Bayan shekaru uku na tattaunawar, wakilan Ƙungiyar Tattaunawa ta Ƙungiyoyin Ƙungiyoyin Ƙungiyoyin Ƙungiyoyin Ƙungiyoyi (GNI) sun amince da rubutun na Yarjejeniyar annoba, wanda a yanzu ya tafi don kada kuri'a a 78th Majalisar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHA) a karshen watan Mayu 2025. Wannan rubutu ya zo ne bayan an tsawaita tattaunawar har tsawon shekara guda saboda rashin jituwa da ake ci gaba da yi game da ikon mallakar fasaha da canja wurin fasaha (Mataki na 11), samun damar samun 'kayayyakin kiwon lafiya da suka shafi annoba' (Mataki na 12), da Lafiya ɗaya.
Bayan tsawaita tattaunawar zuwa jerin zama na sa'o'i 24 na karshe a cikin watan Afrilun 2025, wani daftarin ya kasance 'mai launin kore' inda kasashe da yawa ke nuna cewa sun yi nisa yadda za su iya ta hanyar yin shawarwari, kuma yanzu lokaci ya yi da za a gabatar da shi don kada kuri'a.
Akwai abubuwa masu ban sha'awa da yawa a cikin sabon daftarin Yarjejeniyar Cutar. Misali, Yarjejeniyar Cutar Cutar ta hango 'masu masana'anta' (har yanzu ba a tantance ba) don samar da kashi 20% na samar da magunguna masu alaƙa ga WHO, rabi a matsayin gudummawa, da rabi a 'farashi masu araha' (kuma za'a tantance). Fatan shine WHO da sauran abokan hulɗa na duniya za su haɗa waɗannan da sauran albarkatun don rarraba (a cikin ingantaccen COVAX-kamar tsarin har yanzu ba a tantance ba). Bugu da kari, za a kafa wani tsarin 'Coordinating Financial Mechanism' (CFM) wanda har yanzu ba a bayyana shi ba don tallafawa aiwatar da yarjejeniyar cutar da kuma ka'idojin kiwon lafiya na kasa da kasa (IHRs), da kuma bayar da kudade ga kasashe masu tasowa a yayin barkewar cutar.
Waɗannan alkawuran sun gina kan gyare-gyaren IHR da suka fara aiki a watan Satumba na 2025, wanda ke ba da izinin Babban Darakta na WHO ya ayyana 'Abun Gaggawa'. Wannan yana wakiltar haɓakar Gaggawar Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a na Damuwa ta Duniya (PHEIC), tare da 'Gaggawar Cutar Kwalara' yanzu tana wakiltar 'mafi girman matakin ƙararrawa,' wanda ke nufin haifar da ɗimbin martani na ƙasa da ƙasa. An ayyana PHEIC sau takwas tun daga 2005, gami da na ci gaba Cutar fashewa a Afirka ta Tsakiya, kuma akwai shakku game da ko barkewar cutar kamar Mpox a yanzu ita ma za ta cancanci zama Gaggawa na Cutar. Yarjejeniyar Bala'in Har ila yau, ta bayyana sakamakon farko da aka samu na ayyana Gaggawa na Cutar Kwayar cuta, kodayake waɗannan illolin da ke haifar da cutar a halin yanzu sun fi fitowa fili game da tattara 'kayayyakin kiwon lafiya masu dacewa da cutar.'
Gabaɗaya, rubutun yana karanta kamar yadda mutum zai yi tsammani lokacin da jami'an diflomasiyya daga kusan ƙasashe 200 suka kwashe shekaru suna tattaunawa da bincika kowace jumla. Duk da cewa Amurka da Argentina sun janye daga wannan shawarwarin a farkon wannan shekara, har yanzu takardar ta ci gaba da tafiya cikin bangarori daban-daban kuma galibi masu cin karo da juna na wakilai daga Rasha da Ukraine, Iran da Isra'ila, Indiya da Pakistan; ban da mambobi na Ƙungiyar Afirka waɗanda suka fi ganin Yarjejeniyar Cutar Kwayar cuta a matsayin ɗanyen ciniki ga Afirka (duba ƙasa). Sakamakon haka yana da shafuka 30 masu cike da bayyananniyar aniyar, wanda galibi ya cancanci ta hanyar nassoshi game da kiyaye ikon mallakar ƙasa a ƙoƙarin kawar da adawa. Kamar yadda yake a yanzu, 'Yarjejeniyar' tana da mahimmancin ma'ana sosai, tunda rashin cimma yarjejeniya zai kasance abin kunya ga duk wanda abin ya shafa.
Amma duk da haka, zai zama abin kunya kar a fahimci cewa Yarjejeniyar Cutar Kwalara ta ƙarfafa 'kariya, shirye-shirye, da mayar da martani' a matsayin tabbataccen 'sarari' na ayyukan siyasar duniya, wanda dalilin da ya sa an ƙirƙiri sabbin cibiyoyi da magudanan ruwa da yawa. Yunƙurin shigarsa cikin dokar ƙasa da ƙasa ba sabon abu bane a cikin lafiyar duniya kuma yana wakiltar sau na biyu ne kawai aka ƙirƙiri irin wannan yarjejeniyar lafiya ta duniya (Taron Tsarin Tsarin Taimako na WHO akan Taba Sigari shine na farko), tare da yuwuwar tattara albarkatu da manufofi masu yawa.
Misali, a cewar kimomi ta Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiyar Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a da kimantawa (IHME), kashe kuɗi kan shirya bala'o'i na gaba ya riga ya ninka fiye da ninki biyu tsakanin 2009 da 2019 kafin cutar ta Covid-19 ba tare da shakka ta motsa batun cikin 'babban siyasa' na duniya. A cikin yarjejeniyar, gwamnatoci sun yi alƙawarin 'riƙewa ko haɓaka' wannan tallafin don rigakafin cutar, shirye-shirye, da mayar da martani da kuma tallafawa hanyoyin aiwatar da ita. Kamar yadda aka ruwaito wasu wurare ta REPPARE, kudaden da ake nema don shirye-shiryen kamuwa da cutar sun kai dala biliyan 31.1 a shekara (don kwatanta, kusan sau 8 kashe kudi na duniya kan cutar zazzabin cizon sauro), wanda dole ne a samu dala biliyan 26.4 daga kasashe masu karamin karfi da matsakaitan kudin shiga (LMICs), yayin da dala biliyan 10.5 na sabon taimakon raya kasashen waje (ODA) za a samu. Mai yiwuwa, tsarin da WHO ta fi so don rarraba wannan ODA ta kasance ta hanyar CFM da ba a bayyana ba tukuna.
Daidaiton Alurar riga kafi
Ƙa'idar jagorar da aka ayyana ta Yarjejeniyar Cutar ita ce 'adalci.' WHO da masu ba da agaji, kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu, masu ba da shawara na kimiyya, da LMIC da yawa (musamman a Afirka) ne ke jagorantar mayar da hankali kan 'adalci' da yawa, waɗanda ke kallon rashin daidaito, da farko 'daidaitan allurar rigakafi,' a matsayin babban gazawar martanin Covid. Wakilan kasashe matalauta, amma kuma masu ba da gudummawa masu mahimmanci, sun soki rashin daidaiton samun alluran rigakafin cutar SARS-CoV-2 a matsayin babban gazawar martanin Covid da kuma dalilin karuwar mace-macen Covid. Wannan damar da ba ta dace ba an yi wa lakabi da 'alurar kishin kasa,' wanda ke nufin tarin rigakafin Covid a cikin kasashe masu samun kudin shiga (HICs) yayin bala'in, yana iyakance samun alluran rigakafin ta LMICs. Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arziƙi ta Duniya, misali. ikirarin cewa ingantaccen rarraba alluran rigakafi zai ceci rayuka sama da miliyan.
Yayin da aka ba da umarnin isassun alluran rigakafin Covid a Turai don yin rigakafi gaba ɗaya daga jarirai zuwa tsofaffi fiye da sau uku a baya, kuma a halin yanzu hallaka, yawancin kasashen Afirka an hana su shiga. A haƙiƙa, ƙasashe masu tasowa kawai sun sami adadi mai yawa na rigakafin cutar coronavirus watanni bayan an yiwa ƙasashe masu arziki 'cikakken riga-kafi'. Ko da bayan an sami allurar rigakafi a duk duniya a yawancin ƙasashen HIC ta lokacin bazara 2021, kasa da 2% a cikin kasashe masu karamin karfi, an yi musu allurar riga-kafi, da yawa daga cikinsu da alluran rigakafin kasar Sin da kasashen Yamma suka dauka na kasa da su, don haka ba su cancanci shiga ba.
Masu goyon bayan Yarjejeniyar Cutar Kwalara ba sa tambayar nasarar allurar rigakafin cutar ta duniya duk da iyakancewarta da raguwar tasirin kariya da sauri, ko kuma illolin da aka ruwaito. Amma ko da mun ɗauka cewa alluran rigakafin coronavirus suna da aminci kuma suna da tasiri, kwatancen duniya game da adadin allurar ba su da ma'ana. A cikin HICs, yawancin mutuwar Covid-19 sun faru a cikin mutane sama da 80, suna ba da shawarar buƙatar takamaiman abubuwan da suka shafi mahallin a cikin yanayin mafi rauni.
A yawancin ƙasashe masu ƙarancin kuɗi (LICs), wannan rukunin haɗarin ya ƙunshi ɗan ƙaramin yanki ne kawai na yawan jama'a. Misali, matsakaicin shekaru a Afirka yana da shekaru 19, yana gabatar da haɗarin kamuwa da cuta daban-daban da bayanin martaba. Bugu da kari, wani meta-analysis na jini gwaje-gwaje ta Bergeri et al. yana nuna cewa a tsakiyar 2021 yawancin 'yan Afirka sun riga sun sami rigakafi bayan kamuwa da cuta zuwa SARS-CoV-2. Amma duk da haka, duk da waɗannan sauye-sauye, an ƙarfafa masu kera magungunan don samar da alluran rigakafi don fitar da duniya, an ba su izinin gaggawa, an fitar da su daga abin alhaki, an ba su kuɗi. ci-gaba da alkawuran siyayya, kuma sun sami damar samun ribar rikodin ribar da aka kashe na masu biyan haraji.
Kamar yadda aka ruwaito wasu wurare, sadaukar da albarkatu masu yawa don shirye-shiryen kamuwa da cutar, musamman sa ido mai tsada, bincike, R&D, da kera hanyoyin magance ƙwayoyin cuta, suna barazanar samar da babban farashi mai yawa tunda LMICs da yawa dole ne su fuskanci wasu ƙarin matsananciyar cuta da ɓarna. Aƙalla ƙasashen Afirka sun amince da hakan a fakaice yayin shawarwarin Yarjejeniyar Cutar. Mutane da yawa sun ƙi shigar da Kiwon Lafiya ɗaya cikin Yarjejeniyar, suna jayayya cewa ba shi da araha kuma ba fifiko a cikin dabarun kiwon lafiya na ƙasa.
Don fayyace wani wakilin Afirka a kan INB, 'Muna da wahalar yin sa ido tare a cikin sashin kiwon lafiya, balle a hada da sa ido a sassa daban-daban.' Wannan damuwa ba wai kawai tana nuna buƙatar ƙarin dabarun mallakar gida don tabbatar da ingantaccen amfani da ƙarancin albarkatu ba, har ma da buƙatar dabarun da za su fi dacewa da yanayin da ake buƙata don isar da ingantaccen inganci da daidaiton lafiya na gaskiya, ba kawai 'daidaitan samfur' ba.
Amma duk da haka, ko da daidaiton samfur shine abin da ake so kuma tabbataccen sakamako a wasu lokuta, babu wani abu a cikin Yarjejeniyar Cutar da ke tabbatar da hakan, tunda, a aikace, ƙasashe matalauta waɗanda ba tare da ikon samar da nasu ba, koyaushe za su kasance cikin layi. Kodayake 'tsarin samun damar kamuwa da cuta' (PABS) a cikin Mataki na ashirin da 12 na Yarjejeniyar Cutar Cutar na neman haɓaka daidaiton samfura, yana da kyau a sa ran ƙasashe masu arziki za su biya bukatun kansu kafin su samar da adadi mai yawa ga LICs ko WHO don rarraba (barin dogaro da gudummawar - wanda ya tabbatar da matsala yayin COVAX). Sakamakon haka, yana da wuya a ga abin da yarjejjeniyar annoba ta inganta a wannan fanni, in ban da daidaita alƙawuran da ba su dace ba da ke da nufin haɓaka daidaitattun hanyoyin samun samfuran cutar - yankin da tuni ƙasashe suka amince da shi sosai.
Yarjejeniyar cutar ta kuma yi kira da a kara nuna gaskiya ga kwangiloli tsakanin kasashe da masana'antun. Ana kallon wannan matakin a matsayin wata hanyar da za ta iya fallasa kishin kasa da cin gajiyar allurar rigakafi, duk da cewa 'ya dace' da kuma 'bisa ka'idojin kasa.' Don haka, yana da shakka ko irin wannan furucin na rashin fahimta da zai hana shugabar hukumar EU Ursula von der Leyen gyara. biliyoyin daloli tare da Shugaba na Pfizer ta hanyar aika saƙon rubutu da ba a bayyana ba ko kuma hana wasu ƙasashe shiga ayyukansu na farko na siye da tarawa.
Tabbas, masu sasantawa na LMIC a cikin INB sun san duk wannan, wanda shine dalilin da ya sa layin kuskure a cikin tattaunawar Yarjejeniyar Bala'i ya ta'allaka ne kan batutuwan mallakar fasaha da canja wurin fasaha. Hasali ma, kasashe masu tasowa ba sa son dogaro da abin hannu, kuma suna son samar da alluran rigakafi da magunguna da kansu ba tare da biyan tsadar kudaden lasisi ga ’yan kasuwa masu sayar da magunguna na Arewa ba. Sabanin haka, Arewa ta tsaya tsayin daka kan alkawurran da suka dauka na kare dukiyoyin boko kamar yadda aka bayyana a ciki TAFIYA da TAFIYA-Plus, ganin waɗannan hanyoyin doka a matsayin muhimman kariya ga masana'antunsu na harhada magunguna.
A matsayin 'kwanciyar hankali,' Yarjejeniyar Cutar Cutar ta ƙunshi tanade-tanade don 'samar da rarrabuwar kayyakin gida' na samfuran annoba da kuma kusancin haɗin gwiwar kasa da kasa a cikin bincike da haɓakawa, tare da sauƙaƙe hanyoyin bayar da lasisi da aka yi niyya don tabbatar da canja wurin fasaha. Koyaya, kalmomin da ke cikin Yarjejeniyar Cutar ba ta musamman ba ce kuma EU ta dage kan ƙara minti na ƙarshe. footnotes zuwa samar da hanyar canja wurin fasaha don tabbatar da cewa sun yi tasiri kawai 'kamar yadda aka amince da juna.' Don haka, Yarjejeniyar Cutar ta yi kama da ƙarfafa kasuwanci kamar yadda aka saba.
Sa ido da Lafiya Daya
Ganin cewa masu ba da shawarar Yarjejeniyar Cutar ta fahimci rashin 'adalci' a matsayin babban gazawar Covid. amsa, a' gazawar shirye' Hakanan ana ganin hakan yana ba da damar bullowa da yaduwar cutar sankara ta duniya a farkon wuri. Manufar kawar da 'barazanar da ke akwai' na cututtukan da ke tasowa (EIDs) sun mamaye ƙamus na manufofin, wanda G20 ya amince da shi. Babban Matsayi mai zaman kansa Panel, da Bankin duniya, da WHO, Shawarar Dattawan Aiki, Da Hukumar Kula da Shirye-shiryen Duniya. Kamar yadda muka yi jayayya a wani wuri, waɗannan kimantawa sun dogara ne akan shaida mai rauni, hanyoyin matsala, amfani da siyasa fifiko akan gwaninta, Da kuma sauƙaƙe yin tallan kayan kawa, duk da haka sun kasance ginshiƙai marasa shakka a cikin tattaunawar INB.
Don mayar da martani ga zoonoses na gaba, Yarjejeniyar Cutar ta yi kira ga tsarin 'Lafiya ɗaya'. A ka'ida, Lafiya ɗaya yana nuna gaskiyar gaskiyar cewa lafiyar ɗan adam, dabba, da muhalli suna da alaƙa ta kud da kud. Duk da haka, a aikace, Kiwon lafiya ɗaya na buƙatar sa ido akan ƙasa, ruwa, dabbobin gida, da dabbobin gona tare da ra'ayin gano yuwuwar malalar ga mutane. Kamar yadda aka bayyana a sama, aiwatar da Kiwon Lafiya ɗaya yana buƙatar haɗaɗɗun tsarin a cikin sassa daban-daban tare da ingantattun ƙarfin dakin gwaje-gwaje, matakai, tsarin bayanai, da ƙwararrun ma'aikata. A sakamakon haka, farashin aiwatar da Kiwon Lafiya ɗaya shine Bankin Duniya ya kiyasta kusan dala biliyan 11 a shekara, wanda zai kasance ban da dala biliyan 31.1 da aka kiyasta a halin yanzu kamar yadda ake buƙata don tallafawa IHRs da Yarjejeniyar Cutar.
Tare da ƙarin dakunan gwaje-gwaje da ke neman ƙwayoyin cuta da maye gurbin su, an ba da tabbacin cewa za a sami ƙarin. Idan aka yi la’akari da halin da ake ciki na tantance haɗarin da ya wuce kima a gwiwa, ana iya ganin ƙarin binciken da za a yi la’akari da shi “haɗari ne mai girma,” kodayake mutane sun kasance tare da yawancin waɗannan ƙwayoyin cuta ba tare da babban abin da ya faru ba tsawon ƙarni, kuma duk da cewa haɗarin yaɗuwar ƙasa ba ta da yawa (misali. martani ga Mpox). Dabarar Yarjejeniyar Cutar ita ce, dangane da ci gaban kwayoyin halitta, 'kayayyakin kiwon lafiya masu alaka da cutar' za'a iya haɓaka da sauri da rarraba ta hanyar 'WHO Pathogen Access and Benefit-Share System' (PABS).
Wannan yana da ban tsoro don akalla dalilai uku. Na farko, za a zuba manyan albarkatu don mayar da martani ga waɗannan haɗarin haɗari masu ƙarancin nauyi yayin da masu kashe yau da kullun kamar zazzabin cizon sauro za su ci gaba da samun amsa mara kyau. Na biyu, wannan fanni na Yarjejeniyar Cutar Kwayar cuta ba shakka za ta shiga cikin nata yanayin, inda sabbin hasashe na barazanar ke da halaltacciyar sa ido, wacce za ta iya bankado wasu barazanar da ke iya haifar da koma bayan kai na kare kai da wuce gona da iri. A ƙarshe, babu inda a cikin Yarjejeniyar Cutar Cutar da aka ambata gaskiyar cewa za a ci gaba da gudanar da bincike na fa'ida mai haɗari don haɓaka ' fa'idodin annoba' da ake tsammani a ƙarƙashin PABS, kodayake an ambaci wajibcin kiyaye halittu da kiyaye halittu a wucewa.
Wannan yana nuna cewa kimantawar haɗarin da ke da alaƙa da Yarjejeniyar Cutar Kwalara an mayar da hankali ne kawai kan abubuwan da suka faru na zoonosis na dabi'a, yin watsi da wani yanki na haɗarin da ƙila a zahiri ke da alhakin mummunar annoba a cikin shekaru 100 da suka gabata. Don haka, cutar ta Covid-19 na baya-bayan nan da alama ba ta da alaƙa da Yarjejeniyar Cutar ta fuskar shiri da rigakafin cutar.
Infodemics
Masifun martanin Covid sun lalata amincin WHO da sauran cibiyoyin kiwon lafiyar jama'a. Wannan ya bayyana a cikin bayyananniyar shakku game da shirye-shiryen annoba. Misali, dubban daruruwan mutane ne suka sanya hannu roƙo gargadi game da 'karfin iko' na WHO don lalata ikon kasa. Waɗannan saƙonnin sun taso ne da farko bayan gyare-gyaren da aka gabatar ga IHR ya fara yaduwa, wanda ya ƙunshi yare na asali da ke ba WHO damar ba da shawarwari masu dacewa ga gwamnatocin ƙasa yayin bala'in. Daga ƙarshe, irin waɗannan tsare-tsaren ba su cim ma ba.
Da alama masu tsara yarjejeniyar sun amince da irin wannan damuwar. Mataki na ashirin da 24.2 ya bayyana a cikin takamaiman sharuddan da ba a saba gani ba: 'Babu wani abu a cikin Yarjejeniyar Cutar ta WHO da za a fassara shi azaman samar da Sakatariyar WHO, gami da Babban Darakta na WHO, duk wani ikon yin umarni, oda, canza ko kuma ba da izini ga dokokin ƙasa da / ko na cikin gida, kamar yadda ya dace, ko manufofin kowace Jam'iyya, ko kuma ba da izini ko in ba haka ba sanya kowane buƙatun da ƙungiyoyin ke ɗaukar takamaiman ayyuka, kamar, ko sanya dokar hana zirga-zirga. ko matakan bincike ko aiwatar da kulle-kulle.'
A aikace, wannan juzu'in ba shi da wani tasiri, saboda babu wata hanyar isa ga fassarori na Mataki na ashirin da 24.2 da aka haramta, tunda kawai WHO ba ta da hurumin doka don tilasta bin doka. Dangane da matakan da ba na magunguna ba, masu rattaba hannu kan yerjejeniyar annoba sun yarda ne kawai don gudanar da bincike kan tasiri da riko da su. Wannan ya haɗa da ba kawai cututtukan cututtuka ba, har ma da 'amfani da ilimin zamantakewa da ɗabi'a, sadarwar haɗari da haɗin gwiwar al'umma.'
Bugu da kari, jihohi sun amince da daukar 'matakan karfafa kimiyya, kiwon lafiyar jama'a, da ilimin cututtukan cututtuka a cikin jama'a.' Anan, babu wani abu da ke ɗaure ko ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun abubuwa, yana barin isassun ɗaki ga ƙasashe don tantance yadda kuma gwargwadon matakin aiwatar da matakan da ba na magunguna ba (na alheri ko mafi muni). Sake rubuta (sake) a rubuce abin da Jihohi suka rigaya suke yi - motsa jiki mara ma'ana.
Wannan ya ce, nassoshi game da kimiyyar ɗabi'a na iya haifar da zato daga masu sukar WHO. Musamman, waɗanda suka damu game da martanin Covid suna tunawa da yadda masana kimiyyar ɗabi'a suka shawarci gwamnatin Burtaniya da ta sa mutane su ji 'isasshe da kansa barazana' da kuma yadda Sakataren Lafiya na Burtaniya Matt Hancock ya raba WhatsApp hira game da yadda ya shirya 'taba' sanarwar sabon bambance-bambancen don ' tsoratar da wando daga kowa.' Ko da yake aikin hukumomin kiwon lafiyar jama'a ne su ba da shawarwari don ja-gorar jama'a, akwai hanyoyin yin hakan na gaskiya da inganci. In ba haka ba, ra'ayin jama'a game da rashin gaskiya yana lalata amana, wani abu da ke ba da shawarar Yarjejeniyar Cutar ta ba da shawarar yana da mahimmanci don ingantaccen martanin cutar.
A wasu hanyoyi, yanke hukunci a sarari na kulle-kullen da WHO ta sanya ko kuma umarnin alluran rigakafi misali ne mai kyau na abin da WHO ta kira 'gudanar da bayanan sirri.' A cikin littafin jagora na 'Sarrafa Cututtuka' na WHO, an ayyana bayyani a matsayin 'yawan bayanai, daidai ko a'a, a cikin sararin dijital da na zahiri, tare da wani mummunan lamari na lafiya kamar fashewa ko annoba.' Gudanar da bayanai kuma ya sanya shi cikin IHR da aka sake fasalin, inda aka ayyana "sadar da haɗari, gami da magance rashin fahimta da ɓarna" a matsayin babban ƙarfin lafiyar jama'a.
Ana iya fahimtar cewa masu sukar sarrafa bayanan bayanan sun fahimci 'magana da rashin fahimta' azaman zagi don yin sharhi, musamman idan aka ba da yadda masana kimiyya waɗanda suka yi magana game da labarun yau da kullun a lokacin Covid aka ware su kuma 'an soke su.' Koyaya, ka'idar farko ta sarrafa bayanan da aka bayyana a cikin '' Sarrafar da annoba '' ita ce 'sauraron damuwa', wanda da alama Yarjejeniyar Cutar ta yi ta hanyar fitar da kulle-kullen da ba za su iya sanyawa ta hanyar doka ba. Duk da yake tsarin ''sifiri'' shekaru uku da suka gabata har yanzu yana hasashen kasashen da ake sa ran za su 'maki' bayanan da ba su dace ba, yanzu an ambaci hakan ne kawai a cikin gabatarwar, inda aka ce raba bayanai kan lokaci don hana bullowar rashin fahimta.
Duk da haka, harshen da ke kewaye da infodemics yana haifar da damuwa da yawa waɗanda ba a magance su ba kuma suna buƙatar tunani mai zurfi.
Na farko, ka'idojin da ake son a tantance bayanai da su daidai, kuma ta wanene, ba su da tabbas. Kodayake wannan ya bar tsarin ba a bayyana shi ba, yana bawa ƙasashe damar tsara hanyoyin sarrafa kansu, yana kuma barin wurin cin zarafi. Yana da yuwuwa gaba ɗaya cewa wasu ƙasashe (tare da tallafin WHO) na iya rufe ra'ayoyin da ba su dace ba a ƙarƙashin tsarin sarrafa bayanai. Har ila yau, ba za a iya zato ba cewa za a yi tashe-tashen hankula na manufa, inda kuma ana sarrafa bayanan da ba su da alaƙa da lafiya a ƙarƙashin ginshiƙi na 'wanzar da zaman lafiya da tsaro' a lokacin lafiya ko wani gaggawa.
Na biyu, akwai babban haɗari cewa rashin kula da bayanai zai ware kimiyya mai kyau ta hanyar haɗari, yana lalata lafiyar jama'a gaba ɗaya. Kamar yadda aka shaida a lokacin Covid, saƙonnin da ke shelar cewa 'kimiyyar ta daidaita' ta yaɗu, kuma galibi ana amfani da ita don ɓata ingantaccen kimiyya.
Na uku, akwai zato da aka rubuta a cikin mahangar bayanan cewa hukumomin kiwon lafiyar jama'a da masu haɗin gwiwarsu daidai ne, cewa manufofin koyaushe suna dogara ne akan mafi kyawun shaidar da ake da su, cewa waɗannan manufofin ba su da rikice-rikice na sha'awa, cewa bayanai daga waɗannan hukumomin ba a taɓa tacewa ba kuma ba a gurbata su ba, kuma kada mutane su yi tsammanin bayar da dalili daga hukumomi ta hanyar zargi ko kuma son rai. A bayyane yake, cibiyoyin kiwon lafiyar jama'a suna kama da kowace cibiyoyi na ɗan adam, waɗanda ke ƙarƙashin ɓatanci iri ɗaya da matsaloli iri ɗaya.
Makomar Cutar Kwalara da Wannan Yarjejeniyar
Wenham da Potluru daga Makarantar Tattalin Arziki ta London sun yi kiyasin cewa tattaunawar da aka dade a kan yarjejeniyar cutar ta rigaya ta ci sama da dala miliyan 200 nan da watan Mayun 2024. Tabbas, wannan kadan ne kawai na kudaden da jama'a ke kashewa kan shirya bala'o'i na gaba. Adadin ODA da WHO, Bankin Duniya, da G20 suka yi kira a kowace shekara zai yi daidai da kusan sau biyar zuwa goma na kudaden da ake kashewa na shekara-shekara kan yaki da tarin fuka - cutar da, a cewar alkaluman WHO, ta kashe kusan mutane da yawa a cikin shekaru biyar da suka gabata kamar Covid-19, kuma a matsakaicin matsakaicin shekaru (wakiltar mafi girman shekarun rayuka).
Ko da yake dala biliyan 10.5 a shekara na taimakon raya ƙasa don rigakafin cutar, shirye-shirye, da mayar da martani ba zai yiwu ba, har ma da ƙarin taka tsantsan zai zo tare da farashin dama. Bugu da ƙari, waɗannan buƙatun kuɗi sun zo a daidai lokacin da ake aiwatar da manufofin kiwon lafiya na duniya, inda taimakon raya ƙasa don kiwon lafiya (DAH) ke fuskantar babban matsin lamba daga tsaiko mai tsanani da raguwa daga Amurka, Burtaniya, Turai, da Japan. Don haka, haɓaka ƙarancin yana buƙatar mafi kyawun amfani da kuɗin kiwon lafiya, ba kawai ƙari iri ɗaya ba.
Bugu da ƙari, kamar yadda REPPARE ya nuna, kalamai masu ban tsoro game da haɗarin cutar ta WHO, Bankin Duniya, da G20 ba su da tushe sosai a cikin tabbataccen shaida. Wannan yana nufin cewa gaba ɗaya tushen Yarjejeniyar Cutar Kwalara tana da shakku. Misali, Bankin Duniya ya yi ikirarin mutuwar miliyoyin mutane a kowace shekara daga cututtukan zoonotic, kodayake adadin bai kai 400,000 a kowace shekara a cikin rabin karni kafin barkewar cutar ta Covid-19, wanda aka kera zuwa yawan mutanen duniya na yanzu, 95% na wanda ke da nasaba da HIV. Gaskiyar cewa ana samun ƙarin sabbin ƙwayoyin cuta a yau fiye da ƴan shekarun da suka gabata ba lallai bane shaida na ƙarin haɗari, amma sakamakon karuwar sha'awar bincike da, fiye da duka, amfani da bincike na zamani da hanyoyin bayar da rahoto.
Ta hanyoyi da yawa, Yarjejeniyar Cutar Kwayar cuta wani jigo ne na sabuwar masana'antar annoba wacce ta riga ta sami ƙarfi a cikin shekaru biyar da suka gabata. Wannan ya haɗa da, alal misali, ayyuka don sa ido kan ƙwayoyin cuta, wanda Asusun Cutar Cutar wanda aka kafa a Bankin Duniya a shekarar 2021 ya riga ya karbi dala biliyan 2.1 na alkawurran masu ba da taimako yayin da aka tara kusan biliyan bakwai don aiwatarwa (lokacin da aka ƙididdige ƙarin). A 2021, da Cibiyar Cutar Cutar ta WHO An bude shi a Berlin, inda aka tattara bayanai da kayan halitta daga ko'ina cikin duniya a matsayin tsarin gargaɗin farko na cututtukan cututtuka. A Cape Town, da WHO mRNA hub yana neman haɓaka canjin fasaha na duniya.
Kuma Ofishin Kwanaki 100Babban haɗin gwiwar jama'a da masu zaman kansu CEPI ne ke jagorantar, yana da nufin tabbatar da cewa ana samun alluran rigakafin a cikin kwanaki 100 kacal yayin bala'i na gaba, wanda ba wai kawai yana buƙatar saka hannun jari mai yawa a cikin R&D da wuraren samarwa ba, har ma da ƙarin haɓaka gwajin asibiti da izinin amfani da gaggawa, yana haifar da haɗarin haɗari game da amincin rigakafin rigakafin.
Don daidaita yanayin yanayin yanayi daban-daban na shirye-shiryen annoba daban-daban, masu rattaba hannu kan Yarjejeniyar Cutar za su buƙaci samar da tsare-tsare na ''dukkan al'umma' waɗanda za a yi watsi da su idan akwai wani rikici na gaske, kamar yadda ya faru da tsare-tsaren da ake da su a cikin 2020. Ana kuma sa ran za su ba da rahoto lokaci-lokaci ga taron ƙungiyoyin, ta hanyar sakatariyar hukumar ta WHO. Sakatariyar WHO, a bi da bi, tana buga 'jagora, shawarwari da sauran matakan da ba su da tushe.' Wannan yana nuna cewa Yarjejeniyar Cutar Kwalara za ta tsara ka'idoji na duniya tare da neman bin ka'idoji ta hanyoyin da aka saba yi na tsige-tsige, suna, da wulakanci, da kuma ta sharuddan da CFM ta sanya ko ta wasu lamunin ci gaban Bankin Duniya. A cikin yanayin na ƙarshe ne inda zaɓen manufofin da aka tsara a cikin taron jam'iyyun na iya zama mafi tilastawa kan ƙasashe masu karamin karfi.
Sai dai kuma, bai kamata a yi la'akari da muhimmancin wannan sabon tsarin mulki na annoba a duniya ba, kuma ba a fayyace irin karfin da yarjejeniyar ta shafa ba. Bayan haka, ɗaya ne kawai a cikin jerin jerin yarjejeniyoyin Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya, kaɗan daga cikinsu, kamar taron sauyin yanayi ko yarjejeniyar hana yaduwar makaman nukiliya, ke samun kulawa sosai. Don haka, yana yiwuwa duka taron jam'iyyu da yarjejeniyar annoba za su zama ba su dace ba a siyasance.
Duk da haka, abin da ya fusata wannan matsakaicin ra'ayi shine mahimmin kamanceceniya tsakanin bangarorin manufofin uku da aka ambata. Wato, yaduwar makaman nukiliya, sauyin yanayi, da annoba ana ci gaba da gabatar da su a matsayin 'barazana mai wanzuwa,' wacce ke haifar da yada labarai, dalilin siyasa, da ci gaba da saka hannun jari. A cikin yanayin haɗarin annoba, labarun hukuma suna aiwatar da hangen nesa na bala'i na kamuwa da cuta koyaushe (misali, kowace shekara 20 zuwa 50), tare da tsananin ƙaruwa koyaushe (matattu miliyan 2.5 a kowace shekara akan matsakaita), da hauhawar farashin tattalin arziki koyaushe (misali,. $14 zuwa $21 tiriliyan a kowace annoba idan ba a sanya hannun jari ba). Don haka, ana sa ran yarjejeniyar ta annoba za ta ci gaba da jin daɗin matsayin siyasa mai girma da kuma ƙara saka hannun jari ta hanyar tsoro na har abada da son zuciya.
Don haka, idan an karɓi daftarin Yarjejeniyar Cutar Aiki a 78th WHA kuma daga bisani kasashe 60 da ake bukata suka amince da su, mabuɗin ikonta shine yadda ake ayyana wajibai daban-daban na shari'a, tsarin mulki, kayan aikin kuɗi, da alkawurran 'abokan tarayya' a cikin manufofin ta hanyar taron ƙungiyoyi (COP). Ta hanyoyi da yawa, masu tsara yarjejeniyar sun 'harba zarafi kawai' game da mafi wahala da rashin jituwa da fatan za a samu yarjejeniya nan gaba yayin COP.
Anan, kwatancen da bambance-bambance tsakanin Climate COP da COP na Cutar na iya taimakawa wajen tattara wasu fa'idodi masu fa'ida kan yadda siyasar Yarjejeniyar Cutar ta iya gudana. Dukansu sun zama masana'antu tare da manyan matakan gwamnati da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu, duka biyu suna amfani da tsoro don motsa ayyukan siyasa da na kasafin kudi, kuma dukansu biyu sun dogara ne akan abubuwan da suka faru na dabi'a na kafofin watsa labaru don yada tsoro da kuma tabbatar da jihohi na ban mamaki a matsayin rinjaye na labarun.
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REPPARE (Sake kimanta Shirye-shiryen Cutar Kwayar cuta Da Ajandar Amsa) ya ƙunshi ƙungiyar darussan da yawa da Jami'ar Leeds ta kira.
Garrett W. Brown
Garrett Wallace Brown shine Shugaban Manufofin Lafiya na Duniya a Jami'ar Leeds. Shi ne Co-Jagoran na Sashen Bincike na Lafiya na Duniya kuma zai zama Darakta na sabuwar Cibiyar Haɗin gwiwar WHO don Tsarin Lafiya da Tsaron Lafiya. Binciken nasa ya mayar da hankali kan gudanar da harkokin kiwon lafiya na duniya, ba da kuɗaɗen kiwon lafiya, ƙarfafa tsarin kiwon lafiya, daidaiton lafiya, da ƙiyasin farashi da yuwuwar bayar da tallafi na shirye-shiryen rigakafin cutar da martani. Ya gudanar da manufofi da haɗin gwiwar bincike a cikin lafiyar duniya fiye da shekaru 25 kuma ya yi aiki tare da kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu, gwamnatoci a Afirka, DHSC, FCDO, Ofishin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Birtaniya, WHO, G7, da G20.
David Bell
David Bell likita ne na asibiti da lafiyar jama'a tare da PhD a cikin lafiyar jama'a da asali a cikin likitancin ciki, ƙirar ƙira da cututtukan cututtukan cututtuka. A baya can, ya kasance Darakta na Fasahar Kiwon Lafiya ta Duniya a Asusun Intellectual Ventures Global Good Fund a Amurka, Shugaban Shirin Malaria da Cutar Cutar Kwalara a Gidauniyar Innovative New Diagnostics (FIND) a Geneva, kuma ya yi aiki a kan cututtuka masu yaduwa da daidaita dabarun gano cutar zazzabin cizon sauro a Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya. Ya yi aiki na tsawon shekaru 20 a fannin kimiyyar halittu da lafiyar jama'a na duniya, tare da wallafe-wallafe sama da 120. David yana zaune a Texas, Amurka.
Blagovesta Tacheva
Blagovesta Tacheva ƙwararren mai bincike ne na REPPARE a Makarantar Siyasa da Nazarin Duniya a Jami'ar Leeds. Tana da PhD a cikin Harkokin Ƙasashen Duniya tare da gwaninta a ƙirar cibiyoyi na duniya, dokokin kasa da kasa, 'yancin ɗan adam, da martanin jin kai. Kwanan nan, ta gudanar da bincike na hadin gwiwa na WHO game da shirye-shiryen cutar sankara da kiyasin farashin mayar da martani da yuwuwar samar da sabbin hanyoyin samar da kudade don saduwa da wani yanki na wannan kiyasin. Matsayinta a cikin ƙungiyar REPPARE shine ta bincika shirye-shiryen cibiyoyi na yanzu waɗanda ke da alaƙa da shirye-shiryen balaguron balaguro da ajandar mayar da martani da kuma tantance dacewarta ta la'akari da nauyin haɗari da aka gano, farashin dama da sadaukarwa ga wakilci / yanke shawara mai adalci.
Jean Merlin von Agris
Jean Merlin von Agris dalibi ne na REPPARE wanda ke samun tallafin PhD a Makarantar Siyasa da Nazarin Duniya a Jami'ar Leeds. Yana da digiri na biyu a fannin raya tattalin arziki tare da sha'awar ci gaban karkara na musamman. Kwanan nan, ya mai da hankali kan yin bincike kan iyaka da tasirin ayyukan da ba na magunguna ba yayin bala'in Covid-19. A cikin aikin REPPARE, Jean zai mai da hankali kan tantance zato da kuma ƙwaƙƙwaran tushen shaida da ke ƙunshe da shirye-shiryen balaguron bala'in duniya da ajandar mayar da martani, tare da mai da hankali musamman kan abubuwan da ke haifar da jin daɗi.
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