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Tashi da Faɗuwar Littattafan Kimiyya da Hanyar Gaba

Tashi da Faɗuwar Littattafan Kimiyya da Hanyar Gaba

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Mujallu na kimiyya sun yi tasiri mai kyau ga ci gaban kimiyya, amma a wasu hanyoyi, yanzu suna kawo cikas maimakon inganta jawaban kimiyya a bayyane. Bayan nazarin tarihi da matsalolin yau da kullum tare da mujallu, an gabatar da sabon samfurin wallafe-wallafen ilimi. Yana rungumar buɗe ido da buɗe ɗorewa takwarorinsu bita, yana ba wa masu bita ladan aikinsu mai mahimmanci tare da girmamawa da kuma yarda da jama'a, kuma yana ba masana kimiyya damar buga binciken su cikin lokaci da inganci ba tare da bata lokaci da albarkatun masana kimiyya masu mahimmanci ba.

Haihuwar Jaridun Kimiyya

Kamfanin bugawa ya kawo sauyi kan sadarwar kimiyya a karni na 16. Bayan ƴan shekaru na tunani da tunani, ko watakila shekaru goma ko biyu, masana kimiyya sun buga littafi tare da sababbin tunani, ra'ayoyinsu, da bincikensu. Wannan ya ba mu litattafai da suka kafa tushen kimiyyar zamani, kamar De Nova Stella na Tycho Brahe (1573), Astronomia Nova na Johannes Kepler (1609), Discours de la Methode na René Descartes (1637), Falsafa Naturalis Principia Mathematica by Isaac Newton (1686), da Systema Naturae na Carl Linnaeus (1735). Don ƙarin saurin sadarwa, masana kimiyya sun dogara da haruffan da aka rubuta da hannu ga junansu.

Har sai sun buga littafi, wanda ya ɗauki ƙoƙari mai yawa da albarkatu, masana kimiyya za su iya sadarwa tare da wasu abokai da abokan aiki kawai. Hakan bai yi tasiri ba. Wannan ya haifar da mujallar kimiyya, wani sabon abu mai tasiri mai zurfi ga ci gaban kimiyya. Na farko, Jaridar des Sçavans (Jaridar Ilimi), ya bayyana a Faransa a shekara ta 1665. Bayan shekaru goma, wannan mujalla ta buga lissafin saurin haske na Ole Romer. An sanar da abu mafi sauri a yanayi a cikin saurin da ba a samu a baya ga masana kimiyya ba.

A cikin ƴan shekaru ɗari masu zuwa, mujallolin kimiyya sun ƙara zama masu mahimmanci, inda suka wuce littattafai a matsayin hanyar sadarwa ta farko ta kimiyya. Kamar yadda masana kimiyya suka zama na musamman, haka ma jaridu, tare da batutuwa na lokaci-lokaci irin su Rubutun Likitanci da Dubawa (1733), Jaridar Chemisches (1778), Annalen der Physik (1799), da kuma Rahoton Lafiyar Jama'a (1878). An aika da mujallu da aka buga ga masana kimiyya da dakunan karatu na jami'a a duniya, kuma an ƙirƙiri ƙungiyar kimiyya ta duniya ta gaske.

Idan ba tare da mujallu ba, da kimiyya ba ta ci gaba kamar yadda ta yi ba, kuma waɗancan editocin mujallu na farko da masu buga littattafai jarumawa ne na ci gaban kimiyyar da ba a waƙa ba.

Masu Buga Kasuwanci

A tsakiyar karni na 20, wallafe-wallafen ilimi ya zama mafi muni. An fara da Robert Maxwell da kuma jaridarsa ta Pergamon, masu wallafe-wallafen kasuwanci sun fahimci cewa halin da ake ciki a cikin wallafe-wallafen kimiyya na iya samun riba sosai. Lokacin da aka buga takarda kawai a cikin mujalla guda ɗaya, manyan ɗakunan karatu na jami'a dole ne su shiga cikin wannan mujallar komai tsadar ta, don tabbatar da cewa masanan su na iya samun damar samun dukkan littattafan kimiyya.

Kamar yadda Stephen Buranyi ya fada a fili, 'ma'aikatan dakin karatu sun kulle cikin jerin dubban kananan 'yan mulkin mallaka… kuma dole ne su sayi dukkansu a duk farashin da masu wallafa suke so.' Duk da yake yawancin mujallun al'umma suna da farashi mai ma'ana, masu bugawa na kasuwanci suna da bonanza. Wani bincike da aka gudanar a shekarar 1992 kan mujallu a fannin kididdiga ya nuna cewa mafi yawan mujallolin al’umma na karbar labura kasa da dala $2 a kowace labarin bincike na kimiyya, yayin da mujallar kasuwanci mafi tsada tana karbar dala 44 a kowace labarin. A lokacin, wannan ya fi don labarin jarida guda ɗaya fiye da matsakaicin farashin littafin ilimi.

Tun daga nan ya ƙara yin muni. Kasancewar duka furodusoshi da masu amfani da labaran kimiyya, jami'o'i suna biyan makudan kudade don buga jaridun da ke ɗauke da kasidu waɗanda masana kimiyyar nasu suka rubuta da nasu nazari, waɗanda suke ba wa mujallu kyauta. Sakamakon haka, masu buga mujallolin kimiyya suna da ribar riba mai yawa da ta kai kusan kashi 40%. Ba don komai ba ne George Monbiot ya kira masu wallafa ilimi 'mafi yawan 'yan jari-hujja a yammacin duniya' wadanda suka sa Walmart ya zama kamar kantin kusurwa da Rupert Murdoch mai ra'ayin gurguzu.'

Mujallu na kan layi da Buɗe Samun shiga

Juyin juya hali na gaba a cikin wallafe-wallafen ilimi ya fara ne a cikin 1990, tare da buga mujalla ta farko ta kan layi kawai, Al'adun Bayan Zamani. Tare da Intanet, an daina buƙatar bugawa da rarraba kwafin takarda.

Ɗaya daga cikin ci gaba mai kyau daga wannan shine karuwar adadin buɗaɗɗen mujallolin da kowa zai iya karantawa kyauta, ciki har da jama'a waɗanda ke biyan mafi yawan binciken likita ta hanyar haraji. Ta hanyar buɗaɗɗen mujallu da ayyukan adana kayan tarihi, irin su arXiv da medRxiv, da godiya ga ƙwazo na buɗaɗɗen damar majagaba kamar Ajit Varki, Paul Ginsparg, Peter Suber, da Michael Eisen, kusan rabin duk labaran ilimin halittu yanzu ana buga su ƙarƙashin wani nau'i na buɗaɗɗen samfurin. Tun daga 2008, Cibiyar Kula da Lafiya ta Kasa (NIH) ta buƙaci duk binciken da suke bayarwa don buɗe damar shiga cikin shekara guda na bugawa, kuma a cikin 2024, darektan NIH Monica Bertagnolli ta haɓaka wannan manufar ta hanyar buƙatar duk binciken da NIH ke bayarwa don buɗe damar shiga nan da nan bayan bugawa.

Jarida a matsayin Magajin Gano Ingancin Labari

Matsalar wallafe-wallafen ilimi ba kawai game da farashi da samun dama ba ne. A cikin mafi yawan tarihi, mahimmanci da ingancin labarin kimiyya ne ya fi dacewa, ba mujallar da aka buga ta ba. Masana kimiyya ba su damu sosai game da martabar jarida ba, amma sun so su kai ga yawancin masana kimiyya da yawa, wanda ya fi dacewa ta hanyar mujallu tare da masu biyan kuɗi da yawa. Wannan ya haifar da matsayi tsakanin mujallu. Yawaitar abubuwan da aka gabatar ga mujallun da ake yaɗawa ya haifar da ƙima da ƙima, wanda hakan ya sa suka fi shahara wajen bugawa.

Lokacin daukar aiki da haɓaka masana kimiyya, yana iya zama mai wahala da ɗaukar lokaci don karantawa da kimanta duk takaddun ƴan takara daban-daban. Don adana lokaci, martabar mujallar da marubutan suka buga a wasu lokuta ana amfani da su azaman madadin ingancin labarin. Wannan na iya zama abin ban mamaki ga waɗanda ba masana kimiyya ba, amma ya danganta da filin, kowane matashi masanin kimiyya ya san cewa yarda ko kin amincewa da labarin bincike ta hanyar Science, da Lancet, Econometric, or Annals na Lissafi zai iya yin ko karya aiki. Wannan 'yana ƙarfafa ƙwararrun sana'a akan ƙirƙira.'

Kamar yadda tsohon darektan NIH Harold Varmus da abokan aikinsa suka bayyana a fili: 'Ƙimar ƙima da aka ba wa wallafe-wallafe a cikin ƙaramin adadin abin da ake kira "high tasiri" mujallolin ya sanya matsin lamba a kan marubutan da su yi gaggawar bugawa, yanke sasanninta, ƙara yawan binciken su, da kuma bayyana mahimmancin aikinsu. Irin waɗannan ayyukan wallafe-wallafe… suna canza yanayi a yawancin dakunan gwaje-gwaje ta hanyoyi masu tada hankali. Rahotanni masu damuwa na baya-bayan nan na ɗimbin ɗimbin wallafe-wallafen bincike waɗanda ba za a iya misalta sakamakon su ba alama ce ta yanayin matsanancin matsin lamba na yau don bincike. Idan ta hanyar rashin hankali, kuskure, ko ƙari, al'ummar kimiyya sun rasa amincewar jama'a game da amincin aikinta, ba za su yi tsammanin ci gaba da goyon bayan jama'a ga kimiyya ba.'

Waɗannan kalmomi ne masu ƙarfi amma mahimmanci. Idan ba tare da amincewar jama'a ba, al'ummar kimiyya za su rasa irin tallafin da suke samu daga masu biyan haraji, kuma idan hakan ta faru, kimiyya za ta bushe kuma ta ragu.

Mutuncin jarida ba ma kyakkyawar shaida ce ga ingancin labarin ba. Mu duba The Lancet a matsayin misali. Elsevier ne ya buga, ana ɗaukarsa ɗaya daga cikin “manyan mujallolin likita” biyar. A karkashin editanta na yanzu Richard Horton, mujallar ta buga wani bincike na karya da ke nuna cewa allurar MMR na iya haifar da Autism, wanda ke haifar da karancin allurar rigakafi da kuma cutar kyanda; wani yanki na "ijma'i" na Covid yana tambayar rigakafin kamuwa da cuta, wani abu da muka sani game da shi tun annobar Athenia a 430 BC; da kuma takarda mai banƙyama a yanzu da ke iƙirarin cewa hasashen Covid-leak ra'ayi ne na wariyar launin fata.

Yin amfani da ƙididdiga ƙididdiga daga nau'ikan tasirin bazuwar, bambance-bambancen cikin-mujalla a cikin ingancin labarin ya fi girma fiye da bambance-bambancen tsakanin mujallu, kuma hakan yana sa martabar jarida ta zama mummunan maye ga ingancin labarin.

Bita na Tsara da Ƙimar Kimiyya

Bita na takwarorinsu na da dogon tarihi mai ɗorewa, kuma wani sashe ne da ba makawa a cikin maganganun kimiyya, kamar yadda yawancin jayayya da tattaunawa na kimiyya suka tabbatar. Bitar takwarorinsu na kimiyya yana ɗaukar nau'i da yawa, gami da sharhin da aka buga, maganganu masu kyau ko mara kyau, da tattaunawa a tarurrukan kimiyya. A cikin karni na 20, mujallolin sun ƙaddamar da tsarin sake dubawa na tsara ba a san su ba, wanda ba a buga ba. Yana da tsada don bugawa da jigilar mujallu na takarda, don haka ba za a iya buga komai ba, kuma masu gyara sun fara amfani da masu bitar da ba a san su ba don taimakawa wajen tantance abin da za a karɓa ko ƙi.

Wannan ya haifar da ra'ayi mai ban mamaki a tsakanin wasu masana kimiyya, inda "bincike-binciken ƙwararru" ya zama daidai da binciken da aka buga a cikin wata jarida wanda ke amfani da tsarin nazarin tsararru wanda ba a san shi ba don sanin abin da ya kamata a buga kimiyya, yana watsi da yawancin nau'o'in gargajiya na budewa da kuma wadanda ba a san su ba.

Jami'o'i da sauran cibiyoyin bincike, da masu ba da kuɗaɗen bincike, suna da buƙatu na zahiri don tantance kimiyya da masana kimiyyar da suke ɗauka da tallafi. Ta hanyar dogaro da martabar jarida maimakon ingancin labarin, sun fitar da sassan tantancewar su ga mutanen da ba a san su ba ba tare da ganin ainihin bita da kullin ba. Irin wannan tsarin ya cika don kuskure da rashin amfani.

A hankali Bugawa mara inganci

Tsarin wallafe-wallafen ilimi na yanzu yana jinkirin, kuma yana ɓata lokacin ƙwararrun masana kimiyya waɗanda aka fi kashewa akan bincike. Ya kamata a buga babban bincike da wuri-wuri don ci gaban kimiyya da sauri. Ko da takaddun shaida masu kyau da mahimmanci, irin su DANMASK-19 bazuwar gwaji, ana iya ƙi su sau uku yayin da marubutan ke ƙoƙarin buga shi a cikin wata jarida mai daraja kamar yadda zai yiwu. Wannan ba kawai yana jinkirta yada ilimin kimiyya ba. Har ila yau, yana buƙatar aikin ɗimbin lokaci na masana kimiyya da yawa suna kimantawa da kuma nazarin labarin guda don mujallu daban-daban.

Idan aka kwatanta da kyakkyawan bincike, rubuce-rubucen rubuce-rubucen da ake tambaya suna buƙatar ƙoƙari da sadaukarwar lokaci na ƙarin masu dubawa, saboda suna da yuwuwar a ƙi su kuma a sake ƙaddamar da su. Hatta rubuce-rubucen rubuce-rubucen da ba su da lahani suna samun karbuwa a wasu mujallu a ƙarshe. Wannan yana ba wa binciken tambarin amincewa da buga shi a cikin “jarida da aka yi bita na ƙwararru,” amma ba tare da masu karatu sun sami damar yin bitar waɗannan mahimman bayanai na farko ba. Shin zai fi kyau idan mujallar ta farko ta buga waɗannan takaddun bincike marasa kuskure tare da sake dubawa mai mahimmanci, don masu karatu su koyi game da matsalolin da binciken?

Duk da yake ba za mu iya hana mugun kimiyya buga ba, abin da ake buƙata shi ne a buɗe, mai ƙarfi, da jawaban kimiyya. Wannan ita ce kadai hanyar neman gaskiyar kimiyya.

Ginshikai Hudu Don Hanyar Gaba

Me za a yi game da lamarin? Ana iya gina hanyar gaba akan ginshiƙai huɗu:

  1. Bude damar shiga, domin duk masana kimiyya da kowa a cikin jama'a za su iya karanta labaran kimiyya.
  2. Bude sharhin takwarorinsu wanda kowa zai iya karantawa a lokaci guda yayin da suke karanta labarai, wanda mai bitar ya sa hannu.
  3. Bayar da lada ga masu bita tare da karramawa da amincewar jama'a don muhimmin aikinsu.
  4. Cire ƙofofin labari, barin masana kimiyyar ƙungiyar su buga duk sakamakon binciken su cikin ɓangarorin lokaci da inganci.

Tuni akwai motsi a waɗannan kwatance. Bude damar shiga ya shahara tsakanin masana kimiyya kuma jama'a suna yabawa.

Wasu mujallu, kamar su British Medical Journal, Magungunan PLoS, da kuma eLife, suna amfani da buɗaɗɗen bita na tsara don labaran da aka karɓa, a wasu lokuta suna ɓoye shi ko sanya shi na zaɓi. Yayin da ba safai ake yin aiki ba, wasu mujallun suna da dogon al'adar raka wasu labaran bincikensu tare da sharhi da marubucin sake shiga.

An yi jayayya cewa ya kamata a biya masu bitar takwarorinsu, amma ba ra'ayin da ya tashi ba tukuna.

The Ayyukan Kwalejin Kimiyya na kasa sun kasance suna da tsarin da aka ba wa membobin makarantar damar buga binciken su ba tare da bitar takwarorinsu ba ko kuma kiyaye ƙofofin labarin, amma an yi watsi da hakan don neman bitar takwarorinsu na duniya.

Idan mujallolin kimiyya sun canza zuwa samfurin wallafe-wallafe bisa ga ginshiƙai huɗu na sama, wane tasiri da fa'idar hakan zai yi ga masu karatu, wallafe-wallafen masana kimiyya, masu bita, jami'o'i, da hukumomin bayar da kuɗi?

Fa'idodi ga Masu Karatu

Amfanin buɗe ido ga masu karatu a bayyane yake, musamman ga jama'a, likitoci, da masana kimiyya waɗanda ba su da damar shiga babban ɗakin karatu na jami'a.

Hakazalika, masu karatu za su amfana sosai daga bitar takwarorinsu, ta yadda za su iya karanta abin da wasu masana kimiyya ke tunani game da binciken da suke karantawa. A cikin 1990s, mujallar da na fi so ita ce Kimiyyar kididdiga daga Cibiyar Kididdigar Lissafi. Tare da labaran bincikensu da aka buga, wannan mujalla ta kan buga sharhin wasu masana kimiyya da haɗin gwiwar marubuci. A matsayina na matashin masanin kimiyya, wannan ya ba ni haske mai kima game da tsarin tunanin kimiyya na manyan masana kimiyya da ƙwararrun masana, gami da da yawa daga cikin ƙwararrun masana kididdiga a duniya. Buɗe bitar takwarorinsu na iya samun irin wannan tasiri a cikin jerin labaran bincike da yawa.

Cire ƙofofin labarin kuma na iya amfanar masu karatu, musamman waɗanda ba masana kimiyya ba. Yanzu sun karanta labarin da ’yan’uwa suka yi bita, ba tare da sanin cewa wasu mujallu sun yi watsi da shi sau da yawa ba, kuma ba tare da samun damar karanta sharhin da ya sa aka ƙi labarin ba. Ga masu karatu, da zai fi kyau idan mujallar farko ta buga labarin tare da sake dubawa mara kyau na asali. Wato, yayin da ake ganin bai dace ba, cire ƙofofin labarin yana da mahimmanci musamman ga rauni ko bincike mai cike da shakku, matuƙar yana tafiya kafada-da-kafada tare da bitar ƴan uwansu.

Tsarin bita da aka dade na yanzu yana da illa ga masu karatu. Wannan gaskiya ne musamman a wani yanki kamar kiwon lafiyar jama'a, inda cututtukan cututtuka da sauran matsalolin kiwon lafiya ke buƙatar fahimta da sauri.

Amfanin Buga Masana Kimiyya

Buga sau da yawa wani tsari ne da aka zana kuma yana da wahala ga masana kimiyya, suna ba da lokaci mai mahimmanci da za a iya amfani da su don bincike na gaske. Lokacin da aka ƙi rubutun hannu, dole ne a daidaita shi, a tsara shi, kuma a ƙaddamar da shi ga mujalla ta gaba. Lokacin da aka karɓa, ana iya buƙatar sake dubawa da yawa.

Yayin da yawancin sharhin masu bita ke haifar da ingantattun nau'ikan rubutun rubuce-rubucen, sauran maganganun sun fi kyau kuma sun fi dacewa da su ta hanyar musayar ra'ayi tare da mai bita ta hanyar yin amfani da bitar takwarorinsu buɗe. Haka kuma, idan aka sami sabani, ya kamata masana kimiyya su sami ‘yancin ilimi don bayyana ra’ayoyinsu game da bincikensu, yayin da masu bita ya kamata su sami ‘yancin ilimi don buga mabanbantan ra’ayinsu.

Bita masu inganci da rashin alheri ba duniya ba ne, kuma kowane masanin kimiyya ya sami ɗan takaici game da sake dubawa. Tare da sa hannun da aka buga da sake dubawa ta tsara, ana ƙarfafa tunani, gaskiya, da kuma bita mai inganci, yayin da rashin tunani, gaggauto, rashin fahimta, da sake dubawa ba a hana.

Amfani ga Masu dubawa

Jaruman kimiyya masu natsuwa sune masana kimiyya da yawa waɗanda ba a san su ba waɗanda suka himmatu wajen rubuta bita-da-kulli da fahimi don ɗimbin labarai da mujallu. Ana yin hakan ne saboda jin daɗin aikin da kuma son iliminsu. Don wannan, masu dubawa sun cancanci samun lada da kuma yarda da su. Duk da yake bazai biya su cikakke ba don lokacin da ake ɗauka don rubuta kyakkyawan bita na takwarorinsu, masu bitar mujallolin sun cancanci aƙalla lambar yabo ta musamman don aikinsu mai mahimmanci, kamar masu bitar kyauta. Mafi mahimmanci, ya kamata su sami karɓuwa ga jama'a don fa'idodi masu mahimmanci da sharhi da suke bayarwa, ta hanyar sa hannun buɗaɗɗen ra'ayoyin takwarorinsu waɗanda kowane masanin kimiyya zai iya karantawa kuma waɗanda za su iya ƙarawa ga tsarin karatunsu.

Amfanin Jami'o'i da Cibiyoyin Bincike

Tare da ƙwararrun masana kimiyya, Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a tana son duk membobinta su buga duk binciken da suke samarwa. Hakanan ya kamata ya kasance ga jami'o'i, cibiyoyin bincike, da hukumomin bincike na gwamnati. Idan ba haka ba, tun da farko bai kamata a dauke su aiki ba. Daga hangen ma'aikaci, menene manufar ƙofofin labarin, lokacin da kawai ya jinkirta lokacin da aka yada binciken?

Manufar kawai ita ce idan an yi amfani da sunan jarida a matsayin abin maye don ingancin labarin. Don barin jarida, ko tasirin tasirin sa, ƙayyade ingancin labarin binciken mutum ba kimiyya ba ne, ko da yake. Ga masu daukar ma'aikata, yana da hikima idan haɓaka ikon koyarwarsu da kwamitocin daukar ma'aikata sun ƙayyade inganci ta hanyar kimanta ainihin labarin bincike. Ana yin wannan, ba shakka, sau da yawa, ta amfani da wani nau'i na bita na ciki, amma ana iya haɓaka shi ta hanyar bita na ƙwararru na waje. Wani lokaci a kan hanya, jami'o'i na iya ma buƙatar malamansu ba kawai su buga a cikin mujallun da aka bita ba amma a cikin mujallu na bita na tsara.

Dakunan karatu na jami'a suna kashe kuɗi da yawa akan biyan kuɗin mujallu na kimiyya. Har ila yau, suna biyan kuɗin buga littattafai don buɗe jaridu don tabbatar da cewa binciken da aka yi zai iya karantawa ga kowa. Yin amfani da waɗannan kuɗaɗen cikin hikima shi ne biyan kuɗi don ingantaccen nazari na waje na binciken da jami'a ke samarwa, kuma hanya ɗaya ta yin hakan ita ce ta buɗe mujallu na bita na tsara.

Amfani ga Hukumomin Tallafawa

Hukumomin ba da kuɗi ya kamata su so a buga duk binciken da suke bayarwa, gami da abin da ake kira nazari mara kyau. Ba kome a cikin ayyukan binciken da suke ba da kuɗi aka buga a cikin mujallu. Abin da ke da muhimmanci shi ne, ana buga shi a kan kari ba tare da jinkiri ba, ta yadda sauran masana kimiyya za su ci gaba da ci gaba a kai. Daga wannan hangen nesa, ɓata lokaci ne lokacin da abin da ake kira manyan mujallu suka ƙi rubuce-rubucen rubuce-rubuce kafin a buga su a ƙarshe.

Yawancin hukumomin bayar da kuɗaɗe suna ƙyale masana kimiyya suyi amfani da kuɗin tallafi don biyan kuɗin bugawa ga mujallu. Idan aka kwatanta da ayyukan da aka riga aka buga kamar medRxiv, ƙarin ƙimar da waɗannan mujallun ke bayarwa shine bita na takwarorinsu. Amma hukumomin bayar da kudade ba a yarda su ga bitar da suka biya ba. Shin binciken ya yi nasara ko gazawa? Me za a iya yi mafi kyau? Shin yakamata masanan su sami ƙarin kuɗi don yin ƙarin bincike? Shin ya kamata su ci gaba da ba da tallafin irin wannan aikin ko kuma a maimakon haka su mai da hankali kan wasu wuraren bincike? Tare da buɗaɗɗen bita na takwarorinsu, hukumomin ba da kuɗi za su sami kima na waje na binciken da suke bayarwa.

Tabbacin Ra'ayi: Jaridar Cibiyar Nazarin Lafiyar Jama'a

Tare da sanannen hukumar edita daga ko'ina cikin duniya, Gidauniyar RealClear mai zaman kanta tana kan gaba wajen haɓaka wannan sabon ƙirar ɗaba'ar. Yanzu yana ƙaddamar da buɗaɗɗen shiga da buɗaɗɗen bita na takwarorinsu Jaridar Cibiyar Nazarin Lafiya ta Jama'a, Inda aka biya masu bita kuma an yarda da su don muhimmin aikin su, kuma inda kowane memba na Kwalejin zai iya buga duk wani binciken lafiyar lafiyar jama'a da sauri ba tare da ƙofofin labarin ba.

Mujalla guda ɗaya ce kawai digo a cikin tekun wallafe-wallafen kimiyya, kuma ba za ta iya hidima ga duk masana kimiyya a duk fannonin ilimi ba. Fatan ita ce wannan sabuwar mujalla ta za ta zaburar da sauran mujallu makamancin su don fitowa a cikin dukkanin kimiyya. Ƙungiyoyin kimiyya, jami'o'i, cibiyoyin bincike, da hukumomin ba da tallafi na iya ƙaddamar da sababbin mujallu ko sake fasalin waɗanda suke da su ga membobinsu, malamai, ko masu ba da tallafi. Babban fata shi ne cewa kowane masanin kimiyya zai sami aƙalla mujallar irin wannan don ƙaddamar da rubuce-rubucen rubuce-rubucen su, ko jami'arsu, cibiyar bincike, hukumar ba da kuɗi, ko ƙungiyar kimiyya ta buga.

Idan wannan binciken ya burge ku a cikin wallafe-wallafen kimiyya, da fatan za a bincika shi, sake duba shi, sake maimaita shi, keɓance shi, har ma da haɓaka shi.

References

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An sake buga shi daga Jaridar Cibiyar Nazarin Lafiya ta Jama'a 


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Mawallafi

  • Martin Kulldorff

    Martin Kulldorff masanin cututtukan cututtuka ne kuma masanin halittu. Shi Farfesa ne na Magunguna a Jami'ar Harvard (a kan hutu) kuma Fellow a Kwalejin Kimiyya da 'Yanci. Bincikensa ya mayar da hankali kan barkewar cututtuka da kuma lura da rigakafin rigakafi da amincin magunguna, wanda ya samar da SaTScan, TreeScan, da software na RSequential kyauta. Co-Marubucin Babban Sanarwa na Barrington.

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Gudummawa A Yau

Tallafin kuɗin ku na Cibiyar Brownstone yana zuwa don tallafawa marubuta, lauyoyi, masana kimiyya, masana tattalin arziki, da sauran mutane masu jaruntaka waɗanda aka tsarkake su da sana'a da gudun hijira a lokacin tashin hankalin zamaninmu. Kuna iya taimakawa wajen fitar da gaskiya ta hanyar aikin da suke gudana.

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