arziki, da kare hakkin bil'adama.
Yanayi da Lafiya a WHO: Gina Mafarkin Mulki
A cikin duk abin da ya faru da kuma posturing game da tattaunawa akan rubutun annoba a taron Majalisar Kiwon Lafiya ta Duniya (WHA) na 77 na baya-bayan nan a Geneva (Switzerland), watakila kudurin da ya fi dacewa kafin WHA ya zame, an amince da shi, amma kusan ba a lura da shi ba. The Kudiri WHA77.14 akan Canjin Yanayi da Lafiya an amince da shi ba tare da muhawara ba, wanda ya bude kofa ga Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) ─ wata hukuma ta musamman ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ─ da'awar yawan ayyukan bil'adama na yau da kullun a matsayin barazana ga lafiya, don haka ya kasance karkashin kulawar hukumar kula da harkokin kasuwanci ta WHO.
An haskaka ta a Dabarun Roundtable a kan "Cujin yanayi da lafiya: hangen nesa na duniya don aikin haɗin gwiwa," inda masu magana, daidaitawa ta hanyar Lancet ta Babban Editan Richard Horton, ya hada da Darakta-Janar na WHO (DG) Tedros Ghebreyesus, tsohon mataimakin shugaban Amurka Al Gore (ta hanyar saƙon bidiyo), da kuma shugaban babban taron sauyin yanayi karo na 28 na ƙungiyoyin Jihohi Adnan Amin.
Gamayyar kasashe 16 (Barbados, Brazil, Chile, Ecuador, Fiji, Jojiya, Kenya, Moldova, Monaco, Netherlands, Panama, Peru, Philippines, Slovenia, Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa, da Burtaniya) ne suka gabatar da kudurin. umarni DG zuwa: i) haɓaka "sakamako na tushen sakamako, buƙatun buƙatu da kuma iyawa wanda ke jagorantar shirin aiwatar da ayyukan WHO na duniya kan sauyin yanayi da lafiya," ii) zama jagora na duniya a fagen sauyin yanayi da lafiya ta hanyar kafa taswirar WHO zuwa Net Zero ta 2030, da iii) bayar da rahoto ga zaman WHA na gaba.
“Jaridar” Tsarin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Sauyin Yanayi
Akwai kadan mamaki a cikin wannan. Wani mataki ne da ake iya hasashen a kan allon yanayin yanayi na duniya. A cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata, ayyuka da takardu daga tsarin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya sun ƙara haɗawa da sauyin yanayi a matsayin "labarai" don nuna cikakkiyar yarda da labarin hukuma.
Shugaban tsarin na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, Sakatare-Janar Antonio Guterres, ya shahara da tura labarin gaba. A cikin 2019, ya dauki hoto a cikin ruwa don hoto Mujallar Time ɗaukar hoto a kan "Duniyarmu ta nutse." Lokacin rani na ƙarshe, ya sanar cewa "zamanin dumamar yanayi ya ƙare ... zamanin tafasar duniya ya zo."
A Ranar Muhalli ta Duniya ta 2024 (5 ga Yuni), ya ninki biyu A kan maganganunsa: "A yanayin yanayi, mu ba dinosaur ba ne, mu ne meteor. Ba mu kadai muke cikin haɗari ba, mu ne hadarin." Mu ne, ya bayyana, guba a duniyarmu.
Ƙungiyoyin tauraron dan adam sun ƙara ƙirƙira da tunaninsu sosai: UNEP hammering a kan "rikicin duniya sau uku na sauyin yanayi, yanayi da asarar bambancin halittu," UNICEF bayar da rahoto game da "canjin yanayi-yaro," MATA gano "haɗin kai tsakanin sauyin yanayi da rashin daidaiton jinsi," OHCHR da'awar cewa "sauyin yanayi yana barazana ga ingantaccen jin daɗin yancin ɗan adam da suka haɗa da rayuwa, ruwa da tsaftar muhalli, abinci, lafiya, gidaje, zaɓin kai, al'adu da ci gaba," da UNESCO cikakkiyar himma don magance tasirin sauyin yanayi kan al'adu, da kuma haɓaka yuwuwar al'adu don aiwatar da yanayin duniya.
Nadin Nadin Wakili na Musamman na WHO na Farko Kan Sauyin Yanayi da Lafiya
Dangane da WHO, DG Tedros Ghebreyesus shi ma ya nuna kwarewarsa na da'awar akida. Canjin yanayi, ya nace, ya ƙunshi "daya daga cikin manyan barazanar kiwon lafiya" da "matsalar yanayi matsalar lafiya ce.” Don haka an fadada aikinsa daga takamaiman batutuwan muhalli ciki har da gurɓataccen iska daga ɓarna da sinadarai zuwa yanayin canjin yanayi a cikin 2023, WHO kiyasta "Tsakanin 2030 zuwa 2050, ana sa ran canjin yanayi zai haifar da ƙarin mutuwar kusan 250,000 a kowace shekara, daga rashin abinci mai gina jiki, zazzabin cizon sauro, gudawa da damuwa mai zafi kadai."
Abin ban mamaki, duk da haka, mutuwar da ake dangantawa da yanayin sanyi. kiyasta a duniya miliyan 4.6 a kowace shekara, ba a auna ma'auni ba. Haka kuma babu makawa mace-mace daga rashin abinci mai gina jiki da ke da alaƙa da rashin isassun makamashin noma da sufuri. Yin lissafin raguwar irin waɗannan mutuwar zai rage yawan mace-macen da ake hasashen zai iya haifar da fa'ida gabaɗaya. Misali, tashin CO2 ya kara girma shuka kuma ya ba da gudummawa ga ikon duniya na ciyar da mutane biliyan 8, nasarar da aka yi la'akari da shi ba zai yiwu ba kuma a fili yana da matukar muhimmanci ga kiyaye lafiya.
Shugabannin WHO sun zama masu jajircewa. A cikin watan Yuni 2023, a cikin ƙaramin ƙarancin daidaito, haɗawa, da ma'aunin bayyana gaskiya, DG nada Dr Vanessa Kerry a matsayin "Mataimakiya ta musamman kan sauyin yanayi da lafiya na farko" saboda kasancewarta "shahararriyar kwararre a fannin kiwon lafiya na duniya kuma likita kuma Shugaba na Seed Global Health." Sanarwar da aka fitar ta yi watsi da duk wata alaka da mahaifinta, tsohon Sakataren Harkokin Wajen Amurka John Kerry ─ wata babbar ‘yar siyasar Demokradiyyar Amurka, sanannen mutum a taron sauyin yanayi na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, kuma manzon Shugaban Amurka kan yanayi na farko (Janairu 2021-Maris 2024). Nadin nata, a fili, ya dace kawai.
Yana da kiyasta cewa ana buƙatar dala miliyan 27.6 don ƙirƙirar rahotannin aiwatar da ƙudurin 2024. Yanzu, dala miliyan 20 za su fito daga kasafin kudin WHO na shekara-shekara na 2024-25, kuma za a samu gibin dala miliyan 7.6 ta hanyar ci gaba da "tattaunawar WHO tare da kasashe mambobin kungiyar, hukumomin raya kasa da kungiyoyin agaji." Mutanen da za su, watakila, sun amfana daga WHO ta tura samfuran da suka saka hannun jari a ciki, kamar kayan da aka sarrafa su maye gurbin (mai cutar da yanayi) abinci na halitta.
Ƙaddamar Ƙarfafawa WHA77.14 akan "Haɗi tsakanin Lafiya, Muhalli da Canjin Yanayi"
Duk waɗannan sun bayyana suna bin littattafan wasan kwaikwayo na siyasa da na diflomasiyya na al'ada. Yana zuwa ba tare da tsayawa ba idan mutum yayi nazari mai mahimmanci kan yadda aka gina ƙuduri WHA77.14.
Ya yi nuni da ƙudurin WHA61.19 (wanda aka karɓa a cikin 2008) akan canjin yanayi da lafiya, ƙudurin WHA68.8 (wanda aka karɓa a cikin 2005) yana magance tasirin lafiyar iska, da kuma ƙudurin WHA76.17 (wanda aka karbo a shekarar 2023) akan tasirin sinadarai, sharar gida, da gurbacewar muhalli ga lafiyar dan adam kamar haka.
Tunawa da ƙudurin WHA61.19 (2008) game da sauyin yanayi da lafiya da kuma maraba da aikin da WHO ta gudanar ya zuwa yanzu don neman sa;
Tunawa da ƙudurin WHA68.8 (2015) game da magance tasirin kiwon lafiya na gurɓataccen iska da ƙuduri WHA76.17 (2023) akan tasirin sinadarai, sharar gida da ƙazanta ga lafiyar ɗan adam, waɗanda ke gane alaƙar da ke tsakanin lafiya, yanayi da sauyin yanayi;
An amince da ƙudurin WHA61.19 bisa rahoton WHO "Cujin yanayi da lafiya." Wannan rahoto ya bayyana cewa "Yanzu akwai yarjejeniya mai karfi da kimiyya ta duniya cewa dumamar yanayin yanayin ba shi da tabbas, kuma aikin ɗan adam ya haifar da shi, da farko konewar man fetur wanda ke fitar da iskar gas a cikin sararin samaniya" (para. 1) da kuma cewa "WHO yana da shekaru da yawa, ya jaddada cewa hadarin kiwon lafiya da ke haifar da sauyin yanayi yana da mahimmanci, rarraba a ko'ina cikin duniya, da kuma wuya a sake komawa." An yi waɗannan tabbaci ba tare da kimanta matakan shaida (ƙarfi, matsakaici, rauni), na gwargwadon abin da (mai canzawa) aikin ɗan adam ya shiga, ko na ainihin ingantacciyar tasirin mummunan yanayin zafi mai girma (da yanayi CO.2).
Sabanin maganganun da Resolution WHA77.14, ba Resolution WHA68.8 ko Resolution WHA76.17 ya ambaci sauyin yanayi a cikin mahallin gurbatawa. Ban da abubuwan da ba a saba gani ba, gurɓataccen iska da gurɓataccen iska suna haifar da sakamakon ayyukan ɗan adam, gami da gurɓataccen iska na cikin gida (misali tudun dafa abinci) da sufuri da sharar masana'antu. Don haka, waɗannan ƙudiri da suka gabata sun fahimci alaƙa tsakanin waɗannan gurɓatattun abubuwa da lafiyar ɗan adam, wanda shine hankali. Su ban gane hanyar haɗi ba tsakanin lafiya, muhalli, da sauyin yanayi.
Duk da haka, tabbas za mu iya shakata mu jira. Ana iya tsammanin rahotannin na WHO masu zuwa don da'awar hanyar haɗi. Suna da dala miliyan 27 don kashewa akan hakan.
Ajandar Yanayi Da "Mu Jama'a"
Abu ne mai sauki ga masu hannu da shuni da ke kiran kansu masu hannu da shuni da jami’an kasa da kasa da na gwamnati su yi kira da a kawo karshen gurbataccen mai. Rayuwa akan albashin da ake biyan haraji a cikin amintattun ayyuka, a cikin tattalin arziƙin da aka wadata ta hanyar samar da makamashi mai arha, suna iya sabunta alkawarinsu kowace shekara a taron ƙungiyoyin Jihohi (COP) ga Yarjejeniyar Tsarin Mulki na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a kan sauyin yanayi, yin watsi da gaskiyar cewa ƙarfinsu na kasancewa a wurin yana da nasaba da albarkatun mai. Wurare na baya-bayan nan ─ Dubai, Sharm-El-Sheik, da Glasgow ─ duk sun gina wadatar su akan wannan tushen makamashi.
Kasancewar an damu da labarin yanayi na ɗan adam, tsarin na Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ya ingiza ƙasashe matalauta su ɗauki koren makamashi don haskakawa da dafa abinci, maimakon haɓaka manyan hanyoyin samar da makamashi waɗanda har yanzu ke zama ƙashin bayan al'ummomin masu arziki.
Da alama babu kunya game da mutane biliyan 2.3 a duniya cewa, A cewar Hukumar Lafiya Ta Duniyar, dole ne har yanzu ya dogara da ƙazanta da abubuwan dafa abinci masu haɗari kamar takin saniya, gawayi, da itace ─ yin mummunan tasiri ga lafiyar mata da yara ta hanyar gurɓataccen iska. Ƙara farashin albarkatun mai kai tsaye yana ƙara ƙara sare dazuzzuka da kuma haifar da kwararowar hamada (da sauyin yanayi na yanki) a yankuna kamar Gabashin Afirka. Yana jin daɗi, a fili, ga masu fafutuka na COPs na COPs da Ƙarfafa Tawaye don tilasta matan Afirka su ci gaba da tafiya kowace rana don itacen wuta, lalata shimfidar wurare da ƙarancin tanadi.
Da alama babu kunya ko dai lokacin da Yamma dangantakar da kuma multilateral babba zuwa kasashe masu karamin karfi na zuwa ne da sharadin cewa za su yi gwajin “tsarin yanayi,” ko kuma dole ne a kashe su wajen bunkasa “kore” amma samar da hasken rana da iskar da ba za a iya dogaro da su ba wanda da kyar ke kara karfin samar da makamashi na galibin kasashe masu ba da taimako. Mun kona man Najeriya cikin farin ciki, amma nagarta ta bukaci ‘yan Najeriya su yi abin da ya kamata. Bayan wawure dukiya ta hanyar mulkin mallaka, wannan yana shafa hanci a cikin dattin talaucin da aka bari a baya.
Mutum zai iya yin hasashen cewa za a ci gaba da maganganun maganganu, kuma ƙarin "dokoki masu laushi" ─ Sanarwa na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, dabaru, tsare-tsaren aiwatarwa, da ajanda ─ za su dace da "tsaurar dokoki" da ake da su na Yarjejeniyar Tsarin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Sauyin Yanayi da ka'idojinta. A hukumar ta WHO, za a samu karin kudade don fadada masana'antu masu tasowa na sauyin yanayi da kiwon lafiya, da karkatar da kudi da albarkatun bil'adama daga mafi girma, amma karancin boutique, nauyin kiwon lafiya.
Za a gabatar da wani shiri na aiki a gaban WHA na gaba don amincewa da daftarin aiki da ke neman taurara ƙudirin 2024 cikin buƙatu. Zato mai cike da shakku kan cewa annoba da zazzabin cizon sauro, har ma da tarin fuka, sun ta'azzara saboda sauyin yanayi za a zana don tallafa wa shirin na duniya, wanda ya dace da tsarin. zuwa Yarjejeniyar annoba da kuma babban tsarin sa ido kafa ta Sabbin gyare-gyaren IHR da aka karɓa don tabbatar da kulle-kullen annoba.
Cutar zazzabin cizon sauro, tarin fuka, da cututtuka na rashin abinci mai gina jiki da rashin tsafta su ne cututtukan fatara. Mutane a kasashe masu arziki rayuwa tsawon lokaci da farko saboda ingantuwar tsafta, yanayin rayuwa, da abinci mai gina jiki. An sami waɗannan ci gaba ta hanyar amfani da makamashi don sufuri, don gina ababen more rayuwa, da inganta ingantaccen aikin noma. Kulle tsararraki masu zuwa a cikin ƙasashe masu karamin karfi cikin talauci ba zai inganta lafiyarsu da jin daɗinsu ba.
Wannan da'awar da ake yi kamar ta da'awar lafiya ta duniya za ta, a ƙarshe, ta dagula duniya kuma ta cutar da mu duka. Don magance matsaloli masu sarkakiya, duniya na bukatar muhawarori masu ma'ana da gaskiya, maimakon wasannin da wasu 'yan kalilan ke yi. Hukumar ta WHO tana nuna cewa ba ita ce kungiyar da za ta kai mu ga samun ingantacciyar lafiya ba. Yana kanmu ne don mu maido da ikon kanmu a nan gaba.
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Dokta Thi Thuy Van Dinh (LLM, PhD) ya yi aiki a kan dokokin kasa da kasa a Ofishin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Drug da Laifuka da Ofishin Babban Kwamishinan 'Yancin Dan Adam. Daga baya, ta gudanar da haɗin gwiwar ƙungiyoyin ƙungiyoyi don Intellectual Ventures Global Good Fund kuma ta jagoranci yunƙurin haɓaka fasahar kiwon lafiyar muhalli don ƙananan albarkatun ƙasa.
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