Wataƙila murmushin jama'a a cikin hotuna ya fara ne a cikin 1920s. Ɗaukar hoto ya ɗauki lokaci mai tsawo don mutane su riƙe murmushi a farkon shekarun daukar hoto. Don haka, suka zauna cak maimakon zama suna murna. Daga nan hotuna suka yi sauri kuma mutane sun fara murmushi don waɗannan hotuna. Amma, mai yiwuwa mafi yawan idan ba duka mu muke zargin cewa a zahiri mutane sun yi murmushi kafin 1920. Ba mu da takardun hoto. Kuma tun da dadewa, mai yiwuwa George Washington bai yi murmushi ba saboda hotonsa saboda haƙoran haƙoran hauren giwa sun yi zafi.
Dokta David Cook ya yi tunani a hankali yana murmushi a Facebook kwanan nan yana cewa "Murmushin mai ban sha'awa yana rage fahimta yayin da yake tayar da bugun jini; kyakkyawan murmushi yana zugawa yayin da yake tayar da ruhohi.1
Ya kamata ka so murmushi mai kyau. Wannan yana ɗauka za ku iya gane murmushi. Shin kowa zai iya bambanta tsakanin murmushi mai banƙyama yana ba da shawarar wasu zurfin ilimin ciki da babban murmushi?
Ayn Rand ta bayyana fuskoki da yawa a cikin rubuce-rubucenta. A ciki Fountainhead, Rand ya kwatanta Dominique Francon: “Ba ta yi murmushi ba, amma fuskarta tana da natsuwa da ke iya zama murmushi ba tare da canji ba.” Ko, a cikin bayanin abin da Dagny Taggart ta gani yayin buɗe idanunta bayan ta faɗo a Galt's Gulch a Atlas ShruggedFuskar da ba ta da abin ɓoyewa ko kuɓuta, fuskar da ba ta jin tsoron gani ko gani, don abin da ta fara fahimtarsa game da shi shi ne tsantsar fahimtar idanunsa—ya ga kamar ikon ganinsa shi ne kayan aikin da ya fi so da kuma motsa jiki marar iyaka, kasada mai farin ciki, kamar idan idanunsa sun ba da fifiko mafi girma ga kansa da kuma duniya don ganin kansa da kuma duniya. mai son gani.” 2
Wani harshe mai ban sha'awa don kwatanta murmushi, idanu da fuska da mahimmancin fuska. Ko da ba tare da ƙwarewar harshe don kwatanta murmushi ga wasu tare da wannan ƙwarewar hoto ba, shin kowa zai iya gane wannan matakin a cikin murmushi ko wani yanayin fuska? Menene shawarar idan ba za ku iya ba? Kuna jin kunya sosai ko ba ku da sha'awar wasu? Wataƙila kuna raba halaye tare da wasu ciwo kamar Aspergers. Watakila ka zame ɗan gaba sama da ma'aunin bakan autism fiye da sauran mu.3,4 Ko, ƙila, mai yiyuwa, wani abu ya tsoma baki tare da ƙayyadaddun iyawar haɓakar fuska na gani.
Masanin falsafa Emmanuel Levinas ya yi tunanin dangantakar ɗan adam da alhakin mutum duka sun samo asali ne daga fahimtar da ke faruwa da farko a cikin saduwa da juna. A wannan fuskar, muna samun raunin wani kuma muna karɓar umarni don kada a cutar da su. Ta fuskar ne rarrabuwar kawuna ke dushewa, kuma daga inda Kalmar Allah za ta iya fitowa. Yana da matukar wahala a jefar da mutumin da muka gani ido-da-ido. A cikin waccan tuntuɓar fuska da fuska, dangantaka, da kuma ainihin ɗan adam, tana farawa kuma ana kiyaye ta. 5 Kimiyyar hangen nesa tana bayyana tunani iri ɗaya da ƙarancin magana lokacin da ya lura cewa fuskoki suna isar da mahimman abubuwan zamantakewa kamar niyya ta zamantakewa ta amfani da alkiblar kallo da yanayi a cikin maganganu.6
Ƙarfin gano fuska ta musamman.7,8,9,10 Mutane suna da takamaiman yanki na gano fuska na kwakwalwa, wanda aka sani a cikin bincike a matsayin FFA: Fusiform Face Area.7,8,11 FFA tana cikin sashin dama na kwakwalwa. Kafin shekaru biyu, hemispheres biyu ba sa sadarwa ta corpus callosum kamar yadda za su yi daga baya.7 Idon hagu da wuri, to, yana ba da mafi yawan abubuwan shigar da gani zuwa sashin dama. Daga baya a kan sadarwa tsakanin hemispheres yana ƙaruwa.
Kayayyakin jijiya na gani - duk ilimin jijiyoyi - yana buƙatar shigarwa daidai ko dacewa don haɓakawa. Toshe abin da ya dace wanda zai haifar da ci gaban jijiyoyi na takamaiman wurare a daidai lokacin haɓakar haɓakar jijiyoyi, kuma haɓakar hanyar sadarwar jijiyoyi da ke ciki ta lalace. FFA ba ta bambanta ba. Idan shigarwar daga idon hagu da wuri a cikin ci gaba ya lalace, kamar yadda a cikin cataract na haihuwa, ci gaban FFA na iya lalacewa.7,8,9,10,12 Ko da yake an cire cataract da wuri a matsayin likita ko shawarar (ba haka lamarin yake ba a wasu yanayi na duniya na uku), tun da kwakwalwar jarirai suna yin waya sosai, shigar da FFA na iya lalacewa, saboda haka ayyukansa sun lalace.
Gane fuska yana tasowa akan lokaci a cikin mutane na yau da kullun.9 Abubuwan da ake buƙata ana haɗa su da wuri: Jarirai suna gano kuma suna amsa idanu-hanci-baki. Wannan ƙayyadadden tsarin tsarin fuskar jariri yana haɓaka zuwa sarrafa fuskar manya, idan muka kalli fuska gaba ɗaya - Gestalt - ta shekaru shida.13,14 Wannan Gestalt - manne da siffofi na ɗaiɗaikun ɗaya zuwa cikakke cikakke - ya bambanta da fahimtar nuance. Nuance yana fahimtar canje-canje a hankali a matsayi da tazarar sassa daban-daban na gaba ɗaya.8,9,13,14,15,16,17,18,19
Nuance yana ɗaukar lokaci. Ana kammala tantance fuskar manya wani lokaci bayan shekaru 14. Yaushe ne ainihin lokutan ci gaban jijiya? Ba mu sani ba, ban da maganganun gabaɗaya kamar sauye-sauyen ƙila suna da sauri da wuri kuma suna raguwa watakila a cikin matasa.7
Kimiyyar hangen nesa tana kwatanta yadda muke gano fuskoki ta hanyar kwatanta fuskar ɗan adam a matsayin lambar shingen kwance.20,21 Don haka, kawai don lokacin, yi tunanin dubawa a kantin kayan miya tare da rufe rabin kowace lambar mashaya. Kafin mu rasa wannan na gani, bari mu kalli ci gaban neurological na ikon gano fuska da nuna wariya da kuma yanayin murmushin wry.
Lokacin nuna wariyar fuska
Ido, hanci, baki, kila gira da gaɓoɓin goshi suna waya a lokacin haihuwa kuma jarirai suna amsa wannan haɗin. A cikin watanni 5, jarirai na iya gano wuce gona da iri a cikin canje-canjen tazara dalla-dalla.22 Wataƙila shi ya sa dukanmu muke tunanin muna buƙatar ƙara yawan maganganunmu a cikin “magana” da jariri. Katange shigarwar zuwa FFA tare da cataract na haihuwa har zuwa watanni 2 zuwa 6 na shekarun haihuwa yana tsoma baki tare da fahimtar canje-canje a cikin tazarar fasalin fuska - don haka watakila canjin a kusurwar baki a cikin murmushi, amma ba a gane alamun fuska na waje ba. Jinkirta shigarwar gani da ƙanƙanin watanni 2 yana haifar da gazawar dindindin.22
Hanyar gargajiya da muke kwatanta yadda muke gani - hangen nesa; 20/20, da sauransu - ba shi da alaƙa da wannan asarar gano ɓarna, kuma ƙarin shekaru 9 na haɓakawa bayan tiyatar cataract ba ta gyara shi.7 Samun damar gano bambance-bambance tsakanin nau'i-nau'i na fuska (wanda aka nuna a gwaji ga masu fama da cataract na farko) zai ci gaba da inganta zuwa matakan manya, amma watakila ba tazarar daki-daki a fuska ɗaya ba. Bambance-bambancen fuska da mara fuska ba ya shafar shekaru da yawa na makanta na farko, ɗaukar makonni kaɗan na gogewar gani don haɓaka bayan an cire idon.7
Bugu da ƙari, ainihin abubuwan yau da kullun ana haɗa su cikin. Wataƙila ba a nuna nuancen da aka nuna akan fuska ɗaya ba kuma watakila ba motsin zuciyar da yanayin fuska ke wakilta ba. Misali, masu fama da ciwon ido na jarirai, bayan an cire masu ido yadda ya kamata, sun fi mutanen da suka yi daidai da shekarun da ba su da ido da wuri, amma ba su fi sauran ayyukan gani da aka gwada ba. Tsarin tsari mafi girma na fuska, mai yiwuwa yana ɗauke da nuance, yana haɓaka ne kawai idan an fara haɓaka haɓakar ƙwanƙwasa daidai a farkon ƙuruciya.23
Kimanin shekaru 6, haɗawar sassan fuskoki gabaɗaya - Gestalt - yana zuwa matakan manya, kuma hakan yana da mahimmanci wajen bambance fuskokin mutum ɗaya. Gano kwane-kwane na waje da saitin fasali ya kusan a matakin manya, yana mai kama da maturation na hankali na gani kamar bambancin hankali da hangen nesa na gefe. Amma, waɗannan ƙarin fasalulluka kuma suna fama da ɓarna daga kayan aiki kamar tabarau da huluna.22 Ra'ayoyi daban-daban, tufafi da haske suna tasiri ganewa, kuma masu shekaru 6 sun dogara da siffofi na waje kamar gashi don gane fuskoki a matsayin sanannun fuskoki. Duk da haka, hangen nesa yana haifar da yanayin fuska, musamman idanu da baki.13
Sauye-sauye cikin sauri a cikin ci gaba yana faruwa tsakanin shekaru 7 da 11; wato shekarun makarantar firamare.14 Yankunan kwakwalwa da ke cikin gano fuska sun fi na manya amma suna tasowa. Gabaɗaya fahimtar tazara na cikakkun bayanai a cikin abubuwa yana haɓaka kuma yana ɗan shekara 8, tare da iyakacin lokaci don kiyayewa, daidaiton gano nuance yana da kyau kyakkyawa. Tsakanin shekaru 9 zuwa 11, sauyawa daga dogara ga siffofi na waje (kwandon fuska, gashi, siffar kai) zuwa dogara ga gane abubuwan ciki yana faruwa. Kuma, sanin tazara na fasali yana ƙara zama kamar manya. Wannan fahimtar nuance har yanzu ba a matakin manya ba a shekaru 14, kodayake.22
Tsoron da aka bayyana a fuskar da aka gani kamar ya keɓanta ga wasu daga cikin wannan. Ana tunanin yanayin fuska mai ban tsoro zai fi dacewa kai tsaye zuwa amygdala, yankin kwakwalwa a kalla a wani bangare da ke da alhakin gano abubuwan jin tsoro ko watakila raba tsoro da abubuwan da ba su da tsoro. A tarihi an danganta amygdala da "yaki ko jirgin" reflex. Amygdala tana amfani da ƙarin bayanan gani mara nauyi (ƙananan mitoci fiye da FFA) da kuma abubuwan da suka haɗa da motsin rai wajen tantance amsa da ta dace.21 Wannan watakila yana nuna wannan hanyar bayyani mai ban tsoro wani nau'i ne na faɗakarwa na farko da ke wuce fahimtar yanayi mai ban tsoro daga iyaye zuwa yaro; watakila, "Muna cikin matsala, kula!"
Babban tsammanin da rauni
Lokacin da yake balagagge, abin da ake tsammani shi ne cewa nuance a cikin tazara na fuskokin fuska ban da dogara ga sarrafa kwane-kwane da fasali zai samar da ingantaccen ganewar fuskoki, gami da daga kusurwoyi daban-daban, tare da haske daban-daban, da canje-canje a wasu kayan aikin (sabon salon gashi). Kuma gane murmushin wry, ba shakka.
Lalacewa ga yankin occipitotemporal (FFA) na gefen dama na kwakwalwa na iya zaɓin cire ikon gane fuskoki. Rashin iya gane fuskoki ana kiransa prosopagnosia. A cikin majiyyaci mai shekaru 20+, wanda aka fi sani da LG, wanda ke fama da haɓakar haɓakar haɓaka, hanyoyin ilimin ilimin ɗabi'a ba zai iya inganta gano fuska ba, kuma ɗan ingantaccen abu ne kawai.24 Ɗauka gaba ɗaya, idan wani abu ya tsoma baki tare da ci gaban FFA, ko kuma idan rauni ya faru, cikakken aiki a cikin aikinsa a matsayin cibiyar gane fuska bazai iya haɓakawa ba ko kuma ba za a iya farfadowa ba a fahimtarmu na yanzu game da hanyoyin kwantar da hankali.
Musamman lokuta - Autism
Autism yana ba da yanayi na musamman wajen kallon gane fuska.3,4 Kamar yadda aka gwada a kusan shekaru 8 zuwa 9, Autism yana nuna son zuciya ga tsarin gane fuskoki daga cikakke - gaba ɗaya fuskar Gestalt - sarrafawa. Ana ci gaba da muhawara kan ko waccan matsalar tare da sarrafa fuska gabaɗaya tana wakiltar canjin aiki, ko wataƙila tana nuna ƙarancin kuzari don haɓaka ƙwarewar gano fuska. Wannan rage kwarin gwiwa zai kasance daga rashin lada daga hulɗar zamantakewa.
To, wanne ya fara zuwa? Shin son zuciya ne nesa da sarrafa FFA na yau da kullun, ko canza ikon samun sakamako mai ma'ana a cikin hulɗar zamantakewa yana canza yadda ake fahimtar fuskoki? Idan na ƙarshe ne, shin hakan yana nuna haɗarin canza hulɗar zamantakewa a cikin yara? A cikin manya masu yawan aiki na autistic, binciken ba a daidaita ba game da ko ana jinkirin sarrafa fuska gabaɗaya, ko kuma lokacin amsawa a cikin yanayin gwajin dakin gwaje-gwaje kawai a hankali.
Abubuwan da suka shafi rayuwa tare da umarnin lafiyar jama'a da ke shafar yara
A watan Yuni, 1964, an haɗa sanarwar Helsinki tare don magance ƙa'idodin da za a yi amfani da su a gwajin ɗan adam. Sanarwa ta Helsinki ta ayyana haƙƙin ƴancin ƴancin kai da kuma yanke shawara mai zurfi game da shiga cikin bincike. Tare da yara, iyaye suna kan layi na farko don neman izini, sannan yara kuma dole ne su bayyana amincewa ga kowane bincike. Jindadin daidaikun jama'a dole ne a ko da yaushe ya zama fifiko akan maslahar al'umma (da kimiyya). 25
A cikin yaren bincike, an kwatanta fuskar a matsayin lambar shingen kwance. Kamar yadda ake yin sinadari a kantin kayan miya, idan wannan lambar lambar ta murkushe tare ko kuma an karkatar da ita daidai da sanduna, matalauci mai duba dole ne ya shigar da lambobin da suka dace da abun da hannu. Me zai faru idan rabin lambar ya ɓace? Me zai faru idan akasarin fuskokin da yaro ke gani rabin fuska ne, fuskokin da suka rasa rabin kasan lambar lambar fuska?
Lokacin da muka kewaye yara da masu sanya abin rufe fuska na shekara guda a lokaci guda, shin muna cutar da sanin lambar lambar fuskar su yayin lokacin haɓakar jijiyoyi masu zafi, don haka sanya cikakkiyar haɓakar FFA cikin haɗari? Shin buƙatar rabuwa da wasu, rage hulɗar zamantakewa, yana ƙara tasirin sakamako kamar yadda zai iya faruwa a cikin autism? Yaushe za mu iya tabbata cewa ba za mu tsoma baki tare da shigarwar gani ba zuwa ga ganewar fuskar jijiya na gani don kada mu tsoma baki tare da ci gaban kwakwalwa? Yaya tsawon lokaci tare da tsangwama mai motsawa za mu iya ƙyale ba tare da sakamako ba? Waɗannan duk tambayoyin ne a halin yanzu ba tare da amsoshi ba; ba mu sani ba. Abin takaici, kimiyyar tana nuna cewa idan muka lalata ci gaban kwakwalwa don fuskoki, ƙila a halin yanzu ba mu da hanyoyin kwantar da hankali don gyara duk abin da muka yi.
Tambayar a cikin haɓaka fahimtar fuska ita ce: Menene umarnin abin rufe fuska na dogon lokaci kan yara zai iya yi? Wata hanyar da za a yi magana game da tambayar ita ce, da aka ba da haɓakar damar da za a iya nuna bambanci da fuska da fuska a cikin fuska da motsin zuciyar da ke nunawa a cikin fuska, dangane da takamaiman nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in fuska a cikin wani yanki na kwakwalwa, wane lokaci na tsawon shekara (da girma) kake so ka dauki hadarin lalacewa ta hanyar yara masu kewaye da fuskoki masu rufe fuska yayin da suke iyakance hulɗar zamantakewa?
Bugu da ari, shin abin rufe fuska ne ya ba da umarnin gwajin ɗan adam ba tare da damar samun izini daga manya ba da amincewar yara?
Yaushe zamu sani? Zai iya zama shekaru. Shin ya kamata mu yi tsammanin tsarar yara waɗanda ke nuna wasu nau'ikan iya gano fuska na rashin ƙarfi da ke nuna alamun Autism, watakila ba tare da ainihin Autism ba? Wataƙila. Kuma menene idan ikon gano fuska ɗaya da alama ya tsira ba tare da lahani ba shine gano tsoro, kai tsaye ga amygdala? Shin muna haifar da tsararraki na yara waɗanda da farko suna ganin tsoro a fuska, watakila bai dace ba? Muna fata ba.
Murmushi tayi. Wannan dabarar juzu'i na kusurwar bakin, wataƙila tare da ɗan canji a tazara tsakanin idanuwa da brow yana ba da shawarar "Na same shi. Na san ku. Na fahimci yanayin. Ba shi da kyau a tare da ni," kuma watakila akwai gefen barkwanci. Ba dariyar ciki ba. Busassun barkwanci. Kallon "Bari in jira kadan har sai kun sami wargi". Wannan kallon da ke cewa muna jin daɗi tare kuma muna jin daɗin juna.
Shin muna da masaniya wajen sanya ci gaban jijiyoyi cikin haɗari? Yawancin wannan ba a sani ba tun da za mu iya yin hasashe ne kawai akan abin da zai kasance. Abin baƙin ciki zai kasance idan har wani ɓangare na ƙarni ya ga fuskoki kamar yadda Ayn Rand ya kwatanta mutane marasa bege a ƙarshen. Atlas Shrugged: "Fuskan banza, marasa bege, marasa hankali… amma babu wanda ya iya karanta ma'anarsu."
References
- Cook D. ya isa 1/7/2021 www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=5273831262642140&set=a.2073018439390121&type=3
- An karbo Daga: Ayn Rand. "Ayn Rand Novel Collection." Littattafan Apple. https://books.apple.com/us/book/ayn-rand-novel-collection/id453567861
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- Catherine J. Mondloch, Kate S. Dobson, Julie Parsons, Daphne Maurer Me yasa 'yan shekaru 8 ba za su iya bambanta tsakanin Steve Martin da Paul Newman ba: Abubuwan da ke ba da gudummawa ga jinkirin haɓakar hankali ga tazarar fasalin fuska. Gwajin Ilimin Halin Halin Yara 89 (2004) 159-181
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- Sanarwa na Helsinki, Yuni 1964 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declaration_of_Helsinki na karshe da aka samu 4/5/2021
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Shugaban Gidauniyar Extension Program Foundation (tushen ilimi), Shugaban kwamitin shirya taron kasa da kasa na Behavioral Optometry 2024, Shugaban Majalisar Northwest Congress of Optometry, duk a karkashin laima na Optometric Extension Program Foundation. Memba na Ƙungiyar Optometric ta Amurka da Likitocin Optometric na Washington.
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