Ku shiga kowane filin jirgin saman Amurka a yau kuma ku dakata. Ku dubi matafiya da suke jira a bakin ƙofa, iyalai suna cikin jerin gwano don neman abinci, taron jama'a na wucewa. Kuna kallon kasar da kakanninmu ba za su gane ba. A cikin ƙasa da tsararraki uku, ainihin siffar jikin Amurkawa ya canza sosai ta yadda abin da za a taɓa ɗauka a matsayin ba kasafai ko abin da ya shafi shi ya zama na yau da kullun. An fadada kujerun jirgin sama, an tsawaita rigunan sayar da kayayyaki, an sake fasalin mannequin, an kuma ƙara yawan kofuna na soda. Dukkanin masana'antu sun sake daidaitawa don ɗaukar ilimin ilimin halittar jiki wanda ba shi da lafiya ko mai dorewa.
Amma duk da haka labarin al'adunmu yana ƙara dagewa cewa wannan canjin al'ada ne-wani lokaci ma yana da kyawawa. An gaya mana cewa manyan mannequins alama ce ta "wakili," waɗanda aka sake fasalin salon nuna alama suna nuna "haɗuwa," kuma cewa manyan kujeru da manyan riguna alama ce ta tausayi. Amma babu ɗayan waɗannan da ke canza ilimin halitta. Mannequin baya samun ciwon sukari. Yaƙin neman zaɓe ba zai iya share hauhawar jini ba. Kuma babu wani adadin “tabbatacciyar jiki” da ke soke mugun lissafin cuta na rayuwa.
Kiba ba al'ada ba ce. Yana da na kowa, mai tsada, kuma mai mutuwa. Yin riya in ba haka ba ba alheri ba ne - maganin al'ada ne.
Al'umma Ta Kara Girma
Bayanan suna ba da labari tare da bayyananniyar haske. A shekara ta 1960, matsakaicin namiji Ba'amurke ya kai kilo 166, yayin da matsakaicin mace ya kai kilo 140. A shekara ta 2002, maza sun sami matsakaicin fam 191 da mata 164 fam, wanda ke wakiltar ribar sama da fam 20 ga kowane mutum a cikin ƙarni ɗaya [1-2]. Tsayin ya karu da kusan inci guda a daidai wannan lokacin, wanda babu inda ya isa ya bayyana yawan karuwar.
Yaɗuwar kiba, sau ɗaya yanayin gefe, balloon a layi daya. A farkon shekarun 1960, kusan kashi 13 cikin 2010 na manya sun cika sharuddan kiba. A shekarar 36, adadin ya kai kashi 40 cikin dari. A yau, fiye da kashi 3 na manya na Amurka suna rayuwa tare da kiba[5-XNUMX]. Wannan ba ƙaramin ɗigon al'adu ba ne. Canji ne na matakin yawan jama'a, wanda ake iya gani a ko'ina kuma an tabbatar da shi ta kowace sahihan bayanai.
Farashin yana da ban mamaki. An kiyasta kashe kuɗin likitanci na shekara-shekara ga kiba a dala biliyan 173 a Amurka. Manya masu kiba suna haifar da, a matsakaita, kusan $1,900 ƙarin a cikin farashin lafiya a kowace shekara fiye da takwarorinsu masu nauyi na yau da kullun[6-7]. Waɗannan alkalumman suna ɗaukar kashe kuɗin magani kai tsaye kawai. Ba sa nuna rashin aikin yi, gajeriyar rayuwa, rashin lafiyar soja, ko miliyoyin iyalai cikin shiru suna tafiyar da rikice-rikicen da ke ƙasa: ciwon sukari, cututtukan zuciya, gazawar hanta, rashin bacci, rashin haihuwa, da kansa.
Muhalli Wanda Yasamu Rashin Lafiya
Menene ya canza sosai tsakanin farkon shekarun 1960 zuwa yanzu? Ba kwayoyin halittarmu ba. Kwayoyin halittar dan adam ba a samu gagarumin canji a cikin rabin karni ba. Abin da ya canza shi ne muhallinmu: yadda muke ci, yadda muke aiki, yadda muke rayuwa.
Samuwar caloric na kowane mutum kowace rana a cikin Amurka ya karu da fiye da kashi 20 tsakanin 1970 da 2010, karuwa ta hanyar amfani da kayan sarrafawa, kwanciyar hankali, abinci mai kalori. [8] Girman yanki, wanda ya fara faɗaɗa a cikin 1970s kuma ya ci gaba da girma a cikin 1980s, ya zarce abin da ƙarni na farko za su yi la'akari da abinci na yau da kullun. Nazarin ya nuna akai-akai cewa mafi girman rabo yana haifar da babban ci a zama ɗaya kuma gaba ɗaya a cikin kwanaki [9-10].
A lokaci guda kuma, kuzarin da muke ƙonewa a wurin aiki ya faɗi sosai. Kamar yadda masana'antu da noma suka ba da hanya ga masana'antun sabis da aikin da ke kan allo, kashe kuɗin makamashi na sana'a ya ragu da fiye da adadin kuzari 100 kowace rana tun daga 1960[11-12]. Ga mutum ɗaya, wannan lambar na iya zama maras muhimmanci. Ga yawan mutane miliyan 330, wanda ya karu a cikin shekaru da yawa, yana da bala'i.
Har ila yau, tsarin samar da abincin mu ya canza. A yau, fiye da rabin dukkan adadin kuzari da manya Ba'amurke ke cinyewa sun fito ne daga abinci da aka sarrafa su sosai: samfuran injiniyoyi waɗanda aka ƙera don ƙimar ni'ima da ƙarancin farashi. A tsakanin matasa, rabon ya fi kusa da kashi biyu bisa uku[13-14]. Waɗannan abinci ne masu yawan kalori amma ƙarancin abinci mai gina jiki, an ƙera su don ƙetare hanyoyin satiety da haɓaka wuce gona da iri. Ƙwararrun nazarin ƙungiyoyin ƙungiyoyin da ke haɓaka suna danganta cin abinci da aka sarrafa sosai tare da kiba, ciwon sukari, da cututtukan zuciya, yana mai tabbatar da abin da ake zargin hankali.
Annobar ba ta da ban mamaki. Muna ci da yawa, muna matsawa kaɗan, kuma abincin da kansa an sabunta shi ta masana'antu don tura sha'awar zuwa wuce gona da iri.
Sake Alamar Cuta ta Al'adu
Ko da ilimin halittar jiki ya lalace, al'adun sun daidaita - ta hanyar sake fasalin abin da ake ƙidaya a matsayin "al'ada." Anan ne mannequins da tallace-tallace suka shiga cikin wasa.
A cikin 2019, Nike ta ƙaddamar da manyan mannequins masu girma a cikin babban kantin sayar da kayayyaki na London kuma ta yaba da matakin a matsayin alama ta haɗa kai da wakilci. [15] Sirrin Victoria, sau ɗaya babban coci na nau'in jiki guda ɗaya, ya watsar da wasan kwaikwayo na filin jirgin sama da aka yi masa lakabi da mannequins masu girma dabam dabam da sabon harshe game da ƙarfafawa[16-17]. Da sauri sauran yan kasuwa suka bi sawu.
Ba wanda ke jayayya cewa mutane sun cancanci daraja da suturar da ta dace da su. Amma tallace-tallace ba kamfani ba ne na altruistic. Gabatar da manyan mannequins ba yakin neman adalci ba ne; dabarun talla ne. Wakilci yana da wurinsa. Matsalar ita ce lokacin da wakilci ya ɓace cikin al'ada-lokacin da ilimin ilimin halittar jiki wanda ke ɗaukar haɗarin cuta yana sake sakewa azaman kawai wani zaɓi na ado.
Wannan maganin al'ada ne. Yana kwantar da hankali ba tare da waraka ba. Yana ta'aziyya yayin la'anci. Yana koya wa mutane su yarda da ilimin halittar jiki wanda zai rage rayuwarsu kuma ya lalata lafiyar su. Wannan ba tausayi ba ne. Wato capitulation.
Iyaka na "Lafiya a Kowane Girma"
Abu ne mai yiwuwa kuma wajibi ne a yi wa kowane mutum mutunci yayin faɗin gaskiya game da kiba. Amma taken kamar "lafiya a kowane girman" sun ƙetare layi daga alheri zuwa ƙaryatãwa. Ilimin halitta ba ginin zamantakewa ba ne. Yawan wuce gona da iri ba abin koyi ba ne.
Kiba yana da alaƙa da haɓakar haɗari ga nau'in ciwon sukari na 2, hauhawar jini, cututtukan hanta mai ƙiba, bugun barci, ciwon osteoarthritis, rashin haihuwa, da ciwon daji da yawa[6-7]. Yana gajarta rayuka da kwashe dukiyar jama'a. Don dagewa cewa waɗannan haɗarin ƙirƙira ce kawai na wulakanci shine yin ƙarya ga marasa lafiya a ƙarƙashin sunan tabbatarwa.
Gaskiyar asibiti ba ta da daɗi, amma ba zai yuwu ba. Dole ne likitoci suyi maganin cututtuka da gaskiya, koda lokacin da al'ada ta bukaci jin dadi. Tausayi yana nufin taimaka wa marasa lafiya su juyar da haɗari, ba tabbatar musu da cewa haɗarin ba ya wanzu.
Baseline na 1950s
Kiran shekarun 1950 yana da haɗari. Wannan zamanin yana da nasa zalunci da rashin adalci. Amma metabolism, yana ba da tushe mai mahimmanci. Iyalai sun ci ƙananan yanki, sun shirya ƙarin abinci a gida, sun fi ƙaura a cikin rayuwar yau da kullun, sun ci abinci kaɗan na sarrafa su. Sugary sodas sun wanzu, amma sun kasance masu girman gaske kuma ba a cinye su ta hanyar tsoho tare da kowane abinci. “Babban” yana nufin kofi ɗaya ne, ba lita ɗaya ba.
Darasin ba shine shekarun 1950 sun kasance zamanin zinare ba. Darasin shine, a cikin iyakoki guda ɗaya kuma tare da tafkin kwayoyin halitta iri ɗaya, Amurkawa sun fi koshin lafiya kafin a sake inganta yanayin su. Wannan ya tabbatar da batun: muhalli, ba kaddara ba, shine direba.
Ƙarfafa don Kiba
Annobar kiba ba hatsari ba ce. Samfurin ƙarfafawa ne. Kamfanonin abinci suna samun riba lokacin da mutane ke ci da yawa kuma da yawa. Ana auna "darajar" a cikin adadin kuzari a kowace dala, ba kayan abinci na rayuwa ba. Kamfanonin harhada magunguna suna samun riba lokacin da cututtuka masu tsanani suka daɗe; Magungunan harhada magunguna na rayuwa don kiba da rikice-rikicensa yanzu kasuwa ce ta haɓaka. Dillalai suna samun riba lokacin da aka daidaita girman girma kuma ana sayar da ƙarin raka'a. 'Yan siyasa suna cin riba idan gyare-gyaren manufofi masu wahala-kamar tallafin noma, sauye-sauyen yanki, da ka'idojin abinci na makaranta-an maye gurbinsu da taken game da haɗa kai.
Babu wani makirci a nan. Akwai zakka. Kuma mutane, musamman yara, suna girma zuwa duk abin da muka gina. Wadannan yara za su girma da cututtuka iri-iri, kuma za a iyakance tsawon rayuwarsu.
Wani Irin Tausayi
Hanyar ci gaba tana buƙatar raba mutane daga ilimin cututtuka. Dole ne a mutunta daidaikun mutane kuma kada a wulakanta su. Amma dole ne a rage yawan cutar, ba a yi bikin ba. Wato yana nufin faɗin gaskiya a sarari: Kiba baya tsaka tsaki. Yanayin cuta ne.
Yana nufin sake daidaita yanayin. Girman yanki yakamata ya koma hankali [9-10]. Ya kamata makarantu su sake dawo da ayyukan motsa jiki na yau da kullun, ba zaɓaɓɓu na alama ba. Ya kamata cibiyoyin jama'a su rage siyan kayan abinci da aka sarrafa sosai tare da haɓaka damar yin amfani da ƙarancin sarrafawa, zaɓuɓɓuka masu wadatar abinci. Ya kamata yanki da tsare-tsare na gari su sa abinci na gaske ya isa kuma su tabbatar da motsi lafiya.
Yana nufin daidaita abubuwan ƙarfafawa tare da lafiya. Tallafin ya kamata ya goyi bayan samar da abinci mai dorewa, ba kalori mai arha ba. Alamar abinci ya kamata ta nuna matakan sarrafawa, ba kawai adadin kuzari ba. Ya kamata masu ɗaukan ma'aikata da masu inshora su ba da lada ga ɗabi'a mai kyau, maimakon ɗaukar kuɗin cuta kawai.
A asibiti, yana nufin yin amfani da kowane kayan aiki da ake da su: abinci, motsa jiki, tsaftar bacci, sarrafa damuwa, magunguna idan ya dace, da tiyatar bariatric idan ya cancanta. Koyaya, duk waɗannan dole ne a kafa su a cikin canjin muhalli, ba mika wuya ga sarrafa magunguna na tsawon rai na yanayin da za a iya hanawa ba.
Kuma a al'adance, yana nufin gaskiya. Manya-manyan mannequin na iya yin aikin dillali, amma dole ne a ruɗe su da saƙon lafiya. Za mu iya sayar da manyan tufafi ba tare da sayar da babbar karya ba.
Rufe Madauki
Amurka ta 1960 ta kasance mafi koshin lafiya fiye da Amurka ta 2025, ba saboda kakanninmu suna da mafi kyawun kwayoyin halitta ba, amma saboda sun rayu a cikin yanayin da ba koyaushe suke yin makirci ga ilimin halittarsu ba. Ƙananan sassa, ƙarancin abinci da aka sarrafa, da ƙarin motsa jiki na yau da kullum sun taimaka wajen kiyaye ƙananan ma'auni na asali da rage haɗari.
Ba za mu iya komawa cikin lokaci ba. Amma muna iya faɗin gaskiya. Kuma gaskiyar ita ce kiba ba al'ada ba ce, komai yawan mannequin da muka sake fasalin ko tallan tallace-tallace da muka sake suna. Daidaita mutane daidai ne. Daidaita cuta ba daidai ba ne.
Idan muna so mu ƙaunaci mutane, dole ne mu gaya musu gaskiya—kuma mu gina duniya da lafiya ta sake zama ta yau da kullun.
References
1. Fryar CD, Kruszon-Moran D, Gu Q, Ogden CL. Ma'anar nauyin jiki, tsayi, kewayen kugu, da ma'aunin jiki tsakanin manya: Amurka, 1960-2002. Muhimmancin Kiwon Lafiya. 2004.
2. Ogden CL, Fryar CD, Carroll MD, Flegal KM. Ma'anar nauyin jiki, tsayi, kewayen kugu, da BMI tsakanin manya: Amurka, 2003-2006. Bayanan Bayani na NCHS. 2008.
3. Flegal KM, Carroll MD, Kit BK, Ogden CL. Yawancin kiba da halaye a cikin rarraba BMI tsakanin manya na Amurka, 1999-2010. Jama. 2012;307(5): 491-497.
4. Hales CM, Carroll MD, Fryar CD, Ogden CL. Yawan kiba tsakanin manya da matasa: Amurka, 2017-2018. Bayanan Bayani na NCHS. 2020;360: 1-8.
5. Cibiyoyin Kula da Cututtuka da Cututtuka. Bayanan kiba na manya, 2023.
6. Cawley J, Meyerhoefer C. Kudin kulawar likita na kiba: tsarin canjin kayan aiki. J Lafiya Econ. 2012;31(1): 219-230.
7. Ward ZJ, Bleich SN, Cradock AL, et al. Hasashen haɓakar kiba na manya na Amurka da farashi masu alaƙa, 2020-2030. N Engl J Med. 2019;381(25): 2440-2450.
8. USDA Tattalin Arzikin Bincike Sabis. Tsarin bayanan wadatar abinci (kowace mutum ɗaya), 2023.
9. Matashi LR, Nestle M. Gudunmawar faɗaɗa girman yanki zuwa annobar kiba ta Amurka. Am J Jumlar Lafiya. 2002;92(2): 246-249.
10. Rubutun BJ. Menene rawar sarrafa sashi a sarrafa nauyi? Int J Obes. 2014;38(Kashi na 1):S1-S8.
11. Church TS, Thomas DM, Tudor-Locke C, et al. Abubuwan da ke faruwa sama da shekaru 5 a cikin ayyukan motsa jiki masu alaƙa da aikin Amurka da ƙungiyoyin su tare da kiba. PLoS Daya. 2011;6(5): e19657.
12. Ng SW, Popkin BM. Amfani da lokaci da motsa jiki: motsawa daga motsi a fadin duniya. Obes Rev. 2012;13(8): 659-680.
13. Martínez Steele E, Baraldi LG, Louzada ML, et al. Abincin da aka sarrafa matsananciyar damuwa da ƙarin sukari a cikin abincin Amurka: shaida daga nazarin ɓangaren ɓangaren wakilin ƙasa. BMJ Bude. 2016;6: e009892.
14. Juul F, Parekh N, Martinez-Steele E, Monteiro CA, Chang VW. Amfanin abinci da aka sarrafa sosai tsakanin manya na Amurka daga 2001 zuwa 2018. Am J Clin Nutr. 2022;115(1): 211-221.
15. Rischel C. Nike's plus-size mannequin yana raba ra'ayi. The Independent. Yuni 2019.
16. Sirrin Victoria. Sanarwa ta sake alamar kamfani, 2021.
17. Chan M. Victoria's Secret fashion show rebrand hada da bambancin mannequins. Time Magazine. 2021.
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Joseph Varon, MD, likita ne mai mahimmanci, farfesa, kuma Shugaban Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru. Ya rubuta fiye da 980 wallafe-wallafen da aka bita kuma yana aiki a matsayin Babban Editan Jarida na Magunguna Mai Zaman Kanta.
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