Dan jaridar BBC Andrew Marr: "Ta yaya za ku iya sanin cewa ina son kai?"
Noam Chomsky: “Ba na ce kana son kai ba, na tabbata ka gaskata duk abin da kake faɗa, amma abin da nake faɗa shi ne, idan ka gaskata wani abu dabam, da ba za ka zauna a inda kake zaune ba.”
Ya kamata in gaya muku game da makomar madadin kafofin watsa labarai, amma idan na yi, zan gama wannan makala ina jin cewa na gaza. Ina jin cikakken yarda zan iya sanya wani abu a kan takarda wanda zai yi kama da mahimmanci kuma mai ma'ana - yin la'akari da nazari da misalai na shafuka da yawa waɗanda suka bar ku bayan mintuna 15 sun burge ku cewa kun koyi wani abu mai mahimmanci. Idan na yi amfani da lokaci mai yawa akan bincike kuma na kira ƙwararrun masana don ƙididdiga, imel ɗin farfesoshi na aikin jarida don samun tunaninsu da kuma nazarin binciken da aka buga, zan iya rubuta makala da gangan wanda zai kimanta tweet daga Jay Rosen, farfesa a fannin watsa labarai a Jami'ar New York, wanda aka sani da tunani mai zurfi game da aikin jarida.
Amma zai zama yaudara.
Babu wanda ya san abin da zai jira a nan gaba. Duk wanda ya gaya maka in ba haka ba yana yin karya ne ko kuma yana kan baiwa a Makarantar Harvard Kennedy. Babbar hanyar tarihi tana cike da rugujewar gawawwakin masu saka hannun jari da farawar kafofin watsa labarai da tushen “hukunce-hukuncen dimokuradiyyar labarai” -kowanne yana ba da “bayanan da ke da matukar mahimmanci” kafin kwadayin masu saka hannun jari, rashin tausayi, ko rashin sha'awar karatu.
Ba na aiki a Makarantar Harvard Kennedy, asusun jari, ko gidauniya mai kyau. Kuma ba ni da sha'awar tsara wasu makomar shirin kafofin watsa labarai kawai don ganin ya zama wauta a baya. Na koyi cewa sabbin ra'ayoyi suna bunƙasa ko mutuwa galibi saboda sa'a. Mafi mahimmanci fiye da yin magana game da makomar madadin kafofin watsa labaru, Ina so in gaya muku dalilin da yasa madadin kafofin watsa labaru ke da mahimmanci, kuma ku bar gaba don warware kanta.
Kullum yana yi.
Inda na fito
Na farko, ya kamata ku san wani abu game da ni da yadda nake cinye labarai don ku fahimci inda na fito. Ni Ba’amurke ne, don haka ina da hazaka ta Amurka idan aka zo batun kafafen yada labarai, ma’ana abin da na fuskanta zai bambanta da mutanen Turai—wanda na fahimta zuwa wani mataki—da kuma wadanda ke samun labarai a wasu sassan duniya, wadanda na fahimta ko kadan. Ta hanyar hankali na Amurka, ina nufin cewa na saba da jaridu da labarai na TV waɗanda ke da ra'ayin siyasa wanda ke ƙasa a tsakiya da kuma ƙoƙarin kiyaye haƙiƙa.
A koyaushe ina bin labarai, har ma da ƙaramin yaro. Ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da na fara tunawa a kafofin watsa labarai shi ne kallon labaran yamma tare da mahaifina a cikin shekarun 1970 lokacin da aka watsa rahoton cewa sojoji a Kudancin Amirka suna fafatawa da gorilla. Bayan gabatarwar labarai, shirin ya je wani guntun na'urar daukar hoto tare da sojoji da ke yakar gorilla da harbi cikin dajin damina a kan abokan gaba da ba a gani. Na ci gaba da kallo don ganin ko gorilla zai fito da gudu daga cikin daji yana harbi da bindiga. Maganar ita ce, koyaushe zan iya tunawa da bin labarai, tun kafin in kai girma don sanin bambanci tsakanin “gorilla” da “guerilla.”
A cikin kuruciyata, na fara kallon labarai da yawa, na farko watsa shirye-shiryen yamma na rabin sa'a na yau da kullun sannan kuma wani cikakken sa'a na rahoto mai zurfi kan MacNeill-Lehrer Labarin Labarai. Na kuma kallo 60 Minutes da kuma 20/20, duk shirye-shiryen labarai na mako-mako. A cikin makarantar sakandare, na karanta yawancin mujallu na mako-mako kamar Time, Newsweek, Da kuma Rahoton US da World Report, kuma nakan karanta jarida lokaci-lokaci. Amma a jami’a, na ƙara zama da gaske, ina karanta jarida a mafi yawan kwanaki, tare da mujallun da na zaɓa domin suna Hagu ko Dama, suna ba ni ra’ayi daban-daban. A yau, na karanta New York Times da Washington Post kowace safiya, kuma duba cikin ƴan lokuta a mako tare da Wall Street Journal da Financial Times.
A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, na koma fiye da karatuna zuwa ga Journal da FT, saboda na ji haushin “farke” da ta mamaye kafafen yada labaran Amurka, kuma na fi damuwa da samun gaskiya fiye da ra’ayi. Amma ƙari akan hakan a cikin ɗan lokaci.
Tabbas, Ina kuma samun labarai, karatu, da snippets na labarai daga kafofin watsa labarun. Gabaɗaya, Ina ƙoƙarin samun faɗuwar bayanai—wataƙila fiye da yadda nake buƙata—ko da yake ya zo kusan daga tushe da aka rubuta cikin Ingilishi.
Ma'anar "madadin"
Ƙoƙarin ayyana madadin kafofin watsa labarai yana da wahala, ƙila ba zai yiwu ba, kuma jerin wallafe-wallafen “madadin” za su bambanta dangane da ra’ayin kowane mutum. Ban tabbata da kaina ba, don haka na yi magana da mutane 6 daban-daban don jin ra'ayinsu: 2 'yan jarida masu sassaucin ra'ayi, 'yan jarida 2 masu ra'ayin mazan jiya, da malaman kafofin watsa labaru 2.
Ra'ayoyi sun bambanta, amma jigo mai ban sha'awa na "madadin kafofin watsa labaru" ya fara haɗa kai: madadin kafofin watsa labarai kantuna ne waɗanda ba gado ba kamar Washington Post or New York Times, kuma tabbas ba tashoshi na kebul kamar CNN, MSNBC, ABC, CBS, da NBC ba. Ana kiran waɗannan kantuna a matsayin “kafofin watsa labarai na yau da kullun” ko MSM. Yawancin sun ji tashar FOX mai ra'ayin mazan jiya ta kasance wani ɓangare na wannan yanayin yanayin MSM. Saboda intanet yana rage kashe kuɗin bugawa, madadin kantuna sun bunƙasa a cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata.
Mutanen da ke cikin wannan yanayin yanayin MSM sukan yi wasanni ta hanyar tambayar ko MSM ma akwai, amma ana iya ganin kasancewarsa da ƙarfi a kan kwamitocin kwamitoci daban-daban waɗanda ke ba da lambobin yabo na aikin jarida masu daraja, kamar Pulitzer Prize. Ana samun membobin kwamitin don waɗannan kyaututtukan galibi daga kantuna kamar su Atlantic, Washington Post, New Yorker, New York Times, da Gidan Rediyon Jama'a na Ƙasa, da kuma ɗimbin manyan tushe da manyan jami'o'i. Hakanan ana zana waɗanda suka ci kyaututtukan aikin jarida, ba abin mamaki ba, daga kyawawan kantuna iri ɗaya.
An bincika manyan kafofin watsa labaru na tsawon shekaru, watakila mafi inganci a cikin littafin 1988 wanda Noam Chomsky ya rubuta tare. Yarjejeniyar Kasuwanci: Tattalin Arzikin Siyasa na Mass Media. Al Jazeera ta sake ziyartar Chomsky's Yarjejeniyar Kerawa a 2018, hira da MIT ilimi da tambayarsa yadda yake tunanin littafin ya rike. Kamar yadda Chomsky ya rubuta, kafofin watsa labaru suna aiki ta hanyar tacewa guda biyar:
- Mallakar Media: Kamfanonin watsa labarai manyan kamfanoni ne galibi mallakar manyan kamfanoni da ke da wasu bukatu na kamfanoni, don haka wasan su na ƙarshe shine riba. Aikin jarida mai mahimmanci yana ɗaukar kujerar baya don riba da waɗannan buƙatun kamfanoni.
- Talla: kafofin watsa labarai suna kashe fiye da biyan masu amfani, kuma masu talla sun cika wannan ramin kuɗi. Kafofin yada labarai ba wai kawai suna sayar muku da labarai ba ne, suna kuma sayar da su ka ga kamfanonin talla.
- Media Elite: aikin jarida ba zai iya duba iko ba saboda tsarin yana ƙarfafa rikice-rikice. Gwamnatoci, hukumomi, da manyan cibiyoyi sun san yadda ake yin wasan watsa labarai, yin tasiri ga ɗaukar hoto, samar da ƙwararru, da ciyar da abinci. Masu ba da rahoto da suka kalubalanci wannan tsarin za su rasa damar shiga kuma a tura su gefe.
- Flack: Wadanda suka kauce wa ijma’i za a kai musu hari, za a tozarta majiyoyi, kuma za a yi tambaya kan ingancin labarinsu.
- Maƙiyin gama gari: Dole ne a ƙirƙiri boogeymen don ra'ayoyin jama'a da mayar da hankali ga hankali.
"Tatsuniyar ita ce kafofin watsa labarai masu zaman kansu ne, masu adawa da juna, masu jaruntaka, masu gwagwarmaya da mulki." Chomsky ya shaida wa Al Jazeera. "Hakan ya ke a zahiri ga wasu, galibi ana samun 'yan jarida masu kyau, masu aiko da rahotanni. A gaskiya ma, kafofin watsa labaru suna yin aiki mai kyau, amma a cikin tsarin da ya ƙayyade abin da za a tattauna, ba don tattaunawa ba."
A lokaci guda Chomsky ya buga littafinsa, ɗan jarida kuma marubuci Joan Didion ya fara rubuta jerin rahotanni na The New York Review of Books wanda ya lalata labaran siyasa na jarida. Ta buga wadannan kasidu a cikin littafin 2001 Siyasa Fictions, wanda ya kalli “mutanen da ke cikin tsarin, suna zama kamar yadda suke yin aji wanda ya halitta da kansa, sabon nau'in ƙwararrun masu gudanarwa, [waɗanda] sukan yi magana game da duniya ba kamar yadda take ba amma kamar yadda suke son mutane daga can su yarda da ita.”
A cikin wannan "tsari," Didion gano cewa bayar da rahoto da kuma gabatar da hujjoji ba su da mahimmanci fiye da samar da labari wanda zai dauki hankalin jama'a yayin da ake yarda da wannan jiga-jigan manajan. "Bayanin ya ƙunshi yawancin irin wannan fahimta, yarjejeniyoyin tacit, ƙanana da manya, don yin watsi da abin da ake gani a cikin sha'awar samun layin labari mai ban mamaki," in ji Didion.
Duk da yake wasu 'yan jarida da malamai marasa adadi sun bincika matsaloli a cikin kafofin watsa labaru, za a iya zana ka'idoji na gabaɗaya cewa gidajen yanar gizon MSM suna da alaƙa da takamaiman labaran da ake la'akari da su "m", kodayake ana buƙatar karɓuwa ta hanyar kafofin watsa labarai / aji fiye da jama'a. Wannan “kiyaye ƙofa” na iya kulle wasu ra’ayoyi daga tattaunawa, kuma kamar yadda za mu gani, ɗaukaka wasu. Kula da ƙofa ya taurare a cikin 'yan shekarun nan yayin da "farke" ya mayar da ajin kafofin watsa labarai zuwa Hagu, yana mai da wasu labarun ma ba su da daɗi, da haifar da cece-kuce a cikin aikin jarida wanda zai iya bayyana rashin amincewar jama'a ga labarai.
Babban Farkawa
Duk wani bincike na matsaloli a cikin kafofin watsa labaru na Amurka dole ne ya tattauna batun MSM na kwanan nan zuwa Hagu. Duk da yake yana da wuya a sanya yatsa a daidai lokacin da al'umma ta fara canzawa, wani abu ya fara faruwa a kusa da 2016 tare da hawan Donald Trump. Duk da yake ya fito daga asalin arziki, Trump koyaushe yana alfahari da wani nau'in kwarjinin kowane mutum da jan hankalin jama'a. Kuma wani abu game da Trump ya haifar da babban canji a tsakanin "masu jagoranci" kamar yadda Didion ya ambace su shekaru da yawa baya.
Daga cikin abubuwa na farko da mutum zai lura akwai ƙarin labarai game da adalci na launin fata da wariyar launin fata—ko na gaske ne ko kuma na gani. Ana kiran wannan sabon ɗabi'a na siyasa a matsayin "farke," kamar yadda a cikin wanda yanzu ya farke ga rashin daidaiton launin fata. Wokeness wani ra'ayi ne na duniya wanda yawancin masu sassaucin ra'ayi, Fari, ƙwararrun masu ilimin koleji, waɗanda galibi ke zama a cikin birane a ko'ina cikin gabar tekun Amurka - alƙaluman alƙaluman da yawancin masu ba da rahoto suka fito.
Yin bayanin Babban farkawa, dalibin da ya kammala digiri na jihar Jojiya Zach Goldberg ya rubuta a Tablet cewa wannan tsari ya ƙunshi 'yan jarida masu sassaucin ra'ayi suna samun damar shiga kalmomi waɗanda a da suka kasance ɓoyayyen ɓangarori na jargon ilimi kamar "microaggression" da "fararen gata" da sanya su zama batutuwa na yau da kullum na rahotanni. Yin nazari akan New York Times da Washington Post daga 2011, Goldberg samu a hankali ƙara yawan amfani da bambance-bambancen akan kalmar "wariyar launin fata." A shekarar 2019, amfani da "wariyar launin fata" ya karu da kashi 700 a cikin Times da kashi 1,000 cikin dari a cikin Post. A tsawon lokaci guda, adadin masu sassaucin ra'ayi na fararen fata waɗanda ke tunanin wariyar launin fata babbar matsala ce a Amurka daga kashi 35 cikin ɗari a cikin 2011 zuwa kashi 77 a cikin 2017.
Goldberg ya buga wani zaben da yawan White Democrats, wanda ya ruwaito sanin wani wariyar launin fata, tsalle daga 45 bisa dari a 2006 zuwa 64 bisa dari a 2015. Daga cikin White Republicans, wannan adadin ya kasance iri ɗaya a 41 bisa dari daga 2006 zuwa 2015. A halin yanzu, yawan Black Democrats da Hispanic Democrats wanda ya ruwaito a fadin lokaci guda 52.7. 47.2 bisa dari a cikin Black Democrats, kuma daga 41.1 kashi zuwa 33.8 bisa dari a tsakanin Hispanic Democrats. Duk da haka, waɗannan bambance-bambance ba su da mahimmanci a kididdiga.
Duk da yake duniya ta kasance iri ɗaya, Goldberg yayi jayayya, ci gaba da cin abinci na labarai game da launin fata da wariyar launin fata ya ƙarfafa masu sassaucin ra'ayi masu sassaucin ra'ayi don lakafta yawan ɗabi'a da mutane a matsayin wariyar launin fata. A taƙaice, ra'ayoyi da harshe da aka keɓe ga tarurrukan ilimi da ba su da tushe sun zama daidai a cikin kafofin watsa labarai, suna tayar da tarzoma ga 'yan jarida da masu karatunsu.
Kamar yadda wannan rahoto ya canza a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, Binciken Pew ya samo cewa 'yan jarida kuma sun kasance sun bambanta a cikin tunaninsu daga sauran Amurkawa game da yanayin aikin jarida. Yayin da kashi 76 cikin 45 na jama'ar Amirka ke ganin ya kamata 'yan jarida su ba da cikakken bayani ga dukkan bangarorin al'amarin, kashi 37 cikin 31 na 'yan jarida ne kawai suka yarda. Wannan bambance-bambancen ya fi fitowa fili a tsakanin matasa 'yan jarida tare da kashi 57 cikin dari suna bayyana cewa dukkanin bangarorin sun cancanci ɗaukar hoto daidai, kuma daga cikin waɗanda suka ce masu sauraron su sun karkata zuwa Hagu, tare da kashi XNUMX cikin dari. Masu ba da rahoto waɗanda suka fi dacewa da jama'a a kan wannan ma'auni suna aiki a gidajen ra'ayin mazan jiya, inda kashi XNUMX cikin dari sun yarda cewa aikin jarida ya kamata ya nemi kowane bangare.
Yayin da mutanen da suka kafa aikin jarida suka zama ƙasa da kamar Amurka a tunaninsu, amincewa da sana'ar kuma yana raguwa. Gallup samu a 1977 cewa kashi 72 na Amurkawa sun amince da kafafen yada labarai. Duk da haka, Amincewar Amurkawa ta ragu kwanan nan zuwa kashi 16 kacal, kuma wannan raguwar ta fi fitowa fili a bangaren dama, inda kashi 5 cikin dari na ‘yan Republican ke cewa suna da kwarin gwiwa a jaridu, idan aka kwatanta da kashi 35 na ‘yan Democrat.
Da kuma nazari ta Pew a cikin 2019 ya gano cewa kusan kashi uku cikin hudu na 'yan Republican da kashi biyu bisa uku na duk wadanda suka amsa ba tare da digiri na kwaleji ba suna ganin cewa kafofin watsa labarai ba sa fahimtar mutane kamar su. Alƙaluman da suka fi jin daɗi tare da kafofin watsa labarai sune 'yan Democrat masu ilimin koleji a kashi 71 cikin ɗari. A yau, kusan 9 a cikin 10 na masu biyan kuɗi zuwa New York Times 'yan Democrat ne.
Sauran sukar sun fito daga 'yar jarida Batya Ungar-Sargon wadda ta rubuta "Labari mara dadi: Yadda Wake Media ke Ruguza Dimokradiyya.” A cikin bincikenta, Ungar-Sargon ta ce babban rarrabuwar kawuna tsakanin 'yan jarida da jama'a ba wai siyasa ba ce kawai, kuma wannan rarrabuwar kawuna tana lalata dimokuradiyyar Amurka yayin da kafafen yada labarai suka fi nuna bangaranci a shekarun da suka gabata, wannan kuma lokaci ne da aikin jarida ya kasance sana'ar masu aiki da ra'ayoyin da 'yan jarida ke yakar Amurkawa na kowane nau'i.
Ilimi tsakanin 'yan jarida kuma yana daidaita su tare da masu jefa kuri'a na Demokradiyya.
A cikin 1930, kasa da a na uku na 'yan jarida ya kasance jami'a, amma yawancin yau suna da digiri na digiri. A cewar masanin kimiyyar siyasa na Princeton Nolan McCarty. 'Yan Democrat yanzu "mafi yawa jam'iyyar digiri na biyu."
"Kuna da kafofin watsa labaru masu sassaucin ra'ayi wanda ke da nasaba da 6% na Amurkawa masu ci gaba, waɗanda ke da digiri na kwaleji da digiri na digiri kuma suna zaune a cikin birane," In ji Ungar-Saragon. "Wannan shi ne wanda masu sauraron da aka yi niyya su ne mafi yawan fitattun mutane har ma a yanzu ba manyan kafofin yada labarai masu sassaucin ra'ayi ba."
Ga ‘yan jarida musamman masu ba da rahoto kan kimiyya da likitanci, cire su ta hanyar aji da ilimi daga sauran al'umma yana da alaƙa da wata matsala: kusanci da majiyoyin su, waɗanda galibi malamai ne. A yawancin lokuta, mutanen da ke ba da rahoto game da kimiyya da likitanci suna kallon kansu a matsayin masu taimaka wa masana kimiyyar da suka yi bayani - muryoyin da dole ne su fadada don tabbatar da cewa talakawan da ba a wanke su sun fahimci kyau da mahimmancin kimiyya.
A takaice dai suna bayar da rahoto domin, ba on kimiyya.
Wannan kusanci da masana kimiyyar ilimi yana ƙara nisantar marubutan kimiyya, ba kawai daga jama'a ba, amma daga wasu a cikin kafofin watsa labarai. Alamu ga bambance-bambancen su daga wasu a cikin kafofin watsa labarai galibi ana yin dariya game da su, wani lokaci a cikin sirri, wani lokacin a cikin jama'a, tare da lakabin "scicomm." Kalmar scicomm gajere ce don “sadar da kimiyya,” wanda galibi ya ƙunshi shirye-shirye da zaman horo don horar da masana kimiyya yadda za su bayyana maƙasudin aikinsu ga wasu. Masu ba da rahoto na kimiyya kuma sun ƙaddamar da kalmar scicomm, suna jadada nawa a cikin wannan fanni ke ganin aikinsu a matsayin bayanin ilimi, ba rahoton kimiyya.
Marubutan da ke ba da labarin kimiyya da likitanci sukan yi tweet tare da #scicomm hashtag, suna nuna wa wasu cewa suna cikin wannan kulob.
Kamun tushen Scicomm
Don sake nanatawa, marubutan kimiyya sun bambanta da jama'a a cikin ɓangaren bangaranci da daidaitawar aji - suna zuwa kusan daga tushen sassaucin ra'ayi, tare da matakan ilimi - kuma suna haɗa waɗannan matsalolin tare da kyakkyawar alaƙa da tushen su, a cikin wannan yanayin masana kimiyya da likitoci.
Kasancewa kusa da tushe yana iya makantar da mai rahoto ga son zuciya, gami da nasu. An nuna hakan sosai ta hanyar durkushewar tattalin arziƙin na 2008 wanda da alama ya rutsa da jama'a. A cikin"Kallon Da Bata Yi Ba"Dan jarida mai bincike Dean Starkman ya rubuta cewa samun damar aikin jarida a fannin kudi ya rage sha'awar 'yan jarida na tono tsarin cin hanci da rashawa a Wall Street. Maimakon yin tambayoyi masu tsauri ga masu banki da masu zuba jari, 'yan jarida sun fara mayar da hankali kan bayyana manyan jami'ai da kuma ba da shawarar zuba jari ga masu karatu.
A cikin wani misali mai haske, ’yan jarida a O’Dwyers, da ke kula da masana’antar hulda da jama’a, sun ba da rahoton cewa masu ba da rahoto kan kuɗi a New York suna halartar taron shekara-shekara “Rikicin Kudi"Abincin abincin dare" Kallon na sama da 400 marubuta aiki da manyan mutane a cikin harkokin kudi jarida aiki.New York Times, Wall Street Journal, Bloomberg, Reuters, da dai sauransu) ana shan giya da cin abinci a wani abincin tikitin $400 (da abubuwan sha kafin, lokacin da bayan) tabbas yana ba da bayyanar jin daɗi.
Kamar masu ba da rahoto na kuɗi, marubutan kimiyya kamar ba za su iya ƙyale kowane hasken rana tsakanin su da batutuwansu ba. Ɗayan irin wannan misali shine ƙungiya ake kira SciLine, wanda ke ƙoƙarin haɓaka inganci da adadin shaidar kimiyya a cikin labarai. Koyaya, SciLine Associationungiyar Amurka don Ci gaban Kimiyya (AAAS) ce ke ɗaukar nauyinta, ƙungiyar jama'a da ƙungiyar masu fafutuka don masana kimiyya.
SciLine yana gudanar da wani tsohon mai ba da rahoto na kimiyya wanda ya shiga ƙungiyar bayan ya fara rufe AAAS don Washington Post. Hukumar ta ƙunshi manema labarai daga Rediyon Jama'a na Ƙasa, CNN, Scientific American, da PBS. Sauran mambobin hukumar sun hada da tsohon shugaban FDA, da kuma malaman kimiyya da sadarwa na kimiyya, da kuma jami'i a wata kungiya da ke koya wa masana kimiyya yadda za su iya sadarwa da bincike.
Ba tare da wata ma'ana ta baƙin ciki ba ko buƙatar tunani don raba manema labarai daga tushen su, SciLine yana ba da shawara ga masana kimiyya biyu. da kuma marubutan kimiyya. Yana ba wa marubutan kimiyya “shagon tsayawa guda ɗaya inda za ku iya samun ƙwaƙƙwaran tantancewa, bayanan da ke goyan bayan bincike kuma cikin sauri ku sami alaƙa da ƙwararrun masana kimiyya waɗanda ke da ƙwarewar sadarwa.” SciLine kuma yana ba da taimako ga masana kimiyya: "SciLine yana ba da hanyoyi daban-daban don yin hulɗa tare da tallafawa 'yan jarida da ke ba da labaran da suka shafi kimiyya. Kuma idan kuna sha'awar samun ƙarin ƙwarewa, muna nan don taimaka muku inganta ƙwarewar ku ta hanyar sadarwa."
Kamar yadda yake a kowane yanayi da ya shafi rubuce-rubucen kimiyya, bangon da ke tsakanin ɗan jarida da tushe-dan jarida da mai ba da shawara — ya ɓace. Masu ba da rahoto da masana kimiyya suna bunƙasa tare a matsayin iyali ɗaya mai farin ciki.
Dole ne a ba da sarari don magance haɓakar masana'antar bincikar gaskiya a kwanan nan, a wani ɓangare saboda yana da alaƙa da kafofin watsa labarai, kuma ya zama sabon mai tsaron ƙofa. A cewar Lab din Duke Reporter, yanzu haka akwai kungiyoyin tantance gaskiya guda 378, tun daga 168 a cikin 2016. Yawancin ƙungiyoyin binciken gaskiya an tsara su a ƙarƙashin Cibiyar Binciken Gaskiya ta Duniya, wanda kwamitin shawarwarin ya haɗa da Glenn Kessler, mazaunin gaskiya-duba guru a Washington Post.
Koyaya, ƙungiyoyin bincikar gaskiya akai-akai suna yin kuskure, galibi suna kai hari kan ingantaccen rahoto. Mafi kyawun misali na “binciken gaskiya” ya faru a wajen kimiyya kuma ya ƙunshi labarai game da Hunter Biden, ɗan Shugaba Biden. A lokacin zaben 2020, da New York Post wallafa wani blockbuster ya fallasa saƙon imel da aka samu a kwamfutar tafi-da-gidanka na Hunter Biden, wanda ya ajiye kwamfutar a wani shagon gyarawa. Saƙonnin imel ɗin sun nuna cewa ɗan Biden yana yin sayayya ga mahaifinsa, kuma makonni kaɗan kafin zaben Biden ya fafata da Trump, Facebook. lakabin labarin karya kuma ya hana mutane raba labarin. Twitter kuma ya toshe rabawa.
Sai dai shekara guda bayan zaben, kafafen yada labarai da dama sun tabbatar da sahihancin sahihancin sakwannin, kuma sabon mai kamfanin na Twitter, Elon Musk, ya wallafa a shafinsa na Twitter cewa, ya dakatar da shirin. New York Post don bayar da rahoto kan imel ɗin "bai dace ba sosai."
Yayin da wannan kwamfyutar tafi-da-gidanka ta Hunter Biden ta karya-binciken gaskiya ta rufe rahotanni masu mahimmanci, haka ma wadanda ake zargi da binciken gaskiya sun kai hari kan rahoton kimiyya tare da karancin binciken jama'a. Har ila yau, na fuskanci wani bincike na gaskiya da wata kungiya da ke daya daga cikin manyan masu binciken gaskiya a Facebook, lokacin da na rubuta wani bincike ga The British Medical Journal game da matsaloli tare da gwajin asibiti na Pfizer na COVID-19. Binciken gaskiya bai sami kurakurai ba amma, duk da haka, ya yiwa binciken BMJ lakabin "bai cika ba" da "hoax." The BMJ daga baya ya aika Mark Zuckerberg budewa wasikar korafi akan hakan "marasa inganci, rashin iyawa da rashin alhaki" binciken gaskiya. Labari da yawa sun rufe wannan takaddama, lura da cewa Facebook na bincikar gaskiyar labarai, ba facts. Ƙungiyar Marubuta Kimiyyar Kimiyya ta Biritaniya daga baya ta ba da sunan BMJ bincikar wanda ya kammala don samun kyautar bayar da rahoto.
Wasu misalai da yawa sun tafi ƙarƙashin radar. Sau da yawa, waɗannan ƙungiyoyin masu binciken gaskiya sun yi watsi da bayanai game da rigakafi na halitta don fifita alluran rigakafi, kodayake. wasu bincike sun gano cewa rigakafi na halitta yana ba da kariya mafi girma fiye da alluran rigakafi. Kuma shafuka masu bincikar gaskiya da yawa kamar PolitiFact da FactCheck.org sun faɗi ƙarya cewa ba za a iya samun barkewar cutar ba a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje a Wuhan, China, kodayake wasu daga baya sun canza ra'ayinsu. Fahimtar idan cutar ta fara a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje ko ta hanyar abin da ya faru na dabi'a yana da mahimmanci don hana fashewa na gaba.
Masu binciken gaskiyar kan layi suna ganin sun damu da daidaita bayanan rigakafin. A cikin misali ɗaya, an dakatar da wani ɗan jarida daga Twitter saboda yin tweeting "masu ɓarna" bayanan rigakafi wanda ya bayyana gwajin asibiti na Pfizer kawai ya sami ingancin kashi 80 bisa ɗari bisa yara 10. Daga baya an dawo da asusunta lokacin da wasu suka sanar da Twitter cewa ta kwafi bayanin kai tsaye daga sanarwar manema labarai na Pfizer. A wani misali, mai binciken gaskiya na Facebook sun yi watsi da wani preprint akan illolin maganin alurar riga kafi ta hanyar zargin masu bincike da yin amfani da bayanan da ba su yi amfani da su a zahiri ba.
COVID-19 ya yi karo da konewa
Tun farkon barkewar cutar, manyan tambayoyi guda biyu ke ta yawo a bayan fage: na farko, ta yaya cutar ta fara domin mu iya hana na gaba? Na biyu, ta yaya muke sarrafa kwayar cutar yadda ya kamata? Da yawan kaya— bangaranci, bambance-bambancen aji da ilimi, da haɗin kai da tushe—ba abin mamaki ba ne cewa marubutan kimiyya sun gaza a lokuta biyu, galibi suna fitar da bayanan da ba daidai ba wanda yanzu ya rikitar da jama'a.
Game da allurar rigakafi, 'yan jarida sukan yi watsi da bayanan baya ko sanarwar manema labarai da suka fito daga kamfanoni ko hukumomin tarayya. Wannan ya fito fili a cikin Maris 2022, lokacin da Daraktan CDC Rochelle Walensky ya ba da jawabi inda ta yarda cewa, a baya, bayar da rahoto a ƙarshen 2020 ta CNN wanda ya sami ingancin kashi 95 na maganin Pfizer na COVID-19 ya sa ta kasance da kwarin gwiwa cewa allurar za ta kawo karshen cutar.
Abin mamaki game da waccan labarin na CNN, wanda Daraktan CDC ya ce ya rinjayi tunaninta, shi ne CNN kawai aka sake bugawa da facts, Figures, da quotes daga Sanarwar ta Pfizer aika a farkon wannan rana. CNN ta Labari ba ya ƙunshi ƙwararrun ƙwararrun masu zaman kansu waɗanda ke nazarin bayanin Pfizer, wanda kawai rahoton kansa ne na bayanan rigakafin kamfanin-ba a ƙaddamar da wata hukuma ko mujalla don tabbatarwa mai zaman kanta ba.
Don ƙara jaddada kwanciyar hankali tsakanin manema labaru da majiyoyi, wakilin CNN wanda ya rubuta labarin - ba tare da wani bincike mai zurfi na bayanan Pfizer ba - yana cikin kwamitin SciLine, ƙungiyar da ke aiki don koya wa 'yan jarida yadda ake yin rahoto daidai.
Za a iya samun wasu misalan rahotanni masu ban tsoro a cikin littafin jagora don koyarwa masu ba da rahoto da masu gyara yadda za a rufe kimiyya ta shirin Knight Science Journalism shirin a MIT. (Wannan shirin yana gudana ta Deborah Blum, wanda shine tsohon shugaban kungiyar Mawallafin Kimiyya na Kasa (NASW). Ƙari game da Blum daga baya.) A cikin wani babi na littafin jagora kan "rikitattun kimiyya," Laura Helmuth ne ya rubuta ya kamata 'yan jarida su "bayyana siyasa da rigingimun karya" saboda "haka-mutumi game da inda littafin coronavirus ya samo asali sun haifar da wariyar launin fata."
Helmuth ya ba da wani tabbataccen dalilin da zai sa 'yan jaridu ba za su yi tambaya daga ina cutar ta fito ba; a bayyane, yin irin waɗannan tambayoyin kawai yana haifar da wariyar launin fata. Bayan Helmuth ya rubuta wannan yanki, Ma'aikatar Jiha sanar cewa dakin gwaje-gwaje na kasar Sin da ke Wuhan ya tsunduma cikin binciken "samun-aiki" don injiniyan ƙwayoyin cuta na chimeric kuma ya yi aiki kan ayyukan sirri ga sojojin kasar Sin. Shugaba Biden sai aka kira domin gudanar da bincike a bayyane na asalin cutar.
Kamar Blum, Helmuth tsohon shugaban NASW ne kuma yanzu editan ne Scientific American, wani dandali da ta yi amfani da shi don kai hari ga duk wanda ya danganta asalin cutar da ɓarna a kimiyya. Don bayyanawa, Helmuth yana kai hari ga kowa da kowa, har ma da Dokta Robert Redfield, tsohon Daraktan Cibiyar Kula da Cututtuka da Cututtuka (CDC). Bayan Redfield ya gaya wa CNN cewa yana tunanin cutar ta fara ne a cikin dakin binciken Wuhan, Helmuth ya aika tweet"A CNN, tsohon darektan CDC Robert Redfield ya raba ka'idar makirci cewa kwayar ta fito ne daga dakin binciken Wuhan." Washegari, Scientific American ya gudanar da wani makala yana kiran ka'idar leak-leak "kyauta shaida."
Wata daya bayan Helmuth ya kai hari ga tsohon Daraktan CDC, New York Times marubucin kimiyya Apoorva Mandavilli ya wallafa a shafinsa na Twitter, "Wata rana za mu daina magana game da ka'idar leak kuma watakila ma yarda da tushen wariyar launin fata. Amma kash, ranar ba ta zo ba tukuna."
A zahiri, masu ba da rahoto na kimiyya a kafofin watsa labarai da yawa kamar MIT's UnDark Magazine (wanda Deborah Blum ke gudanarwa), New York Times, Science, Da kuma Nature duk sun ba da labari suna kira ko kuma suna nuna cewa duk wanda ya yi tambaya idan cutar ta fito daga dakin binciken Wuhan "masanin makirci ne." Sai kawai Washington Post daga baya gyara ɗaukar hoto.
Marubutan kimiyya sau da yawa sun karkata zuwa baya don karkatar da hankali daga yiwuwar hadarin dakin gwaje-gwaje a Wuhan. A daya misali, 'yan jarida a Nature, Science, Da New York Times ya rubuta labarai suna jayayya cewa ƙwayoyin cuta da aka samu a Laos - kuma suna da alaƙa da kwayar cutar SARS-CoV-2 - sun ƙara ƙarin shaida cewa cutar ta COVID-19 ba za ta iya farawa daga leb ɗin lab a Wuhan, China ba. Duk da haka, duk 'yan jarida uku sun yi watsi da takardu wanda ya gano cewa masana kimiyya sun kwashe shekaru da yawa suna jigilar ƙwayoyin cuta daga Laos zuwa Wuhan.
A mafi yawan lokuta yayin bala'in, lokacin da batun ya koma ga alluran rigakafi ko yadda cutar ta fara, marubutan kimiyya sun yi layi don tallafawa hukumomin kimiyya ko matsayi na masana'antu, suna daidaita kansu tare da al'ummar bincike.
Da yake tsokaci game da rugujewar jirgin kasa game da bala'in, tsohon mai ba da rahoto na kimiyya Nicholas Wade ne ya rubuta cewa marubutan kimiyya sukan yi aiki a matsayin wakilai na PR don tushen su maimakon riƙe su da lissafi:
Me yasa marubutan kimiyya ba su da ikon yin rahoto da gaske kan asalin cutar? Ba tare da la'akari da shakkun yawancin 'yan jarida game da dalilai na ɗan adam ba, marubutan kimiyya suna ɗaukan masana kimiyya, tushensu masu iko, kamar yadda ma 'yan wasan Olympia ba su taɓa yin motsi da wasu abubuwa marasa mahimmanci na son kai ba. Ayyukansu na yau da kullun shine watsa da'awar sabbin abubuwan gano masu ban sha'awa, kamar ci gaba na warkar da cutar kansa ko sanya gurguwar beraye suna tafiya. Yawancin waɗannan da'awar ba su zama ba-bincike ba tsari ba ne mai inganci-amma marubutan kimiyya da masana kimiyya suna amfana daga ƙirƙirar rafi na ruɗi mai daɗi. 'Yan jarida suna samun labarunsu, yayin da kafofin watsa labaru ke taimakawa masu bincike su jawo hankalin gwamnati.
Sakamakon fa'idar wannan haɗin gwiwa, marubutan kimiyya ba su mai da hankali sosai kan matsalolin cikin gida waɗanda ke dagula amincin masana'antar binciken kimiyyar, kamar abin mamaki cewa ƙasa da rabin manyan abubuwan da aka gano a wasu fagagen za a iya maimaita su a wasu dakunan gwaje-gwaje. Yana da wuya a gano zamba da kura-kurai a cikin takardun kimiyya, duk da haka an janye wasu takardu 32,000 saboda wasu dalilai. Amincewar da'awar kimiyya babbar matsala ce amma ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan ban mamaki ga marubutan kimiyya da yawa.
Yiwuwar sake fasalin sana'ar rubuce-rubucen kimiyya da alama ba za a yi yuwuwa ba, saboda marubutan kimiyya sun kasance a kulle a cikin al'ummarsu - takura ta hanyar bangaranci, aji, ilimi, da kyakkyawar alaƙa da tushensu. Duk wani sukar da ke nuni da hakan sau da yawa ko dai a yi watsi da shi ko kuma a yi la'akari da shi a matsayin hujjar cewa mai sukar ba shi da ra'ayin siyasa, ba shi da ilimi, ko kuma ba shi da abokan hulɗa a kimiyya don fahimtar sarkar bincike.
Koyaya, ra'ayoyi daga wajen wannan da'irar da aka rufe suna da mahimmanci don ilimantar da jama'a game da cece-kuce na kimiyya da kuma kiyaye dabi'un aikin jarida da za su iya ƙara amincewar masu karatu ga kafofin watsa labarai da kimiyya. Amma yayin da madadin kafofin watsa labaru ke da mahimmanci ga aikin jarida da jama'a, yadda wannan madadin kafofin watsa labaru ke kasancewa ga jama'a ba shi da tabbas.
Ina so in gode wa mutane masu zuwa don yin magana da ni don wannan maƙala game da tunaninsu da damuwa game da aikin jarida da kuma muhimmancin madadin kafofin watsa labaru: Tom Elliott (dan jarida kuma Shugaba na Grabien), Mollie Hemingway (editan-in-chief of the Federalist), Justin Schlosberg ( farfesa na aikin jarida a Birbeck ), Joe Stephens ( farfesa a jaridar Princeton da Matta ).
Asalin wannan rubutun ya fito a matsayin babi a cikin "Voorbij de Pandemische Chaos: Yaya za a yi?” ko kuma a Turanci “Bayan Rikicin Cutar Kwayar cuta: Shin Muna Kan Hanya madaidaiciya?” Littafin tarin kasidu ne ta manyan malamai da ’yan jarida da ke tattaunawa kan yadda cutar ta COVID-19 ta sauya manufofin kasa da ba da shawarwari kan garambawul.
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Paul D. Thacker mai ba da rahoto ne mai bincike; Tsohon mai bincike na Majalisar Dattijan Amurka; Tsohuwar Cibiyar Da'a ta Safra, Jami'ar Harvard
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