Kiwon lafiyar jama'a ya shafi jama'a, yawan jama'a, inganta lafiyar su. Amma duk da haka a cikin shekaru biyu da suka gabata an kai hari ga wannan ra'ayi ko motsi don inganta asarar aiki, durkushewar tattalin arziki, karuwar mace-mace da asarar 'yanci.
Ana da'awar tashin hankali mace-macen zazzabin cizon sauro tsakanin yaran Afirka, miliyoyin 'yan mata a yi mata auren ‘ya’ya da fyade dare da rana, da kwata miliyan Yaran Kudancin Asiya kashe ta hanyar kulle-kulle. Laifin lafiyar jama'a game da waɗannan bala'o'i kamar ɗora alhakin ƙwayar cuta ce ta numfashi don sakamako iri ɗaya. Gaba d'aya ya rasa alamar.
Zargin kwadayi, tsoro, rashin kunya ko rashin kulawa na iya zama kusa. An yi wannan cutar ne lokacin da wasu suka yanke shawarar sanya cutarwa ga rayuwar wasu, wani lokaci ta hanyar wauta amma akai-akai don amfanin kansu. Jama'a da jama'a ne ke aikata ta'asa, ba ta wani ba fasaha ko kimiyya.
’Yan Adam sun jawo cutar da jama’a ga wasu a tsawon tarihin ɗan adam. Muna yin haka ne domin an ingiza mu ne don mu amfanar da kanmu da kuma ƙungiyarmu (wanda hakan ke amfanar kanmu), kuma sau da yawa muna ganin cewa gamsar da wannan tuƙi yana buƙatar takurawa, bautar ko kawar da wasu.
Muna da tarihin damfarar kabilanci ko addini domin su kwashi kudadensu da ayyukan yi, da kuma sace duk wani yanki na kasa da kuma murkushe mazauna garin su kwato dukiya ko kuma su kwace musu gonakinsu. Muna tura kayayyaki - ƙwararru, magunguna, abinci mara kyau - ga wasu don ribarmu, sanin cewa zai fi dacewa da saka hannun jari a wasu wurare.
Muna kuskuren kuɗi ko mulki don amfanin kanmu, maimakon kimanta alaƙa da abubuwan da ke ba da ma'anar rayuwa. Sauƙaƙan mu faɗuwa cikin ƙunƙunciyar ra'ayi na kasancewar ɗan adam.
An yi nufin lafiyar jama'a don cimma akasin haka. Yana nan don tallafawa alaƙar ɗan adam da haɓaka kyawawan sha'awar rayuwa. An kafa Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO), ga duk gazawarta, bisa wannan ra'ayi, ayyanawa:
"Lafiya yanayi ne na cikakkiyar walwala ta jiki, tunani da zamantakewa, ba kawai rashin cuta ko rashin lafiya ba."
Ma'anar lafiya ta WHO ta nuna cewa kasancewar ɗan adam shine nisa zurfi fiye da dunƙule na kwayoyin halitta da aka haɗa kansu bisa ga codeing na DNA. Yana mai da martani ne ga mugunyar mulkin kama-karya, rarrabuwar kawuna da zalunci da gwamnatocin fasikanci da 'yan mulkin mallaka suka yada. Hakanan an gina shi akan dubban shekaru na fahimtar ɗan adam cewa rayuwa tana da ƙima mai ƙima wacce ta wuce ta zahiri, da ƙa'idodi na asali waɗanda ke tasowa daga wannan waɗanda ke ɗaukar lokaci da al'ada.
Ma'anar kalmar tana nuna cewa an ayyana lafiyar ɗan adam a matsayin yanayin da ɗan adam zai iya jin daɗin rayuwa (jin daɗin tunani) kuma ya haɗa kai cikin 'yanci tare da kasancewa cikin mafi yawan al'ummar bil'adama. Yana goyan bayan cin gashin kai da ƙudirin kai, masu ƙayyade lafiyar jiki, tunani, da zamantakewa, amma bai dace da hani ko raunin da ya rage 'lafiya' a kowane ɗayan waɗannan wuraren ba. Don haka ya yi daidai da rashin tsoro, ƙarfi ko keɓe - waɗannan suna nuna rashin lafiya.
Don fassara ƙa'idodi zuwa ayyuka muna buƙatar mutane, cibiyoyi da dokoki. Wasu daga cikin wadannan mutane suna da hannu saboda yana da kyau, wasu suna neman mulki, wasu suna neman amfanuwa da gaske (wanda hakan zai iya amfani da lafiyar kwakwalwa da zamantakewa). Aiwatar da waɗannan ƙa'idodin na iya zama tsarkakakku ko ɓarna. Ka'idodin da kansu ba su canzawa.
Bambance-bambancen da ke tsakanin ka'idoji da aiwatar da su galibi suna rikicewa. Imani na addini bisa tushen kauna da zabi na 'yanci ana iya da'awar a matsayin hujjar yakin yakin miyagu na soja, bincike, ko fille kawunan jama'a.
Wannan ba ya nufin gaskiyar da aka gina addinin a kanta tana goyon bayan waɗannan ayyuka, a’a, ’yan Adam suna amfani da sunansa don amfanin kansu a halaka wasu. Hakanan ya shafi ɗaukar koyarwar siyasa da ke ba da daidaito da rarraba mulki idan sunanta ke aiki don tattara dukiya da daidaita iko. A lokuta biyu ƙungiyoyin sun lalace, ba a aiwatar da su ba.
Aiwatar da lafiyar jama'a na iya jawo suka ta fuskoki biyu. Na farko, yana iya tauye wasu daga samun ta hanyar cutar da wasu, ta hanyar niyya ko sakaci (yana yin aikin sa ne). A madadin, ana iya haɗa shi don cutar da wasu (ana lalata shi).
Ana iya tabbatar da gaskiya ta hanyar auna ayyukan da aka yi da sunanta da ƙa’idodin da ke qarfafa ta. Waɗannan an kafa su da kyau kuma bai kamata su haifar da cece-kuce ba. Abin da ke da muhimmanci shi ne gaskiyar da aka aiwatar da su, kamar yadda a kullum mutane ne ta hanyar da za a tace wadannan ka'idoji.
Jerin da ke ƙasa yana nuna ra'ayoyin al'ada na lafiyar jama'a bayan yakin duniya na biyu da ma'anar lafiyar WHO. Kwararru a wannan fanni ne suka bayyana shi a kwanan nan wallafa ta Kwalejin Kimiyya da 'Yanci.
Ka'idojin Da'a na Lafiyar Jama'a
1. Duk shawarwarin kiwon lafiyar jama'a yakamata suyi la'akari da tasirin lafiyar gaba ɗaya, maimakon damuwa da cutar guda ɗaya kawai. Ya kamata a ko da yaushe yin la'akari da fa'idodi da lahani daga matakan kiwon lafiyar jama'a tare da auna riba na ɗan gajeren lokaci da lahani na dogon lokaci.
2. Lafiyar jama'a game da kowa ne. Duk wata manufar kiwon lafiyar jama'a dole ne da farko ta kare mafi raunin al'umma, gami da yara, iyalai masu karamin karfi, masu nakasa da tsofaffi. Bai kamata ya canza nauyin cuta daga mawadata zuwa ga marasa galihu ba.
3. Ya kamata a daidaita shawarwarin kiwon lafiyar jama'a daidai da bukatun kowane al'umma, a cikin al'adu, addini, yanki, da dai sauransu.
4. Kiwon lafiyar jama'a shine game da kimanta haɗarin haɗari, raguwar haɗari, da rage rashin tabbas ta amfani da mafi kyawun shaida, tun da yawanci ba za a iya kawar da haɗari gaba ɗaya ba.
5. Lafiyar jama'a na bukatar amincewar jama'a. Shawarwari na kiwon lafiyar jama'a yakamata su gabatar da hujjoji a matsayin tushen jagora, kuma kada a yi amfani da tsoro ko kunya don murzawa ko sarrafa jama'a.
6. Bai kamata a tilastawa jama'a ko tilastawa ayyukan likita ba, sai dai ya zama na son rai kuma bisa ga yarda da aka sani. Jami'an kiwon lafiyar jama'a masu ba da shawara ne, ba masu tsara doka ba, kuma suna ba da bayanai da albarkatu don daidaikun mutane don yanke shawarar da aka sani.
7. Dole ne hukumomin kiwon lafiyar jama'a su kasance masu gaskiya da gaskiya, tare da abin da aka sani da wanda ba a sani ba. Shawarwari ya zama tushen shaida kuma bayanai sun bayyana, kuma dole ne hukumomi su amince da kurakurai ko canje-canjen shaida da zarar an sanar da su.
8. Masana kimiyar kiwon lafiyar jama'a da masu aiki su guje wa rikice-rikice na sha'awa, kuma duk wani rikici na sha'awar da ba za a iya kaucewa ba dole ne a bayyana shi a fili.
9. A cikin lafiyar jama'a, muhawara ta wayewa tana da matukar muhimmanci. Ba abin yarda ba ne ga ƙwararrun kiwon lafiyar jama'a su yi la'akari, shiru ko tsoratar da membobin jama'a ko wasu masana kimiyyar lafiyar jama'a ko masu aiki.
10. Yana da matukar muhimmanci ga masana kimiyar kiwon lafiyar jama'a da masu aiki su rika sauraren jama'a a ko da yaushe, wadanda ke rayuwa sakamakon lafiyar jama'a na yanke shawara kan lafiyar jama'a, kuma su daidaita yadda ya kamata.
Abubuwan Da Ake Amfani Da Ka'idodin Da'a
Idan wani ya ba da shawarar a hana mutane aiki, zamantakewa ko saduwa a matsayin iyali don hana yaduwar kwayar cutar, zai kasance suna ba da shawarar a rage al'amuran lafiyar wadannan mutane, a kalla ta hankali da zamantakewa, don kare wani bangare na lafiyar jiki. "Ba kawai rashin cuta ba" a cikin ma'anar WHO na buƙatar tallafawa lafiyar jama'a da jama'a don cimma burin ɗan adam, ba kawai don hana wani cutarwa ba.
Dole ne shirin rigakafin ya nuna cewa kuɗin da aka kashe ba zai iya samun babban riba a wani wuri ba, kuma yana nuna abin da masu karɓa suke so. A kowane hali, jama'a dole ne su fitar da ajanda, ba za a kore su ba. Shawarar za ta kasance tasu, maimakon zama na waɗanda suka sami kuɗi ko iko daga aiwatar da irin waɗannan shirye-shiryen.
Waɗannan ƙa'idodi goma sun nuna cewa lafiyar jama'a horo ne mai wahala. Yana buƙatar waɗanda ke aiki a cikin filin su ajiye girman kai, sha'awar haɓaka kansu, da abubuwan da suke so game da yadda wasu ya kamata su yi. Dole ne su mutunta jama'a. Samun lafiya a cikin fa'idar WHO bai dace da mutanen da ake tsawa, tilastawa, ko kiwo ba.
Wannan yana da wahala, saboda ƙwararrun kiwon lafiyar jama'a gabaɗaya sun kashe fiye da matsakaicin lokaci a cikin ilimin boko kuma suna samun sama da matsakaicin albashi. Da yake ’yan Adam marasa lahani, wannan yana sa su yi la’akari da kansu masu ilimi, masu muhimmanci, da kuma ‘daidai. Mutane na iya yin nuni ga misalan kwanan nan tsakanin shugabanni da masu tallafawa martanin COVID-19, amma haɗari ne na asali a kowane matakai.
Wani abu da za a yi fata
Akwai mafita daga wannan. Ba ya buƙatar fayyace wata sabuwar hanya, kafa sabbin cibiyoyi, ko sabbin sanarwa da yarjejeniyoyin. Yana buƙatar kawai waɗanda ke aiki a fagen, da cibiyoyin da suke wakilta, su yi amfani da ainihin ƙa'idodin da suka yi iƙirarin bin su a baya.
Dagewa kan lafiyar jama'a na da'a na iya haifar da watsi da wasu shirye-shirye, sauya wasu manufofi, da kuma daidaitattun canje-canje a cikin jagoranci. Dole ne a mayar da waɗanda ke samun riba a gefe, saboda rigingimun da ke kawo cikas ga amfanin jama'a. Dole ne shirye-shiryen su nuna fifikon al'umma da yawan jama'a, ba na ƙungiyoyin tsakiya ba.
Wannan ba tsattsauran ra'ayi ba ne, abin da kusan dukkanin kwararrun ma'aikatan kiwon lafiyar jama'a aka koya. Lokacin da aka tilasta ko tilasta 'maganin' ba tare da la'akari da fifikon gida ba, ko aka yi amfani da tsoro da magudin tunani, waɗannan yakamata a ayyana su daidai ga abin da suke; kasuwanci, siyasa, ko ma kamfanonin mulkin mallaka. Waɗanda ke aiwatar da irin waɗannan shirye-shiryen 'yan siyasa ne, masu siyar da kaya, ko ma'aikatan lafiya, amma ba ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya ba.
Yawancin makomar al'umma za ta dogara ne da kwazo da amincin cibiyoyin kiwon lafiyar jama'a da ma'aikatansu. Za a buƙaci tawali'u mai yawa, amma hakan ya kasance koyaushe. Duniya za ta sa ido ta ga ko waɗanda ke fagen fama suna da gaba gaɗi da amincin su yi aikinsu.
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David Bell, Babban Masanin Kimiyya a Cibiyar Brownstone, likitan lafiyar jama'a ne kuma mai ba da shawara kan ilimin halittu a cikin lafiyar duniya. David tsohon jami'in kiwon lafiya ne kuma masanin kimiyya a Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO), Shugaban Shirin Malaria da cututtukan zazzabi a Gidauniyar Innovative New Diagnostics (FIND) a Geneva, Switzerland, kuma Daraktan Fasahar Kiwon Lafiya ta Duniya a Asusun Kula da Lafiya na Duniya na Intellectual Ventures a Bellevue, WA, Amurka.
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