A farkon 1990s, wani sabon salo mai ƙarfi ya mamaye wasannin matasan Amurka. Ga alama cikin dare, yara a duk faɗin ƙasar sun fara karɓar kofuna, kyaututtuka, da yabo ba kawai don cin nasara ko sanyawa ba, amma don nunawa kawai.
“Gwallon kafa” al’amari ne na al’adu, kuma tun daga lokacin sun zama gajeru ga sakamakon mugun nufi na manufa mai kyau na makami. Wadannan alamomi masu haske na kamanni cikin sauri sun zama ko'ina a cikin kewayen Amurka, kayan ado na riguna da ɗakunan dakuna daga bakin teku zuwa bakin teku, suna shigar da woo-woo pseudoscience a cikin DNA na ƙarni-da-rabi na yaran Amurka.
Wannan al'amari ba ya haifar da haɗari ga al'adunmu da gangan ba. Ya fara ne a cikin ƙwanƙolin ilimin kimiyya na California, wanda ɗan siyasa mai ci gaba mara haihuwa ya yi nasara tare da manyan ra'ayoyi game da yanayin ɗan adam, aikin gwamnati, ilimin halin yara, da kuma hanyar "daidai" don renon yaran ƙasa.
Sunan ɗan siyasar John Vasconcellos.
Haihuwar Ra'ayin Cigaba (Sosai).
Vasconcellos, ɗan Majalisar Demokraɗiyya na tsawon rayuwarsa kuma Sanatan Jiha daga San Jose, ya kasance mai cikakken imani a cikin abin da ya kira "siyasa na amana," kuma ya kwashe dukan aikinsa ba tare da ɓata lokaci ba yana tura sauye-sauyen zamantakewar al'umma masu ci gaba da tushe a madadin ilimin halin ɗan adam. Vasconcellos ya yi imanin gwamnati tana da hakki ba kawai ta sarrafa manufofi da kasafin kuɗi ba, amma ta tsara tunani, ji, da rayuwar 'yan ƙasa. A cikin tunaninsa, lafiyar tunanin mutum da gwamnati sun kasance tare da juna.
An haife shi a shekara ta 1932, Vasconcellos ya yi aiki sama da shekaru 30 a majalisar dokokin California. Ya jagoranci akidar ci gaba kuma ya tura ra'ayoyin manufofin kididdiga tun kafin su zama masu salo: ingantaccen aiki, akidar jinsi, sauyin yanayi, DEI/SEL, har ma da bayar da shawarar haƙƙin jefa ƙuri'a ga yara ta hanyar abin da ya kira lissafin "Training Wheels for Citizenship".
Ɗaya daga cikin ainihin abin da Vasconcellos ya yi shi ne cewa ya kamata mutum ya kasance ƙarƙashin ƙungiyar gama gari saboda jituwa ta zamantakewa. Ya tabbata cewa zaman lafiya na cikin gida wanda gwamnati ta ba da izini zai haskaka a waje a matsayin dabi'ar jama'a, kuma don tabbatar da wannan ra'ayi na duniya ya tsara Amurka kamar yadda yake tafiya cikin manyan "juyin juya halin al'adu guda bakwai" - jinsi, launin fata, shekaru, tattalin arziki, fasaha, sadarwa, da kuma girman kai - kuma ya nace cewa waɗannan canje-canjen suna buƙatar mafita na jagorancin jihohi bisa tausayi.
Ga masu sha'awar sa, Vasconcellos ya kasance mai kirki mai kawo gyara. Ga masu sukarsa, shi macijin butulci ne mai hatsari mai siyar da man maciji wanda yake tada aljanunsa akan sauran al'umma.
Kamar yadda Los Angeles Times Vasconcellos ya ce…
"Bisa ga rudani mai zurfi na ciki, ya cinye littattafan taimakon kai kusan 100 kuma ya shiga cikin shekaru na ilimin halin dan Adam, galibi bisa ka'idodin ilimin halin dan Adam. Yayin da yake aiki tare da masanin kimiyyar halittu Stanley Keleman, daga baya ya ce, fushin da ya dade yana dannewa, musamman ga mahaifinsa marar ƙauna, ya mamaye zaman majalisa."
Gado mafi ɗorewa na Vasconcellos ya fara ne a ƙarshen 1980s, tare da haifuwar "Ƙungiyar Ƙimar Kai." Ya bayar da hujjar cewa rashin girman kai shine tushen mafi yawan matsalolin zamantakewa: laifuka, shaye-shaye, gazawar ilimi, talauci, har ma da wariyar launin fata. Ka'idarsa ita ce, idan gwamnati za ta iya inganta kwarin gwiwar 'yan kasa… al'umma za ta zama mai “adalci” da tausayi kai tsaye.
Kuma da yake waɗannan ra'ayoyin sun lulluɓe cikin tausayi da kyakkyawan fata, ƙoƙarinsa yana da wuyar gaske don adawa ba tare da jin sanyi ko ja da baya ba.
Mafarkin California Ya Zama Mafarki Na Kasa
California a ƙarshen 1980s da farkon 1990s ta kasance matattarar gwaji na ka'idar hagu-hagu, galibi ta zama kasuwar gwaji don manufofin da daga baya za su sami karɓuwa a sauran ƙasar (ko sun yi nasara ko a'a). Duk da kasancewa dan Democrat mai wuyar gaske, kuma duk da tuntuɓar ra'ayoyinsa, Vasconcellos ya sami nasarar shawo kan gwamnan California mai ra'ayin mazan jiya, George Deukmejian, don sanya hannu kan kafa rundunar California Task Force don inganta girman kai da Nauyin Kai da Nauyi na Al'umma - wani shiri mai tsada na tunani da tunani wanda ke da niyyar sake fasalin al'umma ta hanyar haɓaka ƙimar darajar mutum ta hanyar haɓaka ƙimar mutum ta hanyar jihohi.
Amma ba kowa ne ke cikin jirgin ba. Wasu 'yan majalisar wakilai na jam'iyyar Republican sun zazzage idanuwansu kan yaren da ake ta'allakawa na rundunar amma in ba haka ba sun amince da hakan saboda matsin lamba na zamantakewa da kafofin watsa labarai. Wasu malamai da ƙwararrun ƙwararrun tabin hankali, hatta a California masu kishin hagu, sun yi gargaɗin cewa alaƙar da ke tsakanin kimar kai da sakamakon zamantakewa ba ta da tushe kamar yadda Vasconcellos ya yi. Wasu daga cikin malaman jami'o'in ma sun yi tambaya ko za a iya inganta jin daɗin rai ta hanyar siyasa. Amma na'urorin gani sun kasance masu jurewa: wa ba zai so yara su ji daɗi game da kansu ba? Wanene zai kuskura ya tsaya kan hanyar inganta tausayawa, haɗa kai, da kimar mutum?
Amincewa a matsayin Magani-duk
The Task Force's rahoton karshe, wanda aka saki a cikin 1990, shine ainihin ma'anar ci gaba. Ya bayyana cewa inganta girman kai ba batun jin dadin mutum ba ne kawai, amma wani nau'i ne na "alurar rigakafi" wanda zai iya hana ɗimbin cututtuka na al'umma. An cusa shi da haɓakar halayen hawan jini na lokacin: reno maimakon horo, tausayawa kan horo, da haɗawa cikin ƙima da cancanta.
Ka tuna, wannan shine ƙarshen wutsiya na 1980s, kuma ilimin tunani da manufofin jama'a sun fara narkewa a cikin al'adunmu. Oprah Winfrey yana tashi, "maganin jiyya" yana shiga cikin al'ada, kuma a California - farkon dakin gwaje-gwaje na gwaji na hagu - ra'ayoyin Vasconcellos sun karɓi kai tsaye ta hanyar ilimi mai ƙarfi, kafofin watsa labarai, da masana'antar haɓaka yara. Girman kai ya zama fiye da tunani; shi ne dalilin da ya sa.
Kusan nan da nan, Ƙwararriyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙirar Kai ta shiga cikin akidar ƙasa. Wasannin matasa sun fara karbe shi da farko, tare da fitar da kofunan wasan da suka yi fice a yanzu ga kowane dan wasa ba tare da la’akari da cancanta ba. Makarantu da sauri sun bi kwatance, suna sake tsara maki, maki, har ma da horo ta hanyar ruwan tabarau na warkewa zalla. Littattafan iyaye sun tashi daga kan ɗakunan ajiya, suna roƙon uwaye da uba su yaba komai kuma su gyara komai. Ba da daɗewa ba, saƙon ga yaran ƙasar ya fito fili: kai mai nasara ne kawai don kasancewa a raye da kasancewa. Babu buƙatar yin aiki tuƙuru, gasa, ko shawo kan cikas don koyo ko nasara saboda ku fure ce ta musamman.
Amma a ƙoƙarin sa kowane yaro ya ji kamar nasara, mun sa ya yi musu wuya su zama ɗaya.
Pseudoscience Yana Zuwa Firimiya
Yana da mahimmanci a nuna gagarumin rawar da kafofin watsa labaru da na nishaɗi suka taka wajen daidaitawa da haɓaka waɗannan ra'ayoyin masu ci gaba. Talabijin na rana yana nuna kamar Yau Yau, Good Morning America, Da kuma The Oprah Winfrey Show a kai a kai suna nuna sassan tare da masana ilimin halayyar yara, masu horar da iyaye, da masu magana mai motsa rai waɗanda ba kawai sun amince da manufar ba, amma sun zagi waɗanda suka yi tambaya a matsayin "tsohuwar zamani," ko ma mugu.
A daya mutane mujallar ta fito daga farkon shekarun 1990, mai taken “Gina Ƙarfafa Ƙirar Yara,” ƙwararrun masana sun yi iƙirarin cewa gasa tana da illa ga ci gaban ƙuruciya kuma ya kamata a yaba wa yara akai-akai don haɓaka halayensu. TIME ya gudanar da labarin rufewa a cikin 1991 yana ba da haske game da "girman girman kai" na ƙasa, bikin ƙungiyar aikin Vasconcellos da kuma nuna hira da masu ba da shawara a makaranta waɗanda ke canzawa daga maki zuwa "alamomi masu girma."
Tausayi Ya Zama Siyasa
Abin da ya sa wannan yunkuri ya kasance mai karfi, da kuma yaudara, shi ne ci gaban da ya samu. Ajandar Ƙimar Kai ta yi daidai da faffadan al'adu zuwa ga ra'ayoyin siyasa masu hana harsashi na haɗawa, hana cin zarafi, aminci na tunani, har ma da daidaiton siyasa.
Kusan shekaru goma, alkawuran Vasconcellos na “mafi kyawun duniya” bishara ne a tsakanin cibiyoyin hagu na Amurka, malamai, ‘yan jarida, da masu tsara manufofi.
Tunanin ingantacciyar tausayawa ba sananne ba ne kawai - an tsara shi. An tsara su azaman kimiyyar da aka yarda da ita, waɗannan shirye-shiryen da suka dogara da kai sun zama masu ci gaba da zaman kansu tare da ɗimbin tallafi na jihohi da na tarayya da aka bayar ga shirye-shiryen da suka yi alkawarin haɓaka kwarin gwiwa da haɗin kai. Abin da ya fara a matsayin aikin dabbar da ba a haifa ba, mai son ci gaba da sauri ya koma cikin al'adar al'adu - ba don yana aiki ba, amma saboda yana jin daidai.
Zaman Kofin Halarta Ya Isa
Ƙungiyar Task Force ta California ta Vasconcellos ba ta taɓa ba da izinin shiga gasar cin kofin kai tsaye ba don Haɓaka Girman Kai da Nauyin Kai da na Al'umma-amma sun zama cikakkiyar ma'anar alama ta manufofinta. A tsakiyar 1990s, kofunan shiga gasar sun zama daidaitaccen aiki a yawancin wasannin motsa jiki na matasa, musamman a yankunan karkarar Amurka. Shirye-shiryen wasanni na biyan kuɗi don-wasa, waɗanda su kansu sakamakon haɓakar wadatar arziki da ɓangaro da kamfanoni, suka mamaye har ma sun haɓaka yanayin. Iyaye suna matuƙar son ƴaƴansu su ji an haɗa su, kuma kociyoyin ba sa so su fuskanci wasan kwaikwayo na siyasar al'umma da iyalai masu tayar da hankali. Kuma wasannin sun ga kuɗi: abokan ciniki masu farin ciki suna biyan abokan ciniki.
Iyaye-musamman gidaje masu samun kuɗi biyu-suna ganin wasanni a matsayin tsararru, muhallin da ake kulawa a cikin zamanin daɗaɗa damuwa game da “yaran latchkey” na shekaru goma da suka gabata.
Kofuna kuma sun sami arha don samarwa. Don haka yara sun fi su. Bikin kyaututtukan ya zama ops na hoto, samar da ƙarin kasuwanci ga masu daukar hoto da masu bugawa.
A gaskiya, ra'ayin gasar cin kofin gasar ya kasance na ɗan lokaci, amma ba a kai ga haka ba. Masu kare su suna da'awar cewa za su iya ƙarfafa yara ƙanana su tsaya tare da ayyuka, sassauƙa gazawar farko, har ma da tallafawa ci gaban tunani a cikin mafi yawan shekaru masu girma. Amma masu son kai ba wai kawai sun tayar da manufar gasar cin kofin gasar ba - sun kafa shi, suna shigar da ra'ayin cikin makarantu, wasanni, da al'adun iyaye a sikelin. Aiko da saƙo marar kuskure ga al'umma: cin nasara ba komai bane. Ko ma wajibi ne.
Blowback
A farkon shekarun 2000, shakku game da gasar cin kofin gasar, da kuma babbar kungiyar kimar kai ta fara shiga cikin. Wannan shi ne lokacin da Millennials suka zama babban layi na ƙasa: ƙananan ƙanƙara na dusar ƙanƙara waɗanda ba za su iya ɗaukar matsayi mara kyau ba, suna buƙatar yabo akai-akai, kuma sun fahimci ƙananan rashin jituwa a matsayin mummunar cutarwa.
Kuma a ƙarshen 2000s, yunƙurin bincike ya fara bayyana wanda ke nuna cewa yabo da ba a samu ba yana haifar da yara waɗanda ba su da sha'awar sani, sun fi son haɗari, sun fi narcissism, da rashin iya magance koma baya. Madaidaicin sakamakon sabanin da aka yi alkawari.
Jonathan Haidt, in Coddling na Amurka Mind, gano waɗannan ainihin nau'ikan kariya da kuma tabbatar da ƙarya a matsayin manyan matsalolin ci gaban matasa. Haidt yayi gardama cewa yara “masu ƙarfi ne”—kuma a zahiri suna girma ta wurin wahala, ba ta hanyar samun kariya daga gare ta ba.
A cikin rabawa da yawa Mujallar dalili labarin mai taken "Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Haidt da Greg Lukianoff sun haɗa kai tsaye zuwa ga girman kai ga karuwar yawan damuwa, damuwa, da rashin ƙarfi a tsakanin matasa. Sakamakon rashin iya shiga cikin maganganun jama'a, tsoron 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki da sabbin ra'ayoyi, da dogaro ga kariyar hukuma daga kasancewa "marasa daɗi."
Abin da "Kimiyya" Ya Fada Da gaske
Abin ban mamaki, binciken tunani akan girman kai ya kasance koyaushe ya fi karkata fiye da yadda aikin da ake yi ya yi kama. Haɗin kai ba ya daidai da dalili, kuma a ƙarshen 1990s, yawan adadin bincike ya nuna cewa girman kai ba ya haifar da nasara. Yana haifar da shi.
Yabon da ba a samu koma baya ba, yana sa yara su zama masu himma, rashin sanin yakamata, kuma suna iya yin kasala a lokacin da suka fuskanci ko da ƙananan ƙalubale. Ra'ayin Vasconcellos game da girman kai ya haifar da gidan katunan. Kuma a cikin 2010s, hatta masu ilimi masu ci gaba sun fara nisantar da kansu daga mummunar hanyarsa.
Vasconcellos na Bayan Shekaru da Gado
John Vasconcellos ya yi ritaya daga siyasa a shekara ta 2004 kuma ya rasu a shekara ta 2014 yana da shekaru 82. An yi bikinsa a cikin da'irar Demokaradiyya a matsayin daya daga cikin 'yan siyasar da suka fi "nasara" a tarihin California. Amma sakamakon da ba a yi niyya ba na hangen nesansa ya haifar da tsararraki da ba su da shiri don gazawa, ba su jure wa wahala ba, kuma sun fi kowace tsara a tarihin zamani. Har ila yau, ya zama masana'antar biliyoyin daloli da ta ɗauki shekaru da yawa kafin a fara aiki.
Ci gaba sau da yawa yana rikitar da kyakkyawar niyya tare da kyakkyawan sakamako. Kuma gasar cin kofinsu ba kawai marasa lahani ba ne, abubuwan tunawa da robobi-alama ce ta rugujewar akida. Ra'ayin duniya na ruɗi. Manufofin kasar baki daya da aka haife su daga ka'idodin utopian na John Vasconcellos ba su kai ga wuce gona da iri ba; sun kasance bala'i na tsararraki.
Sources & Karin Karatu
• Rundunar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ciyawa - Los Angeles Times (1987)
• Girman Kai wanda ba a daidaita ba na John Vasconcellos - Los Angeles Times (1987)
• Motsin Kai Tsaye Yana Samun Girmama Na Musamman - Los Angeles Times (1996)
• John Vasconcellos ya mutu yana da shekaru 82; Uban Kwamitin Ƙarfafa Kai na California - Los Angeles Times (2014)
• Ya kasance Quasi-Addini: Babban Girman Kai Con - The Guardian (2017)
• Yadda Haushin Kishin Kai Ya Fada A Amurka - Yanke (2017)
• 2Shekaru 0 Bayan haka: Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Kai Ya kasance Utopian Hucksterism - Cibiyar Nazarin Pacific (2009)
• John Vasconcellos ne - Wikipedia
• Ƙarƙarar Ƙarfafawa - Mujallar dalili (2017)
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Erich Hartmann darektan kirkire-kirkire ne wanda ya lashe lambar yabo, marubuci kuma mai gabatarwa, farkon anti-LockDown da #OpenSchools masu ba da shawara kuma memba mai girman kai wanda ya kafa Reality Team.
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