A ranar farko ta gwamnatinsa ta biyu (20 Janairu 2025), Shugaba Trump ya sanya hannu kan takardar Umurnin Waya don "janye Amurka daga Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO)."
Wannan ba zai zama karo na farko da Amurka (Amurka) za ta bar ƙungiyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UN) ba. Sabanin haka. Ya fita amma sai ya dawo kamar yoyo, ba tare da barin tabo mai ɗorewa ga ƙungiyoyi masu dacewa ba. Shin wannan lokacin zai bambanta?
Tarihin baya-bayan nan na Amurka (Amurka) da takamaiman ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu na tsarin Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya yana da hargitsi. Kamar sarkakkiyar dangantakar ɗan adam, tana ɗauke da rashin gamsuwa, ɓarna, barazana, saki, da sake yin aure. Waɗannan surori sun yi daidai da canje-canje a cikin gwamnatocin Amurka. Tare da wa'adin Trump na biyu, ficewar daga WHO ba ba tsammani ba ne, dangane da matsayinsa na baya yayin rikicin Covid-19.
Babu shakka Amurka tana da nauyi a cikin tsarin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, saboda muhimmiyar gudunmawar kudi, karfin tattalin arziki, taimakon kasashen waje da ake rarrabawa ta cibiyoyin gida da tashoshi na kasashen biyu, kuma ba shakka, yawan al'ummarta da kuma hakikanin sha'awarta na inganta sauran kasashen duniya. Yana ba da gudummawa mai ban sha'awa 22% na kasafin kuɗi na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na yau da kullun. Bugu da kari, tun da aka kafa Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, ita ce babbar mai ba da gudummawa ta sa kai ta kiyaye tsarin. Ita ce babban mai ba da gudummawa kai tsaye ga na WHO Kasafin kudin 2024-25, a 15% ($ 500 miliyan a kowace shekara). Kasar Sin tana biyan kashi 0.35 ne kawai.
Amurka ta kuma yi ta jin bacin ranta na diflomasiyya sau da yawa a fagagen kasa da kasa a baya, wanda ke nuna aniyar ta na ficewa daga hukumar ta WHO. Mafi mahimmanci, waɗannan sun bayyana a cikin dangantakarta da Hukumar Kare Haƙƙin Bil'adama ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (HRC) da Hukumar Ilimi, Kimiyya da Al'adu ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNESCO).
Janyewa daga kuma Komawa ga HRC
A 2006, da HRC an ƙirƙira shi a matsayin ƙungiyar reshen Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNGA) don maye gurbin Hukumar Kare Haƙƙin Dan Adam. Wanda ke da hedikwata a Ofishin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a Geneva (Switzerland), yana kunshe da mambobi 47 da kasashe 3 na UNGA suka zaba na tsawon shekaru 193. Ana sabunta kashi ɗaya bisa uku na membobin kowace shekara, kuma ƙasashe na iya yin aiki mafi girman wa'adi biyu a jere. Don haka, kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na ƙasashe membobin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya suna cikin HRC a kowane lokaci. Zaɓe na ƙungiyoyin yanki ne kuma yana da saurin sanya siyasa. Wannan ko shakka babu ya keta huruminsa na karewa da inganta haƙƙin ɗan adam.
HRC tana aiki ta hanyar zagayawa na Bita na lokaci-lokaci na Universal inda ake tantance dukkan ƙasashe membobin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya lokaci-lokaci, ta nada Hanyoyi na Musamman ( Kwararrun 'yan Adam masu zaman kansu na kasashe ko jigogi), suna ba da izini ga kwamitocin bincike da ayyukan gano gaskiya kan laifukan yaki da cin zarafin bil'adama, da gudanar da tarurrukan rikici a cikin gaggawa. Sharuɗɗa ko yanke shawara na buƙatar rinjaye mai sauƙi, kuma ana iya dakatar da zama memba ta hanyar kashi biyu bisa uku (kamar yadda ya faru da Libya a 2011 kuma a halin yanzu tare da Rasha).
Dangantakar dake tsakanin Amurka da HRC ta dade tana da wahala. Amurka (tare da Isra'ila, Palau, da tsibirin Marshall) sun kada kuri'ar adawa da ainihin kudurin UNGA da ya samar da HRC. Duk da haka, Amurka ta shiga cikin 2009 a karkashin gwamnatin Obama, wanda ke nuna canjin matsayi kamar yadda ta gwammace ta zama mai sa ido ga Hukumar Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam da ta rushe a zamanin gwamnatin George W Bush.
Amurka ta ci gaba da tofa albarkacin bakinta game da zargin da HRC ke yi na siyasantar da al'amura da dama, musamman masu alaka da ɗimbin kudurorin da aka cimma kan Isra'ila. Misali, a cikin Fabrairun 2011, a taro na 16 na HRC, Sakatariyar Harkokin Wajen Amurka Hillary Clinton. nuna a “tsarin nuna son kai ga Isra’ila – gami da wani abu mai tsauri ga Isra’ila,” wanda ke “rasa (d)” aikin HRC.
A watan Oktoba 2011, Falasdinu aka shigar a matsayin cikakken memba ta UNESCO. Bayan shekara guda, babban taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNGA) ya amince da shi Ƙaddamarwa 67/19 akan "Matsayin Falasdinu a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya" da kuri'u 138 da aka amince da su, 3 kin amincewa, 5 rashi, da 9 kin amincewa (ciki har da Amurka). Ta haka ne Falasdinu ta zama kasa mai sa ido ga UNGA - irin wannan matsayi da aka ba Vatican. Ana kallon wannan a matsayin ka'ida na mulkin Falasdinu. Ƙudurin HRC masu nasara (A/HRC/RES/16/30 Maris 25, 2011, A/HRC/RES/19/15 na 22 Maris 2012, da dai sauransu) game da batun Falasdinu da Isra'ila sun sha yin kira da "matsalar kasashe biyu," yayin da Amurka ba ta yi nasara ba, ko dai ita kadai ko tare da 'yan kawaye, a kan dukkan sauran mambobin HRC.
A cikin Maris 2018, ƙari Ƙaddamarwa A/HRC/RES/37/75 yayi Allah wadai da matakin da Isra'ila ta dauka a baya da kuma na yanzu akan Falasdinawa. A ranar 19 ga Yuni, gwamnatin Trump ta yanke shawarar ficewa. Sakataren harkokin wajen Amurka Mike Pompeo shimfida Dalilai da dama, kamar: i) Kasancewar memba na HRC ya haɗa da gwamnatocin kama-karya tare da bayanan haƙƙoƙin ɗan adam mara shakku da banƙyama, da ii) Ci gaba da ƙiyasin HRC ga Isra'ila. Jakadiyar Amurka a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, Nikki Haley, kara da cewa cewa "Tun da dadewa, Hukumar Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam ta kasance mai kare hakkin masu cin zarafin bil'adama da kuma karkatar da ra'ayin siyasa." Haley ta kara ya bayyana cewa ta jagoranci yunƙurin Amurka na ƙoƙarin yin gyare-gyaren HRC tsawon shekara guda; duk da haka irin wannan yunƙurin ya ci tura saboda turjiya daga ƙasashe da yawa amma kuma abokan haɗin gwiwa sun jajirce wajen ƙalubalantar lamarin matsayi wannan tarihi.
Gwamnatin Biden ta sauya ficewar da sauri. A ranar 8 ga Fabrairu 2021, Sakataren Gwamnati Anthony Blinken sanar cewa Amurka ta sake shiga cikin "nan da nan kuma da ƙarfi" tare da HRC. Bayan 'yan makonni, a zama na 46 na HRC a ranar 24 ga Fabrairu, 2021, Blinken nema goyon bayan takwarorinsu ga Amurka ta dawo da neman zabe don wa'adin HRC 2022-24. Daga baya aka zabe shi kuma aka koma majalisar.
Janyewar Amurka da Komawa zuwa UNESCO
Ko da yake Amurka ta kasance memba ce ta UNESCO, dangantakar ta yi tsami. Gwamnatin Reagan bar UNESCO a cikin 1984 bisa hukuma "saboda haɓakar rashin daidaituwa tsakanin manufofin ketare na Amurka da manufofin UNESCO." Hakanan gwamnatin Thatcher ta Burtaniya bar UNESCO a 1985.
Birtaniya dawo a 1997 da Amurka a 2003 karkashin gwamnatin George W Bush. Singapore kuma ta bar a 1985, kawai don dawowa Bayan shekaru 22.
Rikicin Isra'ila da Falasdinu ya sake haifar da rashin jituwa. Kamar yadda aka ambata a sama, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta UNESCO zabe a cikin Oktoba 2011 don maraba da kasar Falasdinu a matsayin memba na 195th, duk da matsayinta na "masu lura" kawai a UNGA a lokacin. A sakamakon (as tsoron Darekta Janar na UNESCO Irina Bokova da Sakatare-Janar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Ban Ki-Moon, gwamnatin Obama ta dakatar da gudummawar da take bayarwa daidai da kashi 22% na kasafin dala biliyan 1.5 na UNESCO na yau da kullun, da duk wani tallafi na shirye-shiryen sa kai na UNESCO. Isra'ila, memba tun 1948, ta bar ba da daɗewa ba.
Gwamnatin Trump sai sallama gaba ɗaya a cikin 2019, lokacin da Amurka ta tara kiyasta Dala miliyan 600 na kudaden da ba a biya ba.
Amurka bisa hukuma sake shiga UNESCO a shekarar 2023 karkashin gwamnatin Biden kuma ta yi bikin daga tuta a hedkwatar UNESCO da ke Paris da liyafar cin abinci tare da uwargidan shugaban kasa Jill Biden a ofishin jakadancin Amurka. Komawar ta dogara da rinjayen kuri'un membobin UNESCO, da Amurka amince don biyan duk basussukan da suka kai dala miliyan 619 da kuma samar da takamaiman shirye-shirye na sa kai kamar yadda aka yi shawarwari da UNESCO (ayyukan Afirka, 'yancin 'yan jarida, da sauransu). Har wala yau, Isra’ila ta kasance ‘yar waje duk da gayyatar da UNESCO ta yi mata na dawowa, watakila tana son guje wa wulakancin da aka yi wa Amurka.
Amurka da WHO: Dangantakar Dangantaka a Farkon Covid-19
Amurka na daya daga cikin wadanda suka kafa hukumar ta WHO. A ranar 14 ga Yuni 1948, Majalisa ta amince da tsarin Haɗin gwiwa Resolution "Samar da zama memba da shiga ta Amurka a cikin WHO da ba da izini a ba da izinin hakan" (Majalisar ta 80, zama na 2, CH, 460 - JUNE 14,1948) don ba da izini ga shugaban kasa ya karɓi membobin Amurka na WHO. An kuma lura da cewa:
"Sak. 4. A cikin ɗaukar wannan ƙuduri na haɗin gwiwa Majalisar ta yi haka tare da fahimtar cewa, in babu wani tanadi a cikin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na WHO, Amurka tana da haƙƙinta na ficewa daga ƙungiyar a kan sanarwar shekara guda: Duk da haka, cewa za a cika wajibcin kuɗi na Amurka ga Kungiyar gabaɗaya don shekarar kasafin kuɗin kungiyar na yanzu."
Kundin tsarin mulkin WHO bai ƙunshi wani tanadi na janyewa ba, kamar yawancin rubutun kafa ƙungiyoyin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da aka haifa nan da nan bayan yakin duniya na biyu. Don haka, Majalisar Dokokin Amurka ta bayyana karara cewa za ta iya ficewa daga hukumar ta WHO, ta hanyar sanarwar watanni 12 na yau da kullun da ke ba da gudummawar da ta dace. Waɗannan tanade-tanaden sun yi daidai da ayyukan da aka tsara daga baya ta 1969 Taron Vienna a kan Dokar Yarjejeniya, wanda ke ba da izini ga bangarori su bar yarjejeniyar kasa da kasa (Ayyukan 54 da 56).
A cikin shekarar farko ta Covid-19, a ranar 29 ga Mayu, 2020, Shugaba Trump ya ba da sanarwar cewa Amurka za ta bar WHO. Hanyar da ta dace aka tunzura a ranar 6 ga Yuli ta wata wasikar diflomasiyya da aka aika zuwa ga hedkwatar WHO ta Geneva da ofisoshin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na New York. ambatawa gazawar hukumar ta WHO dangane da Covid-19 da sauran rikice-rikicen kiwon lafiya na baya-bayan nan, da rashin son yin garambawul. A lokacin, har yanzu Amurka tana da ma'auni na ban mamaki saboda dala miliyan 198.
Abubuwa ba su tafi kamar yadda aka tsara ba. Gwamnatin Biden ta sauya lamarin bayan rabin shekara, ba wai kawai soke tsarin janyewar da Trump ya haifar ba har ma da kara huldar Amurka da WHO. Sai Amurka ta ba da shawarar 2022 gyara zuwa Dokokin Kiwon Lafiya ta Duniya na 2005 (IHR), rage lokacin sabbin gyare-gyare don fara aiki daga watanni 24 zuwa watanni 12, da lokacin yin ajiyar kuɗi daga watanni 18 zuwa watanni 10. Har ila yau, kasar ta sa hannu sosai wajen tsarawa da shawarwarin 2024 gyara zuwa ga IHR da za ta yi amfani da kasafin kudin lafiya da albarkatun kasa don kashewa kan gano wuri cututtuka na gaba maimakon abubuwan da suka fi dacewa da hankali.
A ranar 20 ga Janairu, 2025, Shugaba Trump ya buɗe wa'adinsa na biyu ta hanyar umarni:
"Sashe na 1. Manufar. Amurka ta lura da ficewarta daga Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) a shekarar 2020 saboda yadda kungiyar ta yi amfani da cutar ta COVID-19 da ta barke a birnin Wuhan na kasar Sin, da sauran rikice-rikicen kiwon lafiya na duniya, da gazawarta wajen daukar sauye-sauyen da ake bukata cikin gaggawa, da kuma gazawarta wajen nuna 'yancin kai daga tasirin siyasar da bai dace ba na kasashe mambobin WHO. Bugu da kari, hukumar ta WHO na ci gaba da neman kudaden da ba ta dace ba daga Amurka, wanda bai yi daidai da kudaden da wasu kasashe ke yi ba. Kasar Sin, mai yawan al'umma biliyan 1.4, tana da kashi 300 na al'ummar Amurka, amma duk da haka ba ta ba da gudummawar kusan kashi 90 cikin dari ga WHO ba.
Dakika 2. Ayyuka. (a) Amurka na da niyyar janyewa daga hukumar ta WHO. Wasikar Shugaban Kasa zuwa Sakatare-Janar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da aka sanya wa hannu a ranar 20 ga Janairu, 2021, wacce ta janye sanarwar janyewar Amurka ranar 6 ga Yuli, 2020.”
Sashe na 2 (a) na Dokar Zartarwa da alama yana ƙoƙarin yin watanni 6 da suka rigaya sun shuɗe tun daga sanarwar janyewar farko (6 Yuli 2020) har yanzu. Yana fassara burin Trump na kammala abin da ya fara da wuri-wuri. Ba a bayyana ko za a iya yarda da wannan hujja ba, ko kuma sabon sanarwar za ta sake haifar da tsarin janyewa, kodayake Majalisa na iya kada kuri'a don rage lokacin da ake bukata. Ko da kuwa, a wannan karon, gwamnatin Trump tana da isasshen lokaci don kammala janyewar.
Amma har zuwa yaushe? Wanene zai iya tabbatar da cewa gwamnati mai zuwa za ta ci gaba da rike wannan matsayi? Ko kuwa tarihi zai sake maimaita kansa kamar yadda a cikin gaggawa da wulakanci komawa ga HRC da UNESCO tare da cikakken biya na tsawon shekaru ba tare da gyare-gyaren da ya dace ba?
Zauna ko Bar?
Kamar yadda aka nuna a sama, ya zama al'ada cewa ana juya waɗannan manufofin ba tare da kulawar jama'a ba. Barin muhawara kan daidai ko kuskuren su, yanke shawarar ficewa daga HRC da UNESCO a karkashin gwamnatin Trump 1.0 duka sun rushe cikin sauri. A kowane lokaci, motsi ya ɓace, kamar lokaci, kuɗi, da matsayi. Don haka, idan da gaske gwamnatin Trump 2.0 ta bar WHO a wannan lokacin, za a iya soke sakamakon nan gaba nan gaba.
Mutanen Faransa sun ce "qui va à la chasse perd sa wuri” (wanda ya je farauta ya rasa kujerarsa) saboda dalili, watakila zai fi kyau, bayan haka, Amurka ta yi amfani da matsayinta da lokacin da take da shi wajen yin gyara na hakika, don kada ta rasa wannan damar.
A yanzu, gwamnatin Trump tana da kwararan hujjoji da abokantaka da yawa don neman a yi nazari mai zurfi game da ayyukan WHO da rashin aiki yayin Covid, rashin kyawun tsarinta na cututtukan cututtukan gaba ɗaya, da kuma ɗaukar matakin canji. Akwai dama na gaske don sake tantancewa, gyara, ko ma musanya ƙungiyar da wata, don yin canje-canjen da ba za a iya warware su cikin sauƙi daga gwamnatocin gaba ba. Wannan zai samar da tasiri na gaske kuma mai dorewa ga Amurkawa da duniya baki daya.
-
Dokta Thi Thuy Van Dinh (LLM, PhD) ya yi aiki a kan dokokin kasa da kasa a Ofishin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Drug da Laifuka da Ofishin Babban Kwamishinan 'Yancin Dan Adam. Daga baya, ta gudanar da haɗin gwiwar ƙungiyoyin ƙungiyoyi don Intellectual Ventures Global Good Fund kuma ta jagoranci yunƙurin haɓaka fasahar kiwon lafiyar muhalli don ƙananan albarkatun ƙasa.
Duba dukkan posts
