Bernard Stiegler ya kasance, har zuwa mutuwarsa, mai yiwuwa shine mafi mahimmancin falsafar fasaha na yanzu. Ayyukansa a kan fasaha sun nuna mana cewa, nesa ba kusa da zama haɗari ga rayuwar ɗan adam ba, a farmakon - guba da kuma magani - kuma cewa, muddin muka kusanci fasaha a matsayin hanyar 'm tsanani,'zai iya taimaka mana wajen inganta dalilan wayewa da yanci.
Ba ƙari ba ne a ce samar da bayanai masu aminci da ingantaccen bincike ga ƴan ƙasa a halin yanzu yana da mahimmanci don tsayayya da ƙaƙƙarfan ƙarya da cin amana da ke fuskantarmu. Wannan bai taba zama wajibi fiye da yadda yake a yau ba, idan aka yi la’akari da cewa muna fuskantar abin da watakila shi ne babban rikici a tarihin bil’adama, ba tare da wani abu da ya wuce ‘yancinmu ba, balle rayuwarmu.
Don samun damar tabbatar da wannan 'yanci a kan sojojin da ke barazanar daure shi a yau, ba wanda zai iya yin abin da ya fi dacewa da kula da abin da Stiegler ke jayayya a ciki. Jihohin Shock: Wauta da Ilimi a cikin 21st Century (2015). Idan aka yi la’akari da abin da ya rubuta a nan yana da wuya a gaskata cewa ba a yau aka rubuta shi ba (shafi na 15):
Ra'ayin cewa ɗan adam ya faɗi ƙarƙashin ikon rashin hankali ko hauka [deraison] ya mamaye ruhinmu, fuskantar kamar yadda muke tare da rugujewar tsarin, manyan hatsarori na fasaha, ɓangarori na likitanci ko magunguna, ayoyi masu ban tsoro, ƙaddamar da abubuwan motsa jiki, da ayyukan hauka na kowane nau'i kuma a cikin kowane yanayi na zamantakewa - ba tare da la'akari da matsananciyar wahala da talauci wanda yanzu ya addabi 'yan ƙasa da maƙwabta na kusa da nesa.
Duk da yake waɗannan kalmomi tabbas sun dace da halin da muke ciki a yanzu kamar yadda yake kusan shekaru 10 da suka wuce, Stiegler a hakika ya tsunduma cikin nazarin fassarar rawar da bankunan da sauran cibiyoyi - taimako da tallafi daga wasu masana ilimi - wajen kafa abin da ya kira "tsarin kudi na suicidal" (shafi na 1). (Duk wanda ke shakkar wannan zai iya kallon fim ɗin fim ɗin da ya lashe kyautar kawai na 2010, A ciki Ayuba, na Charles Ferguson, wanda Stiegler kuma ya ambata a shafi na 1. Ya kara yin bayani kamar haka (shafi na 2):
Jami'o'in Yammacin Turai suna cikin mawuyacin hali, kuma da dama daga cikinsu sun sami kansu, ta hanyar wasu daga cikin malamansu, suna ba da izini ga - kuma wasu lokuta ana yin sulhu da su ta hanyar - aiwatar da tsarin kudi wanda, tare da kafa hyper-consumerist, tuki-tushen da 'addictogenic' al'umma, yana kaiwa ga lalacewar tattalin arziki da siyasa a duniya. Idan hakan ya faru, saboda manufarsu, ƙungiyoyinsu da hanyoyinsu an sanya su gabaɗaya a cikin hidimar rusa mulki. Wato an sanya su cikin hidimar ruguza mulki kamar yadda masana falsafar abin da muke kira Haskakawa…
A takaice dai, Stiegler yana rubuce-rubuce ne game da yadda ake shirye-shiryen duniya, a duk faɗin hukumar - gami da manyan matakan ilimi - ga abin da ya zama sananne tun bayan zuwan abin da ake kira 'cututtuka' a cikin 2020, wato ƙoƙari na gaba ɗaya na haifar da rugujewar wayewa kamar yadda muka sani, a kowane matakai, tare da tsarin da ba a taɓa gani ba, wanda ba shi da wata manufa ta duniya, wanda ba shi da wata manufa ta duniya. zai yi amfani da iko ta hanyar Mai sarrafa AI gwamnatocin biyayya. Na karshen zai dogara ne akan fasahar gane fuska a ko'ina, dijital ganewa, da CBDCs (wanda zai maye gurbin kuɗi a cikin ma'anar da aka saba).
Idan aka yi la’akari da cewa duk wadannan abubuwan suna faruwa a kusa da mu, duk da a kame, abin mamaki ne yadda mutane kalilan suka san bala’in da ke kunno kai, ballantana ma a ce sun tsunduma cikin fallasa lamarin ga wasu da ke zaune a kasar da jahilci ke da ni’ima. Ba wai wannan yana da sauƙi ba. Wasu daga cikin dangina har yanzu suna da ra'ayin cewa 'kafar dimokuradiyya' na gab da cirewa daga ƙarƙashin ƙafafunsu. Wannan batu ne kawai na 'wauta?' Stigler ya rubuta game da wauta (shafi na 33):
…ilimi ba zai iya rabuwa da wauta ba. Amma a ganina: (1) wannan yanayin ilimin harhada magunguna ne; (2) wauta doka ce ta farmakon; da (3). farmakon shine ka'idar ilimi, don haka ilimin likitanci na zamaninmu dole ne yayi tunanin farmakon wanda nima nake kira, yau inuwa.
A baya na post Na rubuta game da kafofin watsa labarai kamar yadda farmaka (jam'i na farmakon), yana nuna yadda, a gefe guda, akwai kafofin watsa labarai (na al'ada) waɗanda ke aiki a matsayin 'guba,' yayin da a ɗayan kuma akwai (madadin) kafofin watsa labaru waɗanda ke taka rawar 'maganin'. Anan, ta hanyar haɗawa da farmakon tare da wauta, Stiegler ya faɗakar da daya zuwa ga (maganin magana) halin da ake ciki na 'pharmacological', cewa ilimin ba ya rabuwa da wauta: inda akwai ilimi, yiwuwar wauta ko da yaushe yana tabbatar da kansa, kuma mataimakin vice versa. Ko kuma dangane da abin da ya kira ‘inuwa,’ a kodayaushe ilimi ya kan sanya inuwa, wato na wauta.
Duk wanda ke shakkar hakan na iya jefa kallonsa kawai ga waɗancan mutanen 'wawa' waɗanda har yanzu suka yi imanin cewa 'alurar rigakafin' na Covid 'na da aminci kuma masu tasiri,' ko kuma sanya abin rufe fuska zai kare su daga kamuwa da cutar ta 'kwayar.' Ko kuma, a halin yanzu, yi tunanin waɗanda - mafiya yawa a Amurka - waɗanda ke faɗuwa akai-akai ga gwamnatin Biden (rashin) bayanin dalilanta na barin dubunnan mutane su tsallaka kudanci - kuma kwanan nan har ila yau kan iyakar arewa. Madadin da yawa kafofin labarai da nazarce-nazarce sun yaye lullubi a kan hakan, inda suka nuna cewa kwararowar ba wai wata hanya ce ta dagula al'amuran al'umma ba, illa dai shiri ne na yakin basasa a Amurka.
Akwai wata hanya dabam ta bayyana wannan 'wauta' da ya yaɗu, ba shakka - wacce na yi amfani da ita a baya don bayyana dalilin da ya sa yawancin masana falsafa sun gaza dan Adam bakin ciki, ta hanyar kasa lura da yunkurin da ake yi a duniya juyin mulki, ko aƙalla, suna ɗauka cewa sun lura da shi, don yin magana a kan hakan. Waɗannan 'masu falsafa' sun haɗa da duk sauran membobin sashen falsafar da nake aiki, ban da mataimakiyar sashe, wanda shine, godiyarta, tana farkawa ga abubuwan da ke faruwa a duniya. Har ila yau, sun haɗa da wani wanda ya kasance a cikin jarumawa na falsafar, don saninsa, Slavoj Zizek, wanda ya fadi don ƙugiya, layi, da sinker.
A taƙaice, wannan bayani na wautar masana falsafa - da kuma na sauran mutane - abu biyu ne. Da farko akwai 'danniya' a cikin ma'anar psychoanalytic na kalmar (an yi bayanin tsawon lokaci a cikin duka takaddun da ke da alaƙa a cikin sakin layi na baya), na biyu kuma akwai wani abu da ban yi ƙarin bayani ba a cikin waɗannan takaddun, wato abin da aka sani da 'fahimi. dissonance.' Lamarin na ƙarshe yana bayyana kansa cikin jin daɗin da mutane ke nunawa lokacin da suka fuskanci bayanai da gardama waɗanda ba su dace ba, ko cin karo da abin da suka yi imani da shi, ko kuma waɗanda ke ƙalubalantar waɗannan imani. Amsar da aka saba ita ce nemo daidaitattun, ko kuma na yau da kullun-amsoshi da aka yarda da su ga wannan bayanan da ke kawo cikas, goge shi a ƙarƙashin kafet, kuma rayuwa ta ci gaba kamar yadda aka saba.
'Rashin fahimta' yana da alaƙa da wani abu mafi mahimmanci, wanda ba a ambace shi ba a cikin lissafin tunani na yau da kullun na wannan ƙwarewa mai ban tsoro. Ba yawancin masana ilimin halayyar dan adam ba ne ke son yin amfani da su danniya A cikin bayaninsu na rikice-rikice na tunani ko matsalolin da abokan cinikinsu suka fuskanta a kwanakin nan, amma duk da haka yana da dacewa kamar lokacin da Freud ya fara amfani da manufar don yin lissafin abubuwan mamaki kamar su hysteria ko neurosis, gane, duk da haka, yana taka rawa a cikin ilimin halin mutum na al'ada kuma. Menene danniya?
In Harshen Ilimin Halitta (shafi na 390), Jean Laplanche da Jean-Bertrand Pontalis sun bayyana 'danniya' kamar haka:
A taƙaice, wani aiki wanda batun ke ƙoƙarin tunkuɗewa, ko keɓance ga rashin sani, wakilci (tunani, hotuna, abubuwan tunawa) waɗanda ke daure ga wani ilhami. Danniya yana faruwa ne lokacin da za a gamsar da ilhami - ko da yake yana iya zama mai daɗi da kansa - zai haifar da haɗarin haifar da rashin jin daɗi saboda wasu buƙatu.
…Mai yiwuwa a yi la’akari da shi a matsayin tsarin tunani na duniya har ya zuwa ya ta’allaka ne a tushen tsarin mulkin marasa hankali a matsayin yanki dabam da sauran ruhi.
A game da yawancin masana falsafa, waɗanda aka ambata a baya, waɗanda suka bijire wa yin taka-tsantsan da wasu kan abin da ya shafi (ba) 'annoba' da abubuwan da ke da alaƙa, yana da yuwuwar danniya ya faru don gamsar da ilhami na kiyaye kai, wanda Freud ya ɗauka a matsayin daidai yake da mahimmanci kamar ilimin jima'i. Anan, wakilcin (wanda ke da alaƙa da kiyaye kai) waɗanda ke keɓance ga waɗanda ba su sani ba ta hanyar danniya su ne na mutuwa da wahala da ke da alaƙa da coronavirus wanda da alama yana haifar da Covid-19, waɗanda aka danne saboda rashin haƙuri. Danniya (jin dadin) ilhami, wanda aka ambata a cikin jumla ta biyu na sakin layi na farko, a sama, a bayyane yake ya shafi dabi'ar jima'i, wanda ke ƙarƙashin wasu haramcin al'umma. Saboda haka rashin fahimta shine alamar dannewa, wanda shine na farko.
Komawa kan littafin Stiegler game da wauta, abin lura ne cewa bayyanar irin wannan rashin zaman lafiya ba wai kawai ana iya gani a tsakanin manyan al'umma ba; mafi muni - akwai alama, gabaɗaya, alaƙa tsakanin waɗanda ke cikin manyan azuzuwan, tare da digiri na kwaleji, da wauta.
Wato baya da alaka da hankali da se. Wannan a fili yake, ba wai kawai bisa la’akari da abin mamaki na farko da ya shafi gazawar masana falsafa ba ta fuskar hujja, cewa an kai wa bil’adama hari, wanda aka tattauna a sama dangane da danniya.
Dr Reiner Fuelmich, daya daga cikin mutane na farko da suka gane cewa lamarin ya kasance, kuma daga baya ya tattara manyan lauyoyi da masana kimiyya na duniya don ba da shaida a cikin 'kotun ra'ayin jama'a' (duba min 29 min. 30 sec. a cikin bidiyon) a kan bangarori daban-daban na 'laifi kan bil'adama' da ake yi a halin yanzu, ya jawo hankali ga bambancin da ke tsakanin direbobin tasi da yake magana da shi game da yunƙurin da 'yan duniya ke yi na bautar da bil'adama, da abokan aikinsa na shari'a da suka sani game da wannan yunkurin na ci gaba. Ya bambanta da na farko, waɗanda suke a farke ta wannan fanni, na ƙarshe - a zahiri sun fi cancantar hankali da 'sanarwa' - daidaikun mutane ba su da farin ciki da rashin sanin cewa ƴancin su yana shuɗewa da rana, ƙila saboda rashin fahimta, kuma a bayan haka, tauye gaskiyar wannan da kyar.
Wannan wauta ce, ko 'inuwar' ilimi, wanda ake iya gane shi a cikin yunƙurin ci gaba da waɗanda ke fama da shi, lokacin da aka fuskanci gaskiyar abin da ke faruwa a duniya, don 'ba da hankali'' musun su ta hanyar maimaita tabbacin da hukumomi kamar CDC suka bayar, cewa "Covid" alluran rigakafin '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' ''.
Anan ana kiran darasi daga ka'idar magana. Ko mutum yana nufin kimiyyar dabi'a ko ilimin zamantakewa a cikin mahallin wani takamaiman da'awar kimiyya - alal misali, ka'idar sanannen Einstein. dangantaka ta musamman (e=mc2) karkashin inuwar tsohon, ko Dauda Riesman ta ka'idar zamantakewa na 'ciki-' sabanin 'sauran jagoranci' a cikin ilimin zamantakewa - wanda ba ya magana game da'da kimiyya,' kuma saboda kyawawan dalilai. Kimiyya shine kimiyya. Lokacin da mutum ya yi kira ga 'kimiyya', masanin ilimin magana zai ji warin bera na karin magana.
Me yasa? Domin tabbataccen labarin, 'da,' ya keɓance takamaiman, mai yiwuwa mai shakka, version na kimiyya idan aka kwatanta da kimiyya saboda haka, wanda baya buƙatar ɗaukaka zuwa matsayi na musamman. A gaskiya ma, lokacin da aka yi haka ta hanyar amfani da 'da,' za ku iya cin amanar dalar ku ta ƙasa ba kimiyya ba ce a cikin tawali'u, mai aiki tuƙuru, 'na-na-kowane-mutum' hankali. Idan eriya masu shakkar mutum ba sa nan da nan ya fara hayaniya lokacin da ɗaya daga cikin kwamishinoni na CDC ya fara yin magana game da 'kimiyya,' mai yiwuwa wauta da ke cikin iska ta buge mutum.
Tun da farko na ambaci masanin ilimin zamantakewa David Riesman da bambancinsa tsakanin 'masu jagoranci' da 'masu jagoranci'. Ba ya buƙatar hazaka don gane cewa, don tafiyar da rayuwar mutum ta hanyar rayuwa ba tare da la'akari da masu cin hanci da rashawa ba, yana da kyau a dauki matakin daga 'hankali na ciki' ta hanyar dabi'un da ke inganta gaskiya da kuma guje wa ɓacin rai, fiye da 'yanayin da wasu.' A halin da ake ciki yanzu irin wannan jagoranci ya shafi karkatar da karairayi da bayanan karya da ke fitowa daga hukumomin gwamnati daban-daban da kuma daga wasu kungiyoyin takwarorinsu, wadanda a yau galibi suka kunshi masu son kai masu son kai na yau da kullun. Kai tsaye a cikin ma'anar da ke sama, lokacin da ake sabuntawa akai-akai, na iya zama majiɓinci mai tasiri akan wauta.
Ka tuna cewa Stiegler ya yi gargaɗi game da 'zurfin rashin lafiya' a jami'o'in zamani dangane da abin da ya kira al'umma mai 'addictogenic' - wato, al'ummar da ke haifar da shaye-shaye iri-iri. Yin la'akari da shaharar dandalin bidiyo TikTok a makarantu da kwalejoji, amfani da shi ya riga ya kai matakin jaraba a shekara ta 2019, wanda ke haifar da tambaya, shin ya kamata malamai su sanya shi a matsayin 'kayan koyarwa,' ko kuma, kamar yadda wasu ke tunani, ya kamata a haramta shi gaba daya a cikin aji.
Ka tuna cewa, a matsayin misali na bidiyo fasaha, TikTok kyakkyawan misali ne na farmakon, da kuma cewa, kamar yadda Stiegler ya jaddada, wawanci shine dokar ta farmakon, wanda shine, bi da bi, dokar ilimi. Wannan wata hanya ce mai daure kai na cewa ilimi da wauta ba za su rabu ba; inda aka ci karo da ilimi, dayansa, wauta, ya faku a cikin inuwa.
Idan aka yi la'akari da jimla ta ƙarshe, a sama, ba shi da wahala a gane cewa, daidai da fahimtar Freud game da. Eros da kuma Thanatos, ba zai yuwu a ɗan adam ilimi ya shawo kan wauta sau ɗaya ba. A wasu lokuta wanda zai bayyana yana da rinjaye, yayin da a lokuta daban-daban za a yi amfani da baya. Yin la'akari da fada tsakanin ilimi da kuma wawanci a yau, na karshen da alama har yanzu yana da rinjaye, amma yayin da mutane da yawa ke farkawa ga gwagwarmayar titanic tsakanin su biyu, ilimi yana cikin hawan hawan. Ya rage namu mu ba da ma'auni don samun tagomashi - muddin mun fahimci cewa yaƙi ne mara ƙarewa.
-
Bert Olivier yana aiki a Sashen Falsafa, Jami'ar Jihar Kyauta. Bert yayi bincike a cikin Psychoanalysis, poststructuralism, falsafar muhalli da falsafar fasaha, adabi, cinema, gine-gine da Aesthetics. Ayyukansa na yanzu shine 'Fahimtar batun dangane da girman mulkin neoliberalism.'
Duba dukkan posts
