A cikin Quarter Yahudawa na Prague, babban birnin Czechia, akwai wani abu mai ban mamaki, idan ba haka ba mutum-mutumi mai rudani. Dogon siffa ce ta halitta mara kai, mara fuska, mara hannu - mai kama da wani katon rami mai rabe inda kai ko fuska ya kamata ya kasance - kuma a kafadarsa tana dauke da siffa ta dan Adam a kwatankwacinta.
Wani sculptor Jaroslav Róna ne ya ƙirƙira shi, kuma hoto ne na marubucin banza. Franz Kafka, kau da wani mugun hali na rashin mutuntaka, wanda ya samo asali daga farko gajeren labari by Kafka, mai taken "Bayyana Gwagwarmayar," inda wani matashi ya bi ta kan titunan Prague a kan kafadun wani mutum.
Mutum-mutumin yana da bayanin kansa: mutum (wanda yake wakilta shi ne mutumin da dabbar dabbar ke wakilta) ana ɗaukarsa, ko kuma 'motsa shi' ta wani abu mai banƙyama wanda aka haɗa shi da shi, ko wani abu daidai da wannan. Yana da misali mai kyau ga abin da mutum ya ci karo da shi a cikin aikin Kafka - wanda zai iya manta da labarin Gregor Samsa a cikin littafin Kafka, The Metamorphosis, inda jarumin ya wayi gari wata rana ya tarar da cewa ya rikide ya zama wani babban kwari a cikin dare, ko kuma abin da ake ganin gaskiya ne, amma tsarin kotu na rashin hankali da makarkashiyar shari'a, da kuma abubuwan da suka faru na dare da rana da ke faruwa ga jarumin. The Trial?
Musamman littafin nan na ƙarshe yana da koyarwa a matsayin nau'in madubi don rashin hankali, lokacin rashin hankali da muke rayuwa a ciki. Kwatanta wannan ƙayyadaddun taƙaice na Biliyaminu Winterhalter:
A cikin novel na Franz Kafka The Trial, wanda aka fara bugawa a 1925, shekara guda bayan mutuwar marubucin, an kama Josef K., amma ya kasa gano abin da ake tuhumarsa da shi. Yayin da K. ke kewaya hanyar sadarwar labyrinthine na tarko na hukuma-wani duhu mai duhu na tsarin shari'a-ya ci gaba da yin abubuwan da ke sa shi zama mai laifi. Daga karshe masu zarginsa sun yanke shawarar cewa dole ne be mai laifi, kuma an kashe shi a takaice. Kamar yadda Kafka ya sanya shi a cikin babi na biyu zuwa na ƙarshe, 'The Cathedral:' 'Ayyukan da aka yi a hankali suna haɗuwa cikin hukunci.'
Abin da ke zuwa hankali nan da nan (ga Amurkawa, ko ta yaya), daidai ne kwanan nan jerin of tuhuma na tsohon shugaban Amurka Donald Trump - a hankali wani yunƙuri ne na haɗe-haɗe, dagewa (amma mara gaskiya) don hana shi samun damar tsayawa takara. dan takarar a zaben shugaban kasa na 2024, wanda har yanzu zai iya yi ko da wadanda ake kira Democrats, wadanda da gaske ne masu rikidewa neo-fascists, suka yi nasarar daure shi. Rashin hankali yana mulki a matakin 'mafi girma' a Amurka, yana tabbatar da hangen nesa na Kafka na duniya inda har ma cibiyoyin da aka sadaukar da su don ci gaban shari'a suna fitowa don nuna halin rashin hankali na rashin hankali da rashin hankali.
Wannan kalma - rashin hankali - yana sanar da wani fitaccen, zaren da aka haɗa don fahimtar halin yanzu, ga tunani, tunanin da masanin falsafa na rashin hankali, Arthur Yantarshan. A zahiri, mutum-mutumin Prague da aka tattauna a baya ya ƙunshi ra'ayoyin Schopenhauer (Duniya a matsayin Wasiyya da Wakilci, Mujalladi na 2, Jami'ar Cambridge Press, 2018, p. 220):
Wannan shi ake kira ‘mallakar kai:’ a bayyane yake nufin shi ne mai iko a nan da kuma hankali bawa; wannan saboda ko da yaushe so ne, a misali na ƙarshe, ya riƙe tsarin mulki, don haka ya zama kwaya ta gaskiya, jigon ɗan adam. A wannan bangaren darajar zama na Hêgemonikon zai kasance cikin nufin: amma, a daya bangaren, yana da alama ya dace da hankali haka nan, in har hankali ya zama jagora kuma jagora, kamar mai riƙewa wanda ke tafiya a gaban baƙo. Amma gaskiyar magana ita ce mafi dacewa da alakar su biyun ita ce ta makaho mai ƙarfi wanda yake ɗauke da mai gani amma gurgu a kafaɗunsa.
Ban sani ba tabbas ko Kafka ya karanta Schopenhauer kafin ya rubuta ɗan gajeren labarin da aka gina wani sassaka mai ban mamaki a Prague, amma kamar yadda aka haife shi bayan mutuwar Schopenhauer, kuma sunan na ƙarshe ya girma a matsayin 19.th karni ya kusanto da karshen karni, yana yiwuwa ya saba da aikin Schopenhauer, sabili da haka, tare da siffarsa na makãho mai ƙarfi (rashin hankali) yana ɗauke da gurgu, mai hangen nesa (hankali) a kan kafadu.
Dole ne a fahimce abubuwan da ke tattare da wannan kwatanci sarai: makaho mai ƙarfi yana tafiya, ko tuntuɓe, ta kowace hanya da za ta kama shi, wani lokaci kuma ya yi karo da abubuwa masu kaifi yana cutar da kansa, tare da gurgu yana yi masa gargaɗi da 'Na faɗa maka!' Amma baƙon da ba a gani ba ya ɓata, yana zagi a ƙarƙashin numfashinsa. A taƙaice: don Schopenhauer, ya bambanta da dukan al'adun falsafar Yammacin Turai waɗanda suka riga shi tun daga Plato da Aristotle (wanda ya shahara da kwatanta mutane a matsayin 'dabbobin hankali'), shi ne. ba Dalili wato kebantattun halayen dan Adam; shi ne makãho, son rai.Schopenhauer ya rubuta (2018: 220):
Hankali yana ba da son rai tare da dalilai: amma daga baya ya gano, gaba ɗaya a baya, menene tasirin da suka yi, kamar wanda ya yi gwajin sinadarai, ya haɗa reagents sannan yana jiran sakamakon.
Dangantakar da ke tsakanin bayyanannun ra'ayoyi na hankali da son rai yana kama da haske mai haske na tafkin zurfi da zurfin duhu wanda yake ɓoyewa - ma'anar ma'anar Schopenhauer ta ilimin halin ɗan adam, wanda ke tsammanin kwatancen kwatancen a cikin aikin Freud, kamar na gida tare da ɗaki da ɗakin kwana), inda ke tsaye a sararin samaniya. Superego (lamiri, wanda ke nuna dabi'un al'umma) da cellar tana nuna rashin hankali, Id.
A gaskiya ma, Schopenhauer mai yiwuwa shine mafi 'halaccin' mafarin Freud, har zuwa duka biyun - bambance-bambancen kalmomi duk da haka - zana hoto mara kyau. homo sapiens sapiens (wanda ake zaton mai hikima sau biyu), wata halitta ce da ke son kanta a matsayin ma'anar hankali, amma, a gaskiya, bawa ne ga nufinsa na rashin hankali (Schopenhauer) ko kuma asalinsa na farko (Freud). Schopenhauer ko Freud ba su musanta aikin hankali a cikin mutane ba, amma ba sa ɗaukar shi a matsayin yanke hukunci.
Kuna iya mamakin dalilin da yasa nake ba da hankali sosai ga waɗannan masu tunani guda biyu, da Kafka a gabansu. Kawai saboda abubuwan da suka faru a cikin shekaru huɗu da suka gabata - kuma mai yuwuwa tun farkon 21st karni - sun nuna ba zato ba tsammani cewa hangen nesa na wannan uku na masu tsattsauran ra'ayi na anthro-pessimists sun zo gida don kafu a wannan zamani.
Ga wani misali da ke nuna ingancin da'awara, kamar yadda zaluncin Donald Trump na rashin hankali, wanda aka yi ishara da shi a baya, ya aikata. Har ila yau ya haɗa da kotuna da wani da ake tuhuma da su, a cikin wannan harka, kawai 'misdemeanor'. Mutumin da abin ya shafa ɗan jarida ne kuma ɗan gidan talabijin Owen Shroyer, wanda aka yanke wa hukuncin zaman gidan yari na kwanaki 60 saboda rawar da ya taka a abubuwan da suka faru a ranar 6 ga Janairu, 2021, ko da yake kotun ta amince da cewa bai shiga wani hali na tashin hankali ba a lokacin. A cikin wata hira da aka yi kwanan nan tare da Tucker Carlson - wanda aka buga akan YouTube, amma tun daga nan an cire shi (da kansa gaskiya!) - Shroyer yayi magana mai tsawo game da hukuncin da aka yanke masa, wanda ya yi kwanaki 47 kafin a sake shi. (Ina fatan za a sake buga wannan hirar akan Rumble, wanda Carlson ya shiga tun daga lokacin.)
Daga labarin abubuwan da ya faru a bayyane yake cewa babu wani halalci laifi dalilin da yasa aka daure shi, amma a bayyane yake cewa alkalin kotun yana so ya aika sako mai ban tsoro ga duk wanda za a iya jarabce shi ya maimaita ''laifi'' Shroyer; wato, zuwa Magana ta hanyar da, a cikin wasu abubuwa, ya saba wa tsarin abubuwan da suka faru a hukumance kamar zaben shugaban kasa na 2020. Duk da cewa kungiyar lauyoyinsa na jayayya cewa masu gabatar da kara sun keta hakkin Shroyer na tsarin mulki na yin magana a fili da kuma yin aikinsa na jarida, masu gabatar da kara sun dage cewa gyara na farko bai kare dan jaridar ba a wannan harka. Babu shakka alkalin ya yarda.
A bayyane yake cewa 'dalili' na hukuma game da Kwaskwarimar Farko da ba ta shafi shari'ar Shroyer ba ta da tushe ta hanyar rashin tunani, la'akari da cewa wannan gyara na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Amurka ya shafi al'amuran da mutane ke taruwa don nuna rashin amincewa da sukar gwamnati mai ci, duk da haka a fili. A lokaci guda kuma karkatacciyar 'hankali' na irin waɗannan ayyuka marasa ma'ana kamar yanke wa ɗan jarida hukuncin ɗaurin kurkuku bisa dalilan da ba su da hujjar ya kamata su bayyana a sarari: misali ne na abin da George Orwell, a ciki. Goma sha tara da tamanin da Hudu (ko 1984), wanda aka buga a cikin 1949, wanda aka yi masa lakabi da ''Toughtcrime'' da 'crimethink' a ƙarƙashin mulkin dystopian na 'Jam'iyyar' a cikin almara na jihar Oceania.
Ku tuna cewa jigon labarin, Winston, ya jaddada cewa, abin da 'yan ƙasa na wannan al'umma ta kama-karya ke firgita shi ne samun 'laifi na tunani' daga ko'ina. Thinkpol ko 'Yan sandan tunani.' Kuma hikimar da ke cikin shari'ar Shroyer tana bayyana har zuwa wannan: a gare shi ce Wani abu, wanda ya kai ga yanke masa hukunci kan wani laifi, wanda ake ganin yana da tsanani har ya kai ga aikata wani laifi, dole ne ya aikata wani laifi. cin zarafin tunani na farko. Wannan bayyanar ce, a cikin 1984 kamar yadda a cikin yanayin duniyar Owen Shroyer, na rashin hankali, wanda ke cikin jiki a cikin karkatacciyar 'hankali' ayyukan da aka yi don kula da tsarin mulki marar gaskiya, amma mai iko.
Haka kuma, a cikin hirar da aka yi da Tucker Carlson, wanda aka goge a YouTube jim kadan bayan an buga shi (saboda dalilai na zahiri), amma wanda na saurara a lokacin, asusun Shroyer na lokacin da ya yi a gidan yari ya nuna rashin hankali da ke tattare da hukuncin kotu a karkashin gwamnatin Biden. A cewar Shroyer, hatta ’yan uwansa ‘yan fursuna sun furta cewa hukuncin da aka yanke masa ba shi da ma’ana – cewa bai dace ba – la’akari da cewa an kulle shi ne don wani ‘laifi.’
Don ya ƙara wulakanta shi, har ma an tilasta masa ya yi zaman ɗaurin rai da rai, wanda galibi ana keɓe shi don ƙwararrun masu laifi da suka ƙetare dokokin kurkuku. Bugu da ƙari kuma, an sanar da shi cewa umarnin a yi masa ta wannan hanya ya fito daga 'mafi girma', kuma ya yi hasashe cewa mai yiwuwa ma daga ofishin babban lauya ne da kansa, ba wai kawai don 'koyar da shi darasi ba,' amma ya zama gargaɗi ga duk wanda zai yi tunanin maimaita laifin ''lafin magana'' Shroyer.
Me ya sa na bayyana waɗannan al'amura biyu na mu'amala da mutane a hannun tsarin shari'a a Amurka a matsayin 'marasa hankali?' A cikin ma'anar falsafa mafi fa'ida, ɗaukar maganata daga Immanuel Kant, 'dalili,' kuma daidai da shi, yanke shawara da ayyuka na 'masu hankali' suna nuna iyawar ɗan adam, ko ikon tunani, na tunani a cikin wasu iyakoki da ƙa'idodi - wato ilimin da ya samo asali daga haɗakar tsarin tunani da (iyakar) kwarewa, a gefe guda, da ƙa'idodin ɗabi'a waɗanda suka shafi abin da Kant ya kira abin da ake amfani da shi na duniya 'nau'i mai mahimmanci,' a ɗayan. Yana da kawai a cikin wadannan iyakokin da mutane za su iya da'awar cewa suna da ilimi; magana sosai, ilimi na Allah, alal misali, ba zai yiwu a cikin waɗannan iyakoki ba, domin Allah ba abin gwaninta ba ne a sararin samaniya da lokaci. (Saboda haka bangaskiya cikin Allah.)
A cikin iyakokin da suka dace da ilimin hankali yana yiwuwa, wanda ke nufin cewa duk dalilan da ke da'awar ingancin fahimi shima yana faruwa a cikinsu. Idan aka yi la’akari da waɗannan sharuɗɗan, na yi imanin cewa ba ɗaya daga cikin shari’o’in shari’a guda biyu da aka tattauna a sama ba da za su yi nasara ta fuskar ma’aunin hankali, ko hankali: tunani Da kuma gwaninta tushe dangane da su ba daidai ba ne, kamar yadda bincike mai zurfi zai iya nunawa.
Dole ne a ƙara ƙarin misali na (matsananciyar) rashin hankali a nan, don tabbatar da imani na Kafka, Schopenhauer, da Freud, cewa 'yan adam sune ainihin halittu waɗanda ke yin aikin rashin hankali, rashin hankali, ayyuka marasa hankali. Ya shafi karo tsakanin abubuwa biyu - na farko, Universal Sanarwa na ‘Yancin Dan Adam na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UN), Mataki na 3, wanda ya ce: “Kowa yana da ‘yancin rayuwa, ’yanci da tsaron mutum; na biyu kuma, wanda za a iya cewa ba shi da ma'ana - wato, sabani dangane da Mataki na 3, na sama; da kuma m ga rayuwa - ayyuka na masu ba da kuɗaɗen abin da ake kira 'sami-na-aiki' bincike da na masana kimiyyar da ke da hannu a wannan.
A cikin wani bidiyo wanda ba a san shi ba'Ice Age Farmer' (2022a: mintuna 7, dakika 28 cikin bidiyo, da ƙari), ya tattauna game da fa'idar (mummunan aiki) binciken masanin kimiyya, Dokta Yoshihiro Kawaoka, wanda Gidauniyar Bill & Melinda Gates ta ba da tallafi, kuma wanda ya bayyana cewa "kwayar cutar murar alade-tsuntsu mai yuwuwa," kuma tana iya zama "mummunan mutuwa." A cikin wannan bidiyon akan binciken Kawaoka an bayyana shi, kuma yana goyan bayan bayanan da aka rubuta daga wata sanarwa ta Jami'ar Wisconsin-Madison (Ice Age Farmer 2022: 7 min. 43 sec. cikin bidiyo), cewa binciken ya haifar da wani abu mai mahimmanci. A cikin sanarwar manema labarai na jami'ar an lura cewa (Manomin Kankara 2022: 7 min. 50 sec. cikin bidiyo):
Abin da ke da ban sha'awa game da gwaje-gwajen Dr Kawaoka na baya-bayan nan shi ne cewa ya yi niyya PB2, sashin da 'yan kaɗan suka san isa ga yanke hukunci. Dr. Sakamakon ya fi kisa kuma ma ya fi kamuwa da ƙwayar cuta fiye da nau'in H2N5 na iyaye. Dokta Kawaoka da ma'aikatansa suna da yanzu, kuma a ƙarshe, suna PB1 a matsayin ɓangaren kwayar halitta da ke da alhakin kisa a cikin mutane.
The Ice Age Farmer (2022: 8 min. 30 sec. ff cikin bidiyo) ya sanar da ɗaya, da ɗan kwantar da hankali (har zuwa 'hankali' na sauran masana kimiyya), binciken Dr Kawaoka ya haifar da guguwar rigima a cikin al'ummar kimiyya, waɗanda ke da "… Anan ga rub-da-ciki: ko da yaya masana kimiyya kamar Kawaoka, da (marasa hankali) ’yan kasuwa masu cin gajiyar ayyuka kamar Bill Gates na iya ƙoƙarin kare irin wannan binciken ta hanyar jayayya (kamar yadda suke yi) cewa yana ba mutum damar yin shiri don yuwuwar ‘cututtuka’ (wanda waɗannan suka haifar da su). dakin gwaje-gwaje-halitta ƙwayoyin cuta?), Ba a bayyane yake ba, kuma misali na haske mai haske don taya.
Dole ne a fahimci wannan a cikin mahallin babban hari, harin rashin hankali, ta gungun masu fasaha na zamani-fascist, akan rayuwar talakawa, waɗanda suke ɗauka a matsayin 'masu cin abinci marasa amfani.' Babu shakka, haɓaka bincike-binciken riba akan samar da ƙwayoyin cuta masu yuwuwa yana wakiltar ne da matsananci na rashin hankali, yayin da yake kasadar ruguza tushen rayuwa ta kanta.
Maganar ita ce: menene damar cewa a halitta Bugu da kari na PB2 gene part zuwa H5N1 murar tsuntsaye zai faru? Kyawawan kadan, idan ba zai yiwu ba, mutum zai yi tsammani. Gaskiyar cewa irin wannan bincike (wanda kuma ya hada da ginin dakin gwaje-gwaje na kwayar cutar SARS-CoV-2 a Wuhan) ya faru, kuma mai yiwuwa har yanzu yana faruwa, wata alama ce da ba za a iya fahimta ba na irin rashin hankali da Kafka, Schopenhauer, da Freud suka fallasa ta bangaren wadanda ba haka ba.sapiens jinsin mutane. Na huta harka ta.
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Bert Olivier yana aiki a Sashen Falsafa, Jami'ar Jihar Kyauta. Bert yayi bincike a cikin Psychoanalysis, poststructuralism, falsafar muhalli da falsafar fasaha, adabi, cinema, gine-gine da Aesthetics. Ayyukansa na yanzu shine 'Fahimtar batun dangane da girman mulkin neoliberalism.'
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