Makonni kaɗan da suka gabata na ji daɗin yin magana a Jami'ar Loyola Marymount da ke Los Angeles tare da abokina kuma abokin aiki, Dokta Jay Bhattacharya. Wata daya kafin haka, mun kuma yi lacca tare a wani taro a Roma (wanda, alas, ba a rubuta ba). An yi sa'a, tattaunawar LA sun kasance - mahada a ƙasa.
Lokacin da cutar ta COVID-19 ta fara, Dr. Bhattacharya ya mai da hankalinsa ga cututtukan ƙwayar cuta da kuma tasirin manufofin kullewa. Ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin marubuta guda uku - tare da Martin Kulldorff na Stanford da Sunetra Gupta na Oxford - na littafin. Babban Sanarwa na Barrington. Da an ceci rayuka da yawa, kuma an guje wa baƙin ciki da yawa, da mun bi ƙa'idodin kiwon lafiyar jama'a da aka gwada lokaci-lokaci da aka tsara a cikin wannan takarda. Jay farfesa ne na manufofin kiwon lafiya a Stanford kuma abokin bincike a Ofishin Binciken Tattalin Arziki na ƙasa. Ya sami MD da Ph.D. a fannin tattalin arziki a Stanford.
Dangane da sakamakon bincikensa da ya mayar da hankali kan tattalin arziki na kiwon lafiya a duniya tare da kulawa ta musamman kan lafiya da jin daɗin jama'a masu rauni, Jami'ar Loyola Marymount ta ba shi lambar yabo ta Doshi Bridgebuilder karo na 16 a watan Satumba. An ba da lambar yabo ga masu ba da taimako Navin da Pratima Doshi a kowace shekara ga daidaikun mutane ko kungiyoyi masu sadaukar da kai don haɓaka fahimta tsakanin al'adu, al'ummomi da tarurrukan.
Bayan samun lambar yabo, Jay ya ba da lacca mai binciken "Tasirin Tasirin Tattalin Arziki da Dan Adam na COVID-19 Cutar Kwayar cuta da Amsoshi na Siyasa." An gayyace ni in ba da sharhi na mintuna ashirin bayan laccar Jay. Za ku iya samun jawabai biyu a nan (bayan dogon gabatarwa, laccar Jay ta fara da karfe 27:50 kuma jawabina ya fara a 1:18:30):
Ba ni da kwafin jawabin Jay, amma ga waɗanda suka fi son karantawa maimakon kallo ko saurare, ga karin bayani na:
Daga kutare a cikin Tsohon Alkawari zuwa Annobar Justinian a tsohuwar Rome zuwa cutar mura ta Spain ta 1918, covid tana wakiltar karo na farko a tarihin sarrafa cututtukan da muka keɓe mutane masu lafiya. Duk da yake mutanen da ba su fahimci hanyoyin kamuwa da cututtuka ba—ba su san komai game da ƙwayoyin cuta da ƙwayoyin cuta ba—duk da haka sun gano hanyoyi da yawa don rage yaduwar cututtuka a lokacin annoba. Waɗannan matakan da aka gwada lokaci sun bambanta daga keɓance alamar cutar zuwa sanya waɗanda ke da rigakafi na halitta, waɗanda suka warke daga cutar, don kula da marasa lafiya.[i]
Makulli ba su taɓa kasancewa cikin matakan kiwon lafiyar jama'a na yau da kullun ba. A cikin 1968, kimanin mutane miliyan ɗaya zuwa huɗu sun mutu a cikin cutar ta H2N3; kasuwanci da makarantu sun kasance a buɗe kuma ba a taɓa soke manyan abubuwan da suka faru ba. Har zuwa 2020 a baya ba mu kulle dukkan jama'a ba. Ba mu yi wannan a da ba saboda ba ya aiki; kuma yana haifar da babbar barna (kamar yadda muka ji daga abokin aikina Dr. Bhattacharya).
Lokacin da Dr. Fauci da Birx, wadanda ke jagorantar aikin shugaban Amurka na coronavirus, sun yanke shawara a watan Fabrairun 2020 cewa kulle-kulle shine hanyar da za a bi, New York Times aka dora wa alhakin bayyana wannan hanya ga Amurkawa. A ranar 27 ga Fabrairu, da Times buga wani faifan bidiyo, wanda ya fara da mai ba da rahoto na kimiyya Donald McNeil yana bayanin cewa dole ne a dakatar da haƙƙin ɗan adam idan za mu dakatar da yaduwar cutar. Washegari, da Times An buga labarin McNeil, "Don ɗauka kan Coronavirus, Ku tafi na tsakiya akansa."[ii]
Labarin bai ba da isasshen yabo ga jama'ar Medieval ba, wanda a wasu lokuta ke kulle ƙofofin birane masu ganuwa ko kuma rufe kan iyakokin lokacin annoba, amma ba ta taɓa ba mutane umarnin su zauna a cikin gidajensu ba, ba su hana mutane yin kasuwancinsu ba, kuma ba sa keɓanta masu asymptomatic. A'a, Mista McNeil, kulle-kulle ba jifa ba ne na Medieval amma gabaɗaya ƙirƙira ce ta zamani. A cikin Maris na 2020, kulle-kulle wani gwaji ne na de novo, wanda ba a gwada shi akan yawan mutane ba.
Alexis de Tocqueville ya gargade mu cewa dimokuradiyya ta ƙunshi ginannun abubuwan da za su iya sa al'ummomin dimokraɗiyya su koma cikin son zuciya. Sabbin matakan rashin alhaki na siyasa a Turai da Amurka sun zo ne lokacin da muka ɗauki ƙasar gurguzu mai mulki a matsayin abin koyi don sarrafa cutar. Ka tuna cewa China ita ce mahaifar kulle-kulle. Matakin kulle-kulle na farko da gwamnati ta bayar ya faru ne a Wuhan da sauran biranen kasar Sin.
Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta kasar Sin ta yi tallan cewa, sun dakile cutar a yankunan da suka kulle. Wannan tallan karya ce gaba ɗaya, amma WHO da yawancin al'ummai sun saya. Amurka da Burtaniya sun bi matakin kulle-kullen Italiya, wanda ya biyo bayan China, kuma duk wasu kasashe a duniya sun bi jagororinmu. A cikin makonni an kulle duk duniya.
Yana da wuya a wuce gona da iri na sabon abu da wauta na abin da ya faru a duk duniya a cikin Maris na 2020. An gabatar da mu ba kawai ga sabuwar hanyar kawar da kamuwa da cuta ba. Fiye da wannan, mun rungumi sabon salo ga al'umma-wanda aka yi shekaru da yawa ana aiwatarwa, amma hakan ba zai yuwu ba 'yan shekarun baya. Abin da ya sauko mana ba wai ƙwayar cuta ce kawai ba amma wani sabon salo na ƙungiyoyin jama'a da sarrafawa - abin da na kira jihar tsaro ta biomedical, "Sabuwar Abun Al'ada."
Kalmar "lockdown" ya samo asali ba daga magani ko lafiyar jama'a ba amma tsarin hukunci. Fursunoni suna shiga cikin kulle-kulle don dawo da tsari da tsaro lokacin da fursunoni suka yi tarzoma. A cikin yanayin da mafi tsananin sarrafawa da sa ido a duniyar nan ya barke cikin rudani mai haɗari, ana dawo da oda ta hanyar tabbatar da cikakken iko da duk mutanen gidan yari da ƙarfi. Keɓaɓɓen tsare tsare ne kawai zai iya kiyaye jama'a masu haɗari da marasa aminci. Ba za a iya barin fursunonin yin tarzoma ba; fursunoni ba za su iya gudanar da mafaka ba.
Canje-canjen da aka haifar yayin kulle-kullen alamu ne na babban gwaji na zamantakewa da siyasa, "wanda sabon salon mulki kan mutane da abubuwa ke gudana," a cikin kalmomin falsafar Italiya Giorgio Agamben.[iii] Wannan sabon tsarin tsaro na rayuwa ya fara bayyana shekaru ashirin baya bayan harin ta'addanci a Amurka a ranar 11 ga Satumba, 2001.
Tsaron likitanci a baya wani yanki ne na rayuwar siyasa da dangantakar kasa da kasa amma ya dauki matsayi na tsakiya a dabarun siyasa da lissafin bayan wadannan hare-haren. Tuni a cikin 2005, alal misali, WHO ta yi hasashe sosai cewa mura ta tsuntsu (mura ta avian) za ta kashe mutane miliyan biyu zuwa hamsin. Don hana wannan bala'i da ke gabatowa, WHO ta ba da shawarwarin da babu wata al'ummar da ta shirya yarda da ita a lokacin, wadanda suka hada da shawarar kulle-kullen jama'a.
Ko da a baya, a cikin 2001, Richard Hatchett, memba na CIA wanda ya yi aiki a Majalisar Tsaro ta Kasa ta George W. Bush, ya riga ya ba da shawarar kame jama'a na wajibi don mayar da martani ga barazanar ilimin halitta. Dr. Hatchett yanzu yana jagorantar Ƙungiyar Haɗin kai don Ƙirƙirar Shirye-shiryen Cututtuka (CEPI), wani yanki mai tasiri wanda ke daidaita zuba jari a duniya tare da haɗin gwiwa tare da masana'antun magunguna, Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arziki ta Duniya (WEF), da Gidauniyar Bill & Melinda Gates. Kamar sauran jami'an kiwon lafiyar jama'a da yawa, a yau Hatchett ya ɗauki yaƙi da Covid-19 a matsayin "yaƙi," akan kwatankwacin yaƙi da ta'addanci.[iv]
Duk da cewa kulle-kulle da sauran shawarwarin kare lafiyar halittu suna yawo a shekara ta 2005, lafiyar jama'a ta yau da kullun ba ta rungumi tsarin kare lafiyar halittu ba har sai covid. Donald Henderson, wanda ya mutu a cikin 2016, ya kasance kato a fannin ilimin cututtuka da lafiyar jama'a. Har ila yau, mutum ne wanda gargadin annabcinsa a cikin 2006 muka zaɓa don yin watsi da shi a cikin 2020. Dr. Henderson ya jagoranci ƙoƙarin duniya na shekaru goma daga 1967-1977 wanda ya yi nasarar kawar da cutar sankara, sannan ya yi shekaru 20 a matsayin shugaban Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a a Johns Hopkins. A ƙarshen aikinsa, Henderson ya yi aiki a kan shirye-shiryen ƙasa don shirye-shiryen kiwon lafiyar jama'a da mayar da martani bayan hare-haren halittu da bala'o'i na ƙasa.
A cikin 2006, Henderson da abokan aikinsa sun buga takarda mai mahimmanci.[v] Wannan labarin ya sake nazarin abin da aka sani game da tasiri da kuma yuwuwar aiki na ayyuka da yawa waɗanda za a iya ɗauka don mayar da martani ga cutar amai da gudawa. Wannan ya haɗa da sake duba matakan tsaro na rayuwa - daga baya aka yi amfani da su a karon farko yayin cutar - gami da "babban sikeli ko keɓancewar gida na mutanen da aka yi imanin an fallasa su, ƙuntatawa tafiye-tafiye, hana taron jama'a, rufe makarantu, kiyaye nesa, da kuma amfani da abin rufe fuska." Ko da ɗaukar adadin masu kamuwa da cuta na 2.5%, kusan daidai yake da mura na 1918 na Sipaniya amma ya fi na IFR na covid, Henderson da abokan aikinsa sun yanke shawarar cewa duk waɗannan matakan rage girman za su yi illa fiye da kyau.
Henderson da abokan aikinsa sun kammala nazarinsu ta hanyar amincewa da wannan ka'ida ta al'ada ta kyakkyawar lafiyar jama'a: "Kwarewa ya nuna cewa al'ummomin da ke fuskantar annoba ko wasu abubuwan da ba su da kyau suna amsa mafi kyau kuma tare da mafi ƙarancin damuwa lokacin da aikin zamantakewa na al'umma ya ragu." A bayyane yake, ba mu bi kowace irin wannan shawarar ba a cikin Maris na 2020. Maimakon mu ci gaba da kulle-kulle, abin rufe fuska, rufe makarantu, nisantar da jama'a, da sauran su. Lokacin da muka fuskanci cutar ta covid, mun ƙi ƙa'idodin kiwon lafiyar jama'a da aka gwada lokaci kuma muka rungumi a maimakon tsarin kare lafiyar halittu wanda ba a gwada shi ba.
Bisa ga tsarin biosecurity, wani nau'in ta'addancin likita da aka yi la'akari ya zama dole don magance mafi munin yanayi, ko na cututtukan cututtukan da ke faruwa a zahiri ko makaman halittu. Zane akan aikin masanin tarihin likitancin Faransa Patrick Zylberman, za mu iya taƙaita halaye na kunno kai samfurin biosecurity, a cikin abin da shawarwarin siyasa da uku asali halaye:
- an ƙirƙira matakan bisa yuwuwar haɗari a cikin yanayin hasashe, tare da bayanan da aka gabatar don haɓaka ɗabi'a da ke ba da izinin gudanar da wani matsanancin yanayi;
- “mafi munin shari’a” an ɗauki dabaru a matsayin maɓalli mai mahimmanci na hankali na siyasa;
- ana buƙatar tsari mai tsari na dukkanin 'yan ƙasa don ƙarfafa mannewa ga cibiyoyin gwamnati gwargwadon yiwuwa.
Sakamakon da aka yi niyya shi ne irin babban ruhin jama'a, tare da sanya wajibai da aka gabatar a matsayin nunin nuna son kai. A karkashin irin wannan iko, 'yan ƙasa ba su da 'yancin samun lafiyar lafiya; a maimakon haka, an dora musu lafiya a matsayin wajibcin doka (biosecurity).[vi]
Wannan yana bayyana daidai dabarun cutar da muka yi amfani da shi a cikin 2020.
- An ƙirƙiri kulle-kulle dangane da ƙirƙira mafi munin yanayin yanayi daga Kwalejin Imperial ta London.
- Wannan samfurin da ya gaza ya yi hasashen mutuwar mutane miliyan 2.2 nan take a Amurka.
- Sakamakon haka, dukkanin ’yan kasa, a matsayin wata alama ta ruhin al’umma, sun ba da ‘yanci da haqqoqin da ko da ‘yan qasar Landan ba su saki ba a lokacin da aka kai harin bam a birnin a yakin duniya na biyu (London ta amince da dokar hana fita amma ba a kulle ba).
Sabon shigar da lafiya a matsayin wajibcin doka — tsaro na ilimin halittu - an karɓi shi da ɗan juriya. Har yanzu, ga 'yan ƙasa da yawa da alama ba kome ba ne cewa waɗannan takunkumin sun kasa isar da sakamakon lafiyar jama'a da aka yi alkawari.
Cikakken ma'anar abin da ya faru a cikin 2020 na iya tserewa daga hankalinmu. Wataƙila ba tare da saninsa ba, mun rayu ta hanyar ƙira da aiwatar da ba kawai dabarun bala'in cuta ba amma sabon tsarin siyasa. Wannan tsarin ya fi tasiri wajen sarrafa yawan jama'a fiye da duk wani abu da kasashen Yamma suka yi a baya. Ƙarƙashin wannan sabon ƙirar ƙirar halittu, "jimlar dakatar da kowane nau'i na ayyukan siyasa da zamantakewa [ya zama] babban aikin sa hannu na jama'a."[vii]Tabbas sabani.
Gwamnatin Fascist kafin yaƙi a Italiya ko kuma ƙasashen gurguzu na Gabas ba su taɓa yin mafarkin aiwatar da irin wannan takunkumi ba. Nisantar da jama'a ya zama abin koyi na siyasa, sabon salo don hulɗar zamantakewa, "tare da matrix dijital wanda ke maye gurbin hulɗar ɗan adam, wanda ta ma'anarta daga yanzu za a ɗauke shi a matsayin abin tuhuma da siyasa "mai kamuwa da cuta."[viii]
Yana da ilmantarwa don yin tunani a kan zaɓin da aka zaɓa. nisantar da jama'a, wanda ba lokacin magani bane amma na siyasa. Tsarin likitanci ko na kimiyya zai iya amfani da lokaci kamar jiki nisantar ko sirri nisantar, amma ba social nisantar da kai. Kalmar zamantakewa ta bayyana cewa wannan sabon salo ne na tsara al'umma, wanda ke iyakance hulɗar ɗan adam da ƙafa shida na sararin samaniya da abin rufe fuska wanda ke rufe fuska - wurinmu na haɗin kai da sadarwa. Dokar tazarar ƙafa shida an tsara ta ne kan yaduwar cutar ta covid ta hanyar ɗigon numfashi, kodayake aikin ya ci gaba ko da bayan ya bayyana cewa yana yaduwa ta hanyar iska.
Haɗin kai na haƙiƙa ya dogara da jimlar lokacin da aka kashe a cikin ɗaki tare da wanda ya kamu da cutar kuma an rage shi ta hanyar buɗe tagogi da sauran hanyoyin ingantattun iska, ba ta tsayawa ƙafa shida ba. Abubuwan kariya na filastik kafa ko'ina a zahiri yana ƙara haɗarin yaɗuwar ƙwayar cuta ta hanyar hana samun iska mai kyau. An riga an tsara mu ta hanyar tunani sama da shekaru goma don karɓar ayyukan ilimin kimiyya na karya na nisantar da jama'a ta amfani da na'urorin dijital don iyakance hulɗar ɗan adam.
The tatsuniyar asymptomatic kwayar cutar bazata wani mahimmin abu ne a cikin tsarin mu na tsarin rayuwa. Bazuwar asymptomatic ba shine ke haifar da cutar ba, kamar yadda bincike ya tabbatar.[ix] Ganin cewa babu wata kwayar cutar numfashi a tarihi da aka san tana yaduwa ta asymptomatic, wannan bai kamata ya baiwa kowa mamaki ba. Amma kafofin watsa labarai sun gudu tare da misali labarin barazanar asymptomatic. Kallon mutanen da ba su da alamun alamun suna da haɗari - waɗanda ba su taɓa samun tushen kimiyya ba - ya mai da kowane ɗan ƙasa cikin yiwuwar barazana ga wanzuwar mutum.
A lura da cikakken juyowa wanda wannan ya yi tasiri a tunaninmu game da lafiya da rashin lafiya. A da, ana zaton mutum yana da lafiya har sai an tabbatar da rashin lafiya. Idan mutum ya rasa aiki na tsawon lokaci, mutum yana buƙatar rubutu daga likita wanda ke tabbatar da rashin lafiya. A lokacin covid, ka'idodin sun juya baya-baya: mun fara ɗauka cewa mutane ba su da lafiya har sai an tabbatar da lafiya. Mutum yana buƙatar gwajin ƙwayar cuta mara kyau don komawa bakin aiki.
Zai yi wuya a ƙirƙiro hanya mafi kyau fiye da tatsuniyar tatsuniyoyi na yaɗuwar asymptomatic, haɗe da al'adar kame masu lafiya, don lalata tsarin al'umma da raba mu. Mutanen da ke jin tsoron kowa, waɗanda aka kulle, waɗanda ke ware tsawon watanni a bayan allo, sun fi sauƙin sarrafawa. Al'ummar da ta dogara kan "nisanta jama'a" wani sabani ne a fili-wani nau'i ne na adawa da al'umma.
Yi la'akari da abin da ya faru da mu - la'akari da kayan mutum da na ruhaniya mun sadaukar don kiyaye rayuwa mara kyau ko ta halin kaka: abota, hutu tare da iyali, aiki, ziyara da samar da sacraments ga marasa lafiya da masu mutuwa, bautar Allah, binne matattu. Kasancewar ɗan adam na zahiri ya keɓe ne ga bangon gida, har ma hakan ya yi sanyi: a cikin gwamnonin jihohin Amurka da shugabanmu sun yi ƙoƙarin hana ko aƙalla hana taron biki na iyali.
A cikin waɗancan kwanaki masu tada hankali na 2020, mun rayu cikin sauri da ci gaba da kawar da wuraren jama'a da matsi har ma na masu zaman kansu. Talakawa lamba-mafi mahimmancin buƙatun ɗan adam, an sake siffanta shi azaman contagion- barazana ga wanzuwar mu.
Mun riga mun san hakan warewar jama'a na iya kashewa. kadaici da rarrabuwar kawuna sun zama ruwan dare a kasashen Yamma tun kafin barkewar cutar Coronavirus. Kamar yadda masu binciken Princeton da suka lashe kyautar Nobel Ann Case da Angus Deaton suka nuna, waɗannan abubuwan suna ba da gudummawa ga hauhawar mutuwar yanke ƙauna-mutuwar kashe kansa, kwayoyi, da cututtuka masu alaƙa da barasa. Mutuwar rashin bege ya tashi sosai a lokacin kulle-kulle, wanda ya zubar da fetur a kan wutar.
Tun daga shekarun 1980, an ba da rahoton kadaici a tsakanin manya a Amurka ya karu daga kashi 20 zuwa kashi 40 tun kafin barkewar cutar. Loneliness yana da alaƙa da ƙara haɗarin cututtukan zuciya, bugun jini, mutuwa da wuri, da tashin hankali. Yana rinjayar lafiya ta hanyoyi masu kama da shan taba ko kiba, yana ƙara yawan haɗarin lafiya da rage tsawon rai. Ba hatsari ba ne daya daga cikin mafi tsananin azabar da muke yi wa fursunoni asibiti na sirri-Lalacewar da a ƙarshe ke haifar da tarwatsewar azanci da hauka. Kamar yadda muka ji a shafuffuka na farko na Littafi Mai Tsarki, “Ba shi da kyau mutum ya kasance shi kaɗai.” Amma tare da yarda da Cocin, yayin kulle-kulle mun rungumi kuma mun inganta abin da masanin falsafa Hannah Arendt ta kira "shirya kadaici," jihar zamantakewar da ta bayyana a matsayin sharadi na kama-karya a cikin littafinta na seminal, Tushen Totalitarianism.[X]
Yi la'akari da misali sanarwar sabis na jama'a na "Kaɗai Tare" da aka samar don gwamnatin Amurka a cikin Maris na 2020.[xi] Tallan ya karanta, "Zama a gida yana ceton rayuka. Ko kuna da Covid-19 ko babu, zauna a gida! Muna cikin wannan tare. # Kai kaɗai." Haɗin kai na waɗannan kalmomi guda biyu, sabani a bayyane, ya isa ya nuna wauta. Bayan rashin ceton rayuka da gaske, da aka gaya mana cewa muna yin aikin zamantakewa ta wurin zama mu kaɗai bai rage wani mummunan sakamako na kaɗaici ba. Hashtag inda za mu iya zama "mu kaɗai tare" akan allo ba magani bane.
Lockdowns shine mataki na farko kuma tabbataccen mataki a cikin rungumarmu game da yanayin tsaro na kwayoyin halitta. Wannan ya ci gaba da tilas alluran rigakafi da fasfo na rigakafin wariya, an wajabta don samfuran sabbin abubuwa tare da ƙarancin aminci da gwajin inganci.
Sakamakon kisan gilla-wasu daga cikinsu Dr. Bhattacharya ya taƙaita—ba, kamar yadda rahotanni da yawa suka ba da shawara ba, barnar da ta haifar. coronavirus. A'a, wannan barna ce ta mu martanin siyasa zuwa coronavirus. Sai dai idan ba mu yi koyi da wadannan gazawar manufofin ba, to lallai za mu kau da kai ga maimaita su.
[i] Harper, K. Ƙaddamar Roma: Yanayi, cuta, da Ƙarshen Daular. Jami'ar Princeton Press, 2019.
[ii] McNeil, D. "Don ɗaukar Coronavirus, Ku Ci Gaban Zamani akansa," New York Times, Fabrairu 28, 2020. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/02/28/sunday-review/coronavirus-quarantine.html
[iii] Agamben, G. (2021). "Biosecurity da Siyasa." Dabarun Al'adu.
[iv] Escobar, P. (2021). "Yadda Tsarin Halittar Halittu ke Ba da damar Digital Neo-Feudalism." Dabarun Al'adu.
[v] Inglesby, T; Henderson, DA; ET A.
[vi] Agamben, G. (2021). "Biosecurity da Siyasa." Dabarun Al'adu.
[vii] Ibid.
[viii] Escobar, P. (2021). "Yadda Tsarin Halittar Halittu ke Ba da damar Digital Neo-Feudalism." Dabarun Al'adu.
[ix] Madewell ZJ, Yang Y, Longini IM Jr, Halloran ME, Dean NE. "Watsawar Gida na SARS-CoV-2: Binciken Tsare-tsare da Meta-Bincike." JAMA Network Bude. 2020 Disamba 1; 3 (12): e2031756. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.31756. PMID: 33315116; Saukewa: PMC7737089.
Cao, S., Gan, Y., Wang, C. et al. "Bayan kulle-kulle SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid a cikin kusan mazauna Wuhan, China." Sadarwar yanayi 11, 5917 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-19802-w
[X] Arendt, H. Asalin kame-kame. Sabon Ed. tare da Ƙara Gabas, New York, NY: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1973, p. 478.
[xi] "Covid-19 PSA - Kadai Tare - Youtube," Mayu 24, 2020:
Sake bugawa daga marubucin Mayarwa
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Aaron Kheriaty, Babban mashawarcin Cibiyar Brownstone, masani ne a Cibiyar Da'a da Harkokin Jama'a, DC. Shi tsohon farfesa ne na ilimin hauka a Jami'ar California a Makarantar Magunguna ta Irvine, inda ya kasance darektan da'a na likitanci.
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