Binciken da na buga kwanan nan kan yadda Gwamnatin Burtaniya ta tura dabarun kimiyyar dabi'a -'nishadi'- yana haifar da ƙarshe mai ban mamaki: a kowane fanni na rayuwar yau da kullun, tunaninmu da ayyukanmu ana sarrafa su ta hanyar tunani don daidaita su da abin da masu fasaha na jihar suka ɗauka zai dace da mafi kyawun mu. Da alama ba a sake ganin muhawarar da ba ta dace ba.
Ta yaya al’ummata, wadda ake zargin ta da ‘yanci da dimokuradiyya, ta kai ga irin wannan matsayi? Yayin da aka sami mahalarta da yawa a cikin wannan tafiya zuwa ilimin halin ɗabi'a wanda ke haifar da ikon iko, nazarin tarihi na manyan 'yan wasa ya nuna cewa malaman Amurka sun ba da gudummawa ta hanyoyi masu mahimmanci ga wannan yanayin.
Ubiquity of UK Behavioral Science
Binciken da na yi magana game da shi ya nemi bayyana 'yan wasan kwaikwayo da ke da alhakin tsoratarwa da kuma kunyata mutanen Birtaniyya yayin taron na Covid. Mai da hankali kan kamfen ɗin saƙon 'Duba su cikin idanu' mai rikitarwa - wanda ya haɗa da jerin kusanci images na majinyata a kan mutuwa da kuma muryar da ke cewa, 'Kalle su a cikin idanu kuma ka gaya musu cewa kuna yin duk abin da za ku iya don dakatar da yaduwar cutar ta coronavirus'- bincike na mai mahimmanci ya gano jerin abubuwan da suka tayar da hankali game da yadda gwamnatin Burtaniya ta tura dabarun kimiyyar dabi'a a lokuta da yawa a lokacin 'rikici'. Waɗannan wahayin sun haɗa da:
- Nudin da jihohi ke daukar nauyin ya zama gama gari a Burtaniya, yana shiga kusan kowane bangare na rayuwar yau da kullun. Ko muna amsa ƙalubalen lafiya, yin amfani da jigilar jama'a, kallon wasan kwaikwayo na TV, ko yin hulɗa tare da ofishin haraji, masu fasaha da ke samun kuɗin gwamnati suna amfani da tunaninmu.
- Fadada saurin haɓaka kimiyyar ɗabi'a ta Burtaniya bai faru kwatsam ba; ya kasance manufa mai mahimmanci. Misali, 2018 Daftarin aiki ta Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a Ingila (magabacin Hukumar Kula da Lafiya ta Burtaniya) ta sanar da cewa 'Ilimin halayya da zamantakewa shine makomar lafiyar jama'a,' kuma daya daga cikin manufofin da suka sa gaba shine samar da basirar waɗannan fannoni'na al'ada a cikin dukkanin ƙungiyoyinmu.'
- A duk lokacin taron na Covid, sadarwar gwamnatin Burtaniya - kamar yadda masu ba da shawarar kimiyyar halayyar su ke jagoranta - a kai a kai don fargabar hauhawar farashin kayayyaki, abin kunya, da zage-zage ('ta shafi,' 'ego,' da' matsa lamba na al'ada' nishadi) don ba da damar bin hani da kuma fitar da alluran rigakafi na gaba.
- Dokar gwamnatin Burtaniya na halatta ta'addancin mutanenta ya ragu matuka. Misali, jami'i daya gaskatawa don haifar da ƙarin fargabar hauhawar farashin kayayyaki a cikin al'ummar da suka riga sun firgita shine, a cikin Janairu 2021, jama'ar ba su firgita ba kamar farkon taron Covid a cikin Maris 2020: 'Abin tsoro amma ya rage firgita a wannan karon.'
Kamar yadda abubuwa ke gudana a halin yanzu, Gwamnatin Burtaniya na iya zana wasu masu ba da ƙwararrun kimiyyar ɗabi'a don haɓaka sadarwarsu ta hukuma tare da jama'ar Biritaniya. Baya ga ɗimbin nudgers da aka saka a cikin ƙungiyoyi masu ba da shawara na bala'i, tun daga 2010 masu tsara manufofin mu suna jagorantar 'Cibiyar gwamnati ta farko ta duniya da aka keɓe don aikace-aikacen kimiyyar ɗabi'a ga manufofin:' da Ƙungiyar Halayyar Halayyar (BIT) - ana kiransa da sunan 'Nudge Unit'.
An haife shi a cikin ofishin majalisar ministocin Firayim Minista David Cameron, kuma babban masanin kimiyyar dabi'a Farfesa David Halpern ya jagoranta, BIT ta yi aiki a matsayin tsari ga sauran al'ummomi, cikin sauri ta fadada zuwa 'zamantakewa manufar kamfaninYana aiki a ƙasashe da yawa a duniya (ciki har da Amurka). Ƙarin shigar da ilimin kimiyyar ɗabi'a ga gwamnatin Burtaniya ana ba da shi ta hanyar ma'aikatan sashe na cikin gida akai-akai - alal misali, 24 a cikin Hukumar Tsaro ta Lafiya ta Burtaniya, 54 a cikin Tax Office, kuma 6 a cikin Ma'aikatar Sufuri - kuma ta hanyar Sabis na Sadarwa na Gwamnatiwanda ya kunshi'sama da ƙwararrun masu sadarwa 7,000' kuma ya haɗa nasa 'Ƙungiyar Kimiyyar Halayyar' da ke cikin Ofishin Majalisar.
Gudunmawar Farko na Masanan Amurka
Ta yaya Biritaniya ta rikide zuwa wata ƙasa mai cike da ƙwararrun masana kimiyyar ɗabi'a na jihohi waɗanda raison d'etre ɗin su shine sauƙaƙe ikon gwamnati na sama-sama na 'yan ƙasa? Matsalolin juyin halitta guda biyu wadanda suka kai ga gwamnatin Biritaniya ta zana sosai bisa shawarar masana kimiyyar dabi'a sune tsarin tunani na 'halayen dabi'a' da kuma fitowar tsarin 'tattalin arzikin halayya'. Kuma malaman Amurka sun taka rawar gani a cikin kowannensu.
A wasu bangarori, ana iya fassara kimiyyar ɗabi'a ta zamani azaman abin da ya samo asali daga makarantar ɗabi'a ta ɗabi'a wacce ta yi fice sama da ɗari ɗari da suka gabata tare da aikin ƙwararren ɗan Amurka. John B Watson. Kin amincewa da motsin introspectionist na baya-bayan nan (wanda mayar da hankali ya kasance mai mahimmanci da fahimtar ciki), Watson ya kalli babban burin ilimin halin dan Adam don zama 'hasashen da kuma sarrafa hali.' Siffar ɗabi'a ta ta'allaka ne kawai akan abubuwan da za a iya gani: abubuwan motsa jiki waɗanda ke haifar da ɗabi'a ta musamman ko ƙasa da haka, yanayin zahirin kansa, da sakamakon wannan ɗabi'ar (ana nufin 'ƙarfafa' ko 'hukunci').
Ƙididdigar ƙa'idodin ƙa'idodin halayyar ɗabi'a sun ƙunshi yanayin gargajiya (ilimin kungiya) da yanayin aiki (koyo ta hanyar sakamako), duk ɗabi'a ana ɗauka don samo asali ne daga haɗuwar waɗannan hanyoyin guda biyu. Bayan haka, wani masanin ilimin halin dan Adam na Amurka. BF Skinner, mai ladabi tsarin; 'halayensa na tsattsauran ra'ayi' wanda ya haifar da tsarin dabarun motsa jiki na muhalli da ƙarfafawa kasancewa sanannen tsarin kula da tunani na phobias da sauran matsalolin asibiti a cikin 1960s da 1970s (ko da yake ƙasa da haka a yau). Za a iya lura da abubuwan wannan aikin na farko na Watson da Skinner a kimiyyar ɗabi'a ta zamani, a cikin dogaro da dabaru iri-iri - nudges - don tsara ɗabi'un mutane ta dabarar canza abubuwan da ke haifar da muhalli da sakamakon ayyukanmu.
Wani, watakila mafi tasiri, tasirin tarihi akan yanayin kimiyyar ɗabi'a na zamani ya taso daga ilimin ilimi na tattalin arziki. Kamar yadda cikakken bayani Jones et al (2013), a cikin 1940s 'daidaitaccen tsarin tattalin arziki' ya gudanar da zato na asali cewa 'yan adam suna da hankali a cikin kwarin gwiwa da yanke shawara kuma kowane za a iya dogara da shi don yin zaɓin yau da kullun wanda zai amfanar da yanayin kuɗi.
Wani masanin tattalin arziki Ba'amurke ne ya fara ƙalubalantar wannan ra'ayi na hankali. Herbert Simon, a cikin ikirari nasa cewa karfin tunanin dan Adam na yanke shawarar tattalin arziki na son kai yana da iyaka. Musamman ma, Simon ya yi jayayya cewa ’yan adam yawanci sun kasa yin amfani da duk bayanan da ake da su – lamarin da ya kira ‘masu hankali mai iyaka’ – da kuma fifita gamsuwa na ɗan gajeren lokaci kan tsarawa na gaba da kuma dogaro mara amfani ga ƙayyadaddun halaye na sabani. Mahimmanci, Simon ya ɗaga kallon yadda ake fuskantar wannan rashin hankali a cikin ƙungiyoyin jama'a, ta yadda a ƙarshe ya ba da haƙƙin shiga tsakani tsakanin ƙasa da ƙasa a cikin matakan yanke shawara na 'yan ƙasa; iri na Gwamnatoci-san-abin da-ya fi-fi-ga-mu zato da aka shuka.
Saminu ya kuma halasta nazarin rashin hankali na dan Adam a matsayin mayar da hankali kan binciken ilimi a kansa, ta yadda ya kafa tushe guda tsakanin bangarorin tattalin arziki da ilimin halin dan Adam. Kuma, a cikin shekarun da suka biyo baya, jerin masana kimiyyar zamantakewar al'umma na Amurka sun ɗauki sandar kuma sun ba da ƙarin haske game da yanayin son zuciya da ke haifar da yanke shawara na ɗan adam.
Tversky, Kahneman, Cialdini, Thaler, da Sunstein
A cikin 1970s, manyan mutane biyu a cikin 'sabon halin tattalin arzikiAmos Tversky da Daniel Kahnman, masana ilimin halayyar dan adam haifaffen Isra'ila da ke aiki a jami'o'in Amurka. Babban gudummuwarsu ga wannan fage mai tasowa shine don bayyana abubuwan heuristics (gajerun hanyoyi) waɗanda mutane ke turawa yayin yanke hukunci, ɗayan ɓangarori na kuskuren sarrafa fahimi wanda ke tabbatar da iyakacin hankali. Ɗayan irin wannan ƙa'idar rashin cikar ƙa'idar babban yatsa ita ce 'wakili na heuristic' wanda zai iya, alal misali, ya jagoranci mai kallo don kammala cewa mutumin da ya shiga kuma mai tsabta ya fi dacewa ya zama ma'aikacin ɗakin karatu fiye da mai sayarwa, idan - idan aka yi la'akari da yawancin waɗannan sana'o'i guda biyu - akasin haka shine, a kididdiga, mai yiwuwa.
A cikin shekaru goma masu zuwa, Robert Cialdini ( farfesa a ilimin halin dan Adam a Jami'ar Arizona ) ya ba da ƙarin haske game da atomatik - 'kwakwalwa mai sauri' - ayyukan tunanin ɗan adam. Da yake mai da hankali kan hanyoyin ƙwararrun bin ƙa'ida, Cialdini ya bayyana yadda mahimman fasalulluka na yanayin zamantakewar mutum zai iya faɗakar da martani mai zaman kansa ba tare da tunani ko tunani ba.
A cikin littafinsa mai yabo. Tasiri: Ilimin halin Persanci, (wanda aka fara bugawa a cikin 1984), ya lissafa ka'idoji guda bakwai da ma'aikatan tallace-tallace ke aikawa akai-akai don ƙarfafa abokan ciniki su saya. Misali, 'shaidar zamantakewa' tana amfani da halin ɗan adam na bin taron, don yin abin da muka gaskata yawancin wasu suna yi; sanar da mai yuwuwar siye cewa wani abu na musamman yana tashi daga ɗakunan ajiya zai ƙara yuwuwar siyar. (An yi amfani da wannan dabarar yayin taron na Covid, tare da sanarwar kiwon lafiyar jama'a kamar 'yawan yawancin mutane suna bin ka'idojin kulle-kulle' kuma' 90% na yawan manyan mutane an riga an yi musu rigakafin'.)
Ayyukan majagaba na Cialdini ya ƙarfafa ƙwarin gwiwar yin aiki gabaɗaya na waɗannan dabaru na lallashewa a ɓoye a cikin kamfanoni masu zaman kansu da na jama'a. Koyaya, wasu malaman Amurka guda biyu ne ke da alhakin shigar da kayan aikin kimiyyar ɗabi'a a cikin fagen siyasar ƙasashe, gami da Burtaniya.
A cikin 2008, Richard Thaler ( farfesa a fannin tattalin arziki ) da Cass Sunstein ( farfesa a fannin shari'a ) - dukansu a Jami'ar Chicago - sun rubuta littafi wanda ya sauƙaƙa sarrafa dabarun kimiyyar ɗabi'a. Tasirin aikin Tversky, Kahneman da Cialdini, littafin - 'Nudge: Inganta Yanke Shawara Game da Lafiya, Arziki da Farin Ciki'- ya aiwatar da amfani da nudges ta hanyar 'yan wasan kwaikwayo na jihar a ƙarƙashin tutar 'yanci na uban 'yanci.'
Manufar hujjar tasu ita ce, za a iya amfani da dabarun kimiyyar ɗabi'a wajen tsara 'zabin gine-gine' ta yadda mutane za su yi aiki ta hanyoyin da za su inganta jin daɗinsu na dogon lokaci, ba tare da neman tilastawa ko cire zaɓin ba. Ɗaya daga cikin asali, kuma mai cike da shakku, zato da ke tabbatar da wannan hanyar ita ce jami'an gwamnati da ƙwararrun mashawartan su a koyaushe sun san abin da zai dace da bukatun 'yan ƙasa.
Ko da yake manufar uban 'yanci shine oxymoron, ƙaddamar da nudges ta wannan hanya ya ba da damar tsarin don samun karbuwa a cikin bakan siyasa, banner 'libertarian' yana rawa tare da dama, tutar 'uba' tare da hagu. Bugu da ƙari kuma, Thaler ya ci gaba da haɓaka ilimin halin ɗabi'a na jihohi a Burtaniya - alal misali, a cikin 2008 ya sadu da David Cameron (shugaban jam'iyyar Conservative Party a lokacin) kuma ya zama mai ba da shawara ba tare da biyan kuɗi ba; Ba daidai ba ne cewa, a cikin wannan shekarar, Firayim Minista Cameron na gaba ya haɗa da littafin Thaler da Sunstein kamar yadda ake buƙatar karantawa ga ƙungiyar siyasarsa a lokacin hutun bazara.
A halin da ake ciki, Labour - babbar jam'iyyar siyasa ta Burtaniya ta hagu - ta kasance tana shirin nasu shirye-shiryen tura kimiyyar halayya, tare da David Halpern (shugaban kungiyar Insight Insight ta Burtaniya na yanzu) fitaccen mutumi. Don haka, a matsayin Babban Manazarci a Sashen Dabaru na Ofishin Majalisar Wakilai,' Halpern shine jagoran marubucin daftarin aiki na 2004 mai taken, 'Hakki na Kai da Canza Halaye: Yanayin Ilimi da Tasirinsa ga Manufofin Jama'a.' A cikin wannan ɗaba'ar, ya ba da cikakken bayani game da ayyukan Tversky, Kahneman, Thaler, da Sunstein, kuma ya bincika yadda ilimin ilimin ɗan adam na ɗan adam zai iya shiga cikin tsara manufofin gwamnati. A cikin shekaru goma na farko na 21st karni, Halpern ya ba da hanya mai amfani tsakanin bullowar ƙudirin tallafi na jihohi a Burtaniya da majagaba na kimiyyar ɗabi'a a Amurka.
Wannan tafiya zuwa yanayin halin yanzu na jigilar gwamnati a ko'ina na kimiyyar dabi'a ta hanzarta tare da sakin HANKALI daftarin aiki a cikin 2010. Halpern ne ya rubuta shi, wannan littafin ya ba da takamaiman tsari na yadda za a iya amfani da waɗannan hanyoyin lallashi ga manufofin jama'a. Tun daga wannan lokacin, an fassara kimiyyar ɗabi'a a matsayin muhimmin sashi na sadarwar gwamnatin Burtaniya.
aftermath
Ayyukan da suka yi tasiri na malaman Amurka da aka ambata a baya, tare da jerin shugabannin siyasar Birtaniya da ke da akidar aure da fasaha da kuma iko da jama'a na sama, sun haifar da sakamako mai mahimmanci ga al'ummar Birtaniya. Kayan aikin kimiyyar ɗabi'a yanzu suna cikin tsarin sadarwar Gwamnatin Burtaniya - tare da wasu hanyoyin lallashi marasa yarda da kuma furofaganda – tare da kafa ƙwaƙƙwaran makamai don sarrafa imani da halayen talakawa. A halin yanzu, a duk lokacin da manyan ‘yan siyasa suka zaɓi sanar da ‘rikici’, shugabanninmu (masu taimaka wa zaɓaɓɓun ‘ƙwararrun’ su) suna farin cikin ɓoye halayen ’yan ƙasa daidai da manufofinsu (yawanci shakku) akai-akai, suna tura hanyoyin da suka dogara da tsoro, kunya, da ɓata lokaci.
Fatana shi ne, wannan takaitaccen bayani na yadda Birtaniya ta kai matsayin da take a ko’ina, na cin zarafin al’umma a ko’ina da jihohi ke yi, zai taimaka wa talakawa wajen yin tunani a kan dacewa da karbuwar wannan salon lallashin gwamnati. Shin gaskiyar cewa sau da yawa mutane na iya yin aiki cikin rashin hankali da kuma (a fili) hanyoyin da ba su da fa'ida ya isa hujja ga masu fasaha su yi ƙoƙari su tsara imani da halayenmu na yau da kullun don daidaita su da abin da suka yi imani shi ne 'mafi kyaun kyau?' Shin yana da kyau a cikin ɗabi'a ga jiga-jiganmu na siyasa su yi dabarar daɗaɗɗa da rashin jin daɗi ga jama'a a matsayin hanyar ƙarfafa jama'a su yi riko da jajircewarsu? Yin la'akari da waɗannan, da makamantansu, tambayoyin mutanen da ke zaune a cikin dimokraɗiyya sau ɗaya na iya haifar da rashin amincewa da juna, tare da ƙaruwar lambobi waɗanda suka zaɓi kwato ainihin haƙƙin ɗan adam na yanke shawara. Lallai ina fata haka.
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Dr Gary Sidley mashawarcin mai ba da shawara ne mai ritaya wanda ya yi aiki a Ma'aikatar Kiwon Lafiya ta Burtaniya sama da shekaru 30, memba na kungiyar HART kuma memba na yakin Smile Free kan tilastawa rufe fuska.
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