a na baya post, za a iya tunawa, na rubuta game da bayyanar yanayin da aka sani da 'nihilism' a cikin al'adun zamani da al'umma - wanda ke da alaƙa da sanin cewa abubuwa, dangantaka, cibiyoyi, da sauransu, ba su da ƙima da ma'anar da suka taɓa zama kamar suna da. Wannan zane da aka zana a baya na abin da zai zama abin mayar da hankali na a ƙarshe, don sanin, 'cin nihilism' wanda ya fito fili tun daga 2020. Amma kafin mutum ya isa can, abin da za a ƙara wasu mahimman bambance-bambance ne akan bakan na nihilism.
Kyakkyawan wuri don farawa, don samun damar fahimtar cikakken ma'anar ma'anar, 'nihilism' - wanda aka fara bincike a cikin nawa. baya post - shine (sake) rubuce-rubucen masanin falsafar Jamus na ƙarni na 19, Friedrich Nietzsche. A wannan karon an ci karo da shi a cikin littafinsa (bisa ga bayanansa da ba a buga ba, wanda 'yar uwarsa, Elizabeth ta buga kuma ta buga bayan mutuwarsa), Nufin Karfi (Trans. Kaufmann, W. da Hollingdale, RJ, New York, Vintage Books, 1968, shafi na 7-24).
A cewar Nietzsche mafi girman nau'in wannan al'amari an san shi da 'm nihilism,' wanda ke tabbatar da kansa a kan gano cewa duk abin da mutum ya dauka a koyaushe yana da daraja, kamar aure, addini, ilimi, samun kwanciyar hankali, zabe a zabe, ko goyon bayan kungiyar kwallon kafa ta gida, hakika ba wani abu ba ne illa babban taron. Menene al'ada? Tsarin zato, wanda ba a bincika ba game da al'adun zamantakewa ko al'adu waɗanda ke jagorantar ayyukan mutum da halayen zamantakewa. Don haka nihilism mai tsattsauran ra'ayi shine fahimtar cewa komai bai dogara da komai ba face amincin ɗan adam, don haka ya biyo bayan binciken na kusa zai bayyana hatta manyan cibiyoyi masu daraja kamar yadda tarihi ya samo asali daga ingantattun shawarwari da haɗin gwiwar ɗan adam wanda a ƙarshe ya zama ba fiye da karɓuwa, tarurruka ba tare da tambaya ba.
Don Nietzsche (1968, shafi na 7), nihilism - 'mafi kyawun duk baƙi' - yana da fuskoki da yawa. Menene ma'anarsa, musamman? 'Cewa mafi girman dabi'u suna rage darajar kansu. Manufar ta rasa; "me yasa?" bai sami amsa ba' (1968, shafi na 9). Abubuwan da ke bayyanawa sun haɗa da nihilism mai tsattsauran ra'ayi da aka riga aka ambata, wanda, a cikin tsarin Nietzsche (1968: 9), ya kai 'hukunce-hukuncen rashin tabbas na wanzuwa idan ya zo ga mafi girman dabi'un da mutum ya gane.'
Ya danganta da yadda mutum zai yi ga wannan wayar da kan jama'a game da rashin amfani na zahiri na duk wani abu da aka ɗauka a baya ba tare da la'akari da shi ba, a cewar Nietzsche, mutum na iya zama ko dai ya kasance 'mai raɗaɗi' ko kuma 'mai aiki' 'nihilist. Ya siffata wadannan nau'ikan nihilism guda biyu, wato m (ko bai cika ba) kuma m (ko cikakke) nihilism, kamar haka (1968, shafi na 17):
Nihilism. Yana da shubuha:
Nihilism a matsayin alamar ƙara ƙarfin ruhu: a matsayin nihilism mai aiki.
Nihilism a matsayin raguwa da koma bayan ikon ruhi: a matsayin nihilism m.
Ta yaya waɗannan hanyoyin biyu ke da alaƙa da sanin cewa abubuwa ba su da ƙima? Halin kai tsaye na yawancin mutanen da ke yin wannan binciken mai tayar da hankali shine ƙaryatãwa, wanda ya kai m nihilism: sai ka hango ramin babu komai, sai ka firgita, ka gudu daga gare ta nan da nan, don neman wani nau'in maganin kashe kwayoyin cuta don rufe hamma na rashin ma'ana. A cikin karni na 19, wannan jirgin zuwa ƙin yarda yakan ɗauki hanyar komawa coci. A wasu kalmomi, mutanen da ba su da 'ƙarfin ruhu' wanda Nietzsche ya yi nuni da su juya zuwa ga al'ada (addini), al'ada, da kuma abin da ke da kyau, don kubuta daga ɓarna na rashin hankali.
Kamar yadda ake tsammani, a yau ya fi rikitarwa; Ya isa a faɗi cewa nau'in ɗabi'a da tsarin jari-hujja ya koyar da shi shi ne fagen tabbatar da nihilism na yau da kullun a cikin al'ummar wannan zamani, kuma abin mamaki kuma shi ne ainihin abin, a cikin dukkan bayyanarsa, da mutane ke runguma don ɓoye ɓoyayyiyar axiological a rayuwarsu. Me nake nufi da wannan? Ka yi tunanin kalmar, 'maganin sayar da kayayyaki' - menene take nufi? Cewa idan, saboda kowane dalili, mutum ya ji ɗanɗano iri-iri, rashin cikawa, takaici, da makamantansu, babu wani abu da ya fi 'maganin warkewa' fiye da tashi zuwa kantin sayar da kayayyaki kuma fara kashe kuɗi - sau da yawa, idan ba galibi ba, ta hanyar katin kuɗi; wato kudin da ba ku da shi, amma wanda ke haifar da wani nauyi na bashi.
A kan batu na darajar (ba kawai kudi, amma kuma axiological) da katunan bashi, na tuna wani wurin hutawa scene daga fim din cewa 'sanya' Julia Roberts (a matsayin karuwa, Vivian), to wit, Pretty Woman, inda kasuwanci tycoon, Edward (Richard Gere), daukan ta siyayya ga dace (aboki) tufafi bayan ta aka spured da tartish da tartish bayyanar. Lokacin da Edward ya kera katin kiredit dinsa, yana sanar da cewa yana da niyyar kashe 'kudi mai banƙyama,' duk da haka, ma'aikatan shagunan sun yi aiki sosai, kuma kamanni tsakanin tasirin katin kiredit da abin da wand ɗin sihiri ke da shi a cikin tatsuniyoyi yana da kyau a manta.
Abin nufi? Katin kiredit alama ce ta kusan adadin kuɗi mara iyaka (a ƙa'ida) ya zama fihirisa na ƙimar (jari-hujja) na yanzu. Ba na bukatar in yi karin bayani kan ma’anar wannan kafa na babban jari a matsayin takwarar sihiri a cikin tatsuniyoyi (duba babi na, mai take ‘Kyakkyawan Mace – Siyasar tatsuniya ta Hollywood,’ a cikin littafina, tsinkaya), sai dai a faɗi cewa, ta hanyar silima, yana ba da tsarin (jari-hujja) don 'm nihilism' ya zama al'ada. A cikin wannan mahallin, m nihilism yana ɗaukar siffar 'masu amfani' - kalmar da ta dace. wucewa - kawai zana kan kayayyaki da ake samuwa don cika wanzuwarsu da kamannin ma'ana. Na yi amfani da kalmar, 'kamani,' da nasiha, domin irin nihilism da Nietzsche ya bambanta ya bayyana a sarari cewa ma'anar gaskiya ta ta'allaka ne a wani wuri, wato tare da 'nihilism mai aiki,' wanda zan iya samu a yanzu.
Zygmunt Baumann da alama yana tunani tare da layi ɗaya lokacin da ya rubuta (in Liquid Zamani, p. 81):
... tilasta cin kasuwa-ya-zama-jaraba gwagwarmaya ce mai tudu da rashin tabbas, mai karya jijiyoyi da ban haushi, jin rashin tsaro…
Masu amfani za su iya gudu bayan jin dadi - tactile, gani ko ƙanshi - jin dadi, ko bayan jin dadin baki, alkawuran da abubuwa masu launi da masu walƙiya da aka nuna a kan manyan kantunan ko rataye-shagunan kantin sayar da kayayyaki, ko bayan zurfi, har ma fiye da jin dadi da aka alkawarta ta hanyar zama tare da gwani mai ba da shawara. Amma kuma suna kokarin ganin sun kubuta daga azabar da ake kira rashin tsaro.
Abin da Bauman ya yi wa lakabi da 'rashin tsaro' ya dace da abin da na fi so in kira nihilism - fahimtar subliminal na duniyar axiologically hollowed-out, inda rayuwar mutane ba ta da ma'anar da ba a yi tambaya ba a baya da darajar lokutan da suka gabata - a takaice, yanayin yanayi na nihilistic, yana buƙatar jiko na darajar.
Don haka menene Nietzsche's'm nihilism?' Hakazalika da takwarorinsa na m, yana haifar da fahimta ta farko, mai ban tsoro cewa duk abin da muke ƙima a cikin al'umma da al'ada shi ne sakamakon tarihi na ƙarni na rayuwa bisa ga al'ada. Amma, sabanin da m nihilist, wanda ba zai iya jure wa wannan gaskiyar (saboda haka 'rashin tsaro' Bauman ya ambata), da m nihilist ya sami 'yanci ta hanyar ganowa. Idan babu wani abu da ke da kimar gaske, kuma sakamakon halittar ɗan adam ne kawai a baya, wannan yana buɗe damar da za ta faranta rai. ƙirƙirar dabi'u na mutum. Wannan shi ne ainihin abin da masu aikin nihilists ke yi - a cikin salon Nietzschean na misalta mutum zai iya cewa, maimakon gudu daga ramin rashin hankali da rashin ma'ana, suna ' rawa a kai.' Misali na nihilist mai aiki par kyau Nietzsche ne da kansa, ba shakka, wanda aikinsa na falsafa ya kasance mai ban mamaki, kuma ya haifar da manyan masu sauraron falsafa tun mutuwarsa a 1900.
'Nihilism mai aiki' don haka yana nuna kyakkyawar amsa ga sanin cewa abubuwa sun ɓace daga ƙimarsu ta asali, wani ɓangare saboda abin da aka bayyana a cikin post na farko, tare da la'akari da ganowar Nietzsche na al'adun da ya rasa ingantaccen tushe na tatsuniyoyi da yake da shi, galibi saboda hypertrophy na 'kimiyya' (kuma, wanda zai iya ƙarawa, fasaha, wanda ya rage komai). Amma ta yaya mutum, lokacin da ka mallaki abin da Nietzsche ya kira 'ikon ruhu' da ake bukata, zai haifar da dabi'un kansa? Mutum ba zai iya juyar da su daga siraran iska ba, tabbas?
Bari in lissafo wasu masu fafutuka masu fafutuka, wadanda ya kamata - idan aka yi la'akari da sanin abin da suka samu a al'adu da kimiyya - su ba da ma'ana don amsa wannan tambaya. Masu zane-zane Vincent van Gogh da Pablo Picasso, mai zane Zaha Hadid, da kowane mai zane ko zane-zane wanda ya ba da gudummawa ga jiko na fasahar su da sabon darajar - ba kawai na Yammacin Turai ba, amma duk waɗanda suka canza iyakokin fasaha da gine-gine ta hanyar sake fasalin fasalin su - sun kasance, ko kuma, ta wannan alamar, masu aikin nihilists. Kuma ba kawai masu fasaha na almara ba a cikin zane-zane na zane-zane, har ma da ƙananan masu fasaha na gani, waɗanda suke ƙoƙari su ƙaddamar da kwarewarsu ta duniya a cikin fasaharsu ta launuka da siffofi, suna bayyana kansu a matsayin masu aikin nihilist ta hanyar ayyukansu da abubuwan halitta. Ba lallai ba ne a faɗi, wannan yana zuwa ga sauran fasaha kuma, daga adabi, kiɗa, da sinima har zuwa rawa da sassaka.
A nan Afirka ta Kudu, mu ma muna da rabonmu na gaskiya na masu fafutuka masu fafutuka, kuma ba zan iya tunanin babu wanda ya fi wannan abin misali ba a matsayin ƙwararren mai fasaha (mai zane), mawaƙi, marubuci, kuma mawallafi fiye da waccan mace mai ban mamaki, Louisa Punt-Fuuche, wanda shi ma Jungian psychoanalyst. Hotuna da littattafan Louisa - waɗanda muke da gata don samun lamba - sun shaida cewa ta kasance m nihilist, wanda ba wai kawai yana amfani da kafofin watsa labarai na gargajiya ba, amma yana gabatar da daban-daban a cikin ayyukanta na zane-zane, kuma wanda ke haɗa jigogi masu alaƙa (kamar mata, yara, da batutuwan muhalli) a cikin fasahar gani da adabi. Kamar duk masu aikin nihilist, abin da ta ƙirƙira ingantawa rayuwa, sabili da haka yana da sauƙi a gane tare da dabi'un da ta kawo a cikin su.
Hakazalika, duk masu tunani da masana kimiyya waɗanda suka sabunta iliminsu tare da asali (sake) ra'ayoyin - daga Plato da Aristotle ta hanyar Aquinas, Descartes, Mary Wollstonecraft, Martin Heidegger, John Dewey, da Richard Rorty zuwa Martha Nussbaum, da Isaac Newton, Albert Einstein, da sauran fitattun masana kimiyya sun kasance sun wuce ta hanyar masana kimiyya. yin amfani da ka'idojin da aka riga aka ambata, ta hanyar gina sababbi waɗanda ko dai sun ƙara tsofaffi ko kuma sun sake yin bitar su gaba ɗaya.
Ko da yake na danganta m nihilism tare da jari-hujja ta hanyar dabi'ar mabukaci a baya, tabbas haka ne, baya ga masu tunani a cikin tattalin arzikin jari-hujja, irin su Adam Smith, akwai mutane da yawa da suka kirkiro hanyoyin yin jari-hujja ta hanyoyi daban-daban, irin su wanda ya kafa Apple, Steve Jobs, don haka sun kasance masu gwagwarmayar nihilists. Wasu kawai suna amfani da samfuran da Ayyuka na farko suka ƙirƙira - kuma suna cikin wannan ma'amala masu fa'ida, sai dai idan sun yi amfani da waɗannan azaman kayan aikin don ƙirƙirar wani abu na kansu - wanda ke nuna, ba shakka, cewa kowa zai iya rayuwa ta nihilism, muddin yana da ƙarancin ƙirƙira ko da mafi ƙasƙanci salon. Na san mutane da yawa waɗanda ke da sha'awar lambu, alal misali, waɗanda ƙoƙarinsu na haɓaka tare da furanni, shrubs, da bishiyoyi - kuma wani lokacin kayan lambu - tabbas suna wucewa a matsayin nihilism mai aiki, koda kuwa ba a cikin yanayi na musamman ba, irin su wallafe-wallafen wallafe-wallafen. Antonia Byatt.
Amma a yanzu dole ne wani abu ya bayyana; wato tashin hankali tsakanin wani kowa mai aiki nihilist, wanda Halicci ita ko nasa dabi'u, kamar yadda Nietzsche zai kasance da shi, da kuma nihilism mai aiki wanda ke ƙaddamar da irin wannan ƙirƙira ta ƙima ta mutum (ko gungun mutane), amma wanda yawancin mutane zasu iya shiga. Na farko, inda mutum ɗaya ne kawai ya ƙirƙira, kuma yana rayuwa bisa ga, saitin dabi'u, ba zai yiwu ba - har ma a cikin ma'anar Robinson Crusoe, inda mutum kaɗai ke zaune 'a kan tsibiri' daga al'ummar jama'a, saboda Jumma'a na iya bayyana kowace rana, kuma sai dai idan shi ko ita za ta iya yin tarayya cikin dabi'un mutumin da ya ke kaɗaici a baya, zai tabbatar da cewa ya yi aikin banza.
A takaice dai, nihilism mai aiki yana buƙatar wuce ƙimar da mutum ya ƙirƙira; sai dai idan waɗannan dabi'un sun tabbatar da cewa sun dace da rabawa na jama'a, to lallai ne su kasance cikin keɓantacce ga ayyuka da imani na mafarin su. Shari'ar gwaji ta tabbatar da ma'anar: komai tsananin Jeffrey Dahmer mai yiwuwa ya yi jayayya cewa nasa ra'ayin na kisan kai, ba tare da la'akari da 'asali' na tsarawa da tsarawa ba, ya ƙunshi misali na 'ƙarfafa' nihilism, kawai cewa ba za su iya zama tushen tushen al'umma masu dabi'u ba.
Bayan da aka ambata Dahmer, wannan abu ne mai kyau don yin sauyi zuwa abin da zai iya tabbatarwa, tare da hangen nesa, don zama gungun mafi yawan 'masu nasara' - wanda aka auna ta yawan mutanen da aka kashe - masu kisan kai a tarihin ɗan adam: waɗancan ɓangarorin tunani waɗanda suka tsara kuma sun kasance kayan aiki wajen aiwatar da ingantaccen aiki. yanke hukunci, galibi (zuwa yanzu) ta hanyar abin da ake kira 'virus,' wanda aka kirkira a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje, daga baya kuma ana fitar da kayan aikin bioweapon da ake yiwa lakabi da 'alurar rigakafi'. Na shigar da 'zuwa yanzu' a hankali saboda mugun halinsu bai nuna alamar raguwa ba, tukuna.
Ba sai an ƙara ba, muna buƙatar ƙoƙarce-ƙoƙarce na nihilism mai himma don yaƙar ayyukan wannan mugun hali na masu fasikanci - wanda tuni ya fara aiki, a Brownstone, don ambaton ɗaya daga cikin cibiyoyi da yawa na irin waɗannan ayyukan ƙirƙira. Rubutun da ke gaba zai mai da hankali kan munanan ayyukansu, waɗanda ke nuna makoki na 'nihilism' na baƙin ciki.
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Bert Olivier yana aiki a Sashen Falsafa, Jami'ar Jihar Kyauta. Bert yayi bincike a cikin Psychoanalysis, poststructuralism, falsafar muhalli da falsafar fasaha, adabi, cinema, gine-gine da Aesthetics. Ayyukansa na yanzu shine 'Fahimtar batun dangane da girman mulkin neoliberalism.'
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