Bayan 'yan shekarun da suka gabata, Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) mutum-mutumi, DNA sequencers, da kwamfutoci masu sauri sun haɓaka kuma suna tare da juyin juya halin kimiyya a cikin ilimin ƙwayoyin cuta. Yarda da wannan gagarumin sauyi, wasu ƙwararrun malamai sun faɗakar da al'ummarsu ta kimiya akan wani mummunan rashi daga binciken ilimin halittu, cututtuka, da yiwuwar cututtuka, tare da gano kwayar cutar ta hanyar gwaji. "A taƙaice", Calisher da al. (2001),
ci gaba na ban mamaki a cikin kwayoyin halittar kwayoyin halitta sun ba da damar gano ainihin ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta da kuma kwayoyin halittarsu cikin sauri; duk da haka, irin waɗannan halayen ya zuwa yanzu na iya ba da taƙaitaccen bayani game da nau'in halitta da yuwuwar cutar ƙwayar cuta.
An lura da takardar matsayinsu kuma jagoran marubucinta, Farfesa Charles H. Calisher, ya kasance hira ta Kimiyya (Enserink 2001):
Godiya ga dabaru irin su PCR da jerin abubuwa, dakunan gwaje-gwaje a ko'ina na iya yin gwaje-gwaje masu girma na batir na ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin sa'o'i kaɗan. Ko da yake duk abin da ke da ban tsoro, in ji Calisher, jerin haruffan DNA a cikin bankin bayanai ba su faɗi kaɗan ko ba komai game da yadda ƙwayar cuta ke ƙaruwa, wacce dabbobi ke ɗauke da ita, yadda take sa mutane rashin lafiya, ko kuma ƙwayoyin rigakafi ga wasu ƙwayoyin cuta na iya kare ta. Yin nazarin jeri kawai, in ji Calisher, "kamar ƙoƙarin faɗin ko wani yana da warin baki ta hanyar kallon sawun yatsa."
Batun asali da Calisher et al. (2001) shi ne cewa, ba tare da kammala gwajin kwayoyin halitta tare da bayanan phenotypic da epidemiologic ba, "zai fi wuya a fahimta da yaki da kwayar cutar mai haɗari ta gaba da ta zo tare" (Enserink 2001). Ma'ana, ra'ayoyin 'miasma' da 'germ' yakamata su tafi tare, suna daidaita juna.
Calisher et al. (2001)' da'awar ta tabbatar da annabci sosai. Wannan batu ya girgiza harsashin da babban tsarin kula da cutar ta COVID-19 ya dogara da shi. Da zarar an gano kwayar cutar, gwajin inganci ya haɗu da rashin lafiya. Kuma an ba da shawarar gwajin yawan jama'a kuma an tura shi cikin wani yunƙuri mai yuwuwa don gano yaduwar ƙwayar cuta a ainihin lokacin. A ranar 9 ga Maris, 2022, WHO sabunta sake kiransa na gwajin yawan jama'a:
WHO ta damu cewa kasashe da yawa suna rage gwaji sosai. Wannan yana hana mu iya ganin inda kwayar cutar take, yadda take yaduwa da kuma yadda take tasowa. Gwaji ya kasance kayan aiki mai mahimmanci a yakinmu da cutar, a matsayin wani bangare na ingantacciyar dabara.
Wannan hanya ta dogara ne akan girman kai da za mu iya tattara cikakken hoto na abin da ke gudana a ainihin lokacin, har ma da tsinkayar shi ta lokaci da sarari (Biondi 2021). Hakazalika, an ba da shawarar allurar rigakafin cutar da kuma tura shi don kawar da kamuwa da cutar da kuma dakatar da yaduwar kwayar cutar, ta hanyar nuna wariya ga waɗanda ba a yi musu allurar a lokuta da yawa.
Don duka gwaje-gwajen taro da allurar rigakafi, an yi watsi da ainihin yanayin likita da yanayin cututtukan annoba. Saboda haka, tambaya mai mahimmanci ba ta kasance ba: Lokacin da aka gwada inganci, shin da gaske kuna rashin lafiya?
Yin la'akari da Calisher et al. (2001), Gwajin inganci ba lallai bane ya nuna rashin lafiya ko rashin lafiya. A taƙaice, mun kasance muna kirga abubuwan da ake kira 'lauka' ta hanyar gwada ɓangarorin mutanen da ke ɗauke da gutsuttsuran ƙwayar cuta ta COVID-19 a cikin sashin numfashi na sama. Amma wannan yanayin bai gaya mana da yawa game da yanayin rashin lafiyar su ba, ko kuma dalilan kwantar da su asibiti ko mutuwarsu (Biondi 2021).
Da farko dai, dabarun gwaji ba su da kyau. Tare da ƙananan ƙwayar cuta (misali 1%), gwaji tare da 99% hankali da 99% ƙayyadaddun ƙila zai iya haifar da ƙimar tsinkayar 50% kawai (tare da abin da ya faru 10%, 90.91% tabbataccen ƙima). Haka kuma, robots na PCR suna buƙatar daidaitawa, tare da mafi girman ƙimar ƙima suna ƙara haɓaka tare da kasancewar aiki na hoto ko bidiyo mai zagaya yanar gizo da sauri a cikin rundunar.
Sai kawai lokacin da ingantaccen gwajin gwaji ya zama tabbataccen gaske, yana iya nuna cewa kwayar cutar tana nan a raye. Amma wannan kasancewar ba ya nufin cewa mai masaukinsa ba shi da lafiya ko kuma zai yi rashin lafiya. A yawancin shari'o'in COVID-19, babu wani rashin lafiya da aka haɓaka (tabbas godiya ga kariyar garkuwar jiki gabaɗaya), ko kuma ɓoyayyiyar cuta da ba ta nuna alamun (abin da ake kira shari'ar asymptomatic), ko kuma wata ƙaramar cuta da za ta iya zama ba a san ta ba (sai dai idan gwaji ya tsoratar da mai masaukinsa fiye da dalili).
A cikin sauran lokuta, rashin lafiya mai tsanani na iya tasowa, yana buƙatar kulawar likita da kuma nuna shaidar likita na cututtuka. Tun daga ƙarshen bazara na 2020, an sami bayanan ƙididdiga da na likita waɗanda ke nuna waɗanne mutane ne masu rauni sannan kuma suka fallasa cikin haɗari mai tsanani. A zahiri, haɓakar rashin lafiya mai tsanani da sakamako mai tsanani an iyakance shi ga ɗan ƙaramin rabo na yawan jama'a, mafi yawan 'la'o'i' ba su wanzu, masu laushi ko asymptomatic.
Don haka, duka gwaje-gwaje da allurar rigakafin za a iya ba da su ga waɗannan mutane masu rauni, muddin aka tattara munanan abubuwan da suka faru daga allurar kuma an bincika su sosai, don baiwa likitoci damar ba da shawara kan fa'idodin allurar rigakafin a matakin mutum ɗaya. Wannan madadin hanyar ta dogara ne akan ingantaccen izini da mutunta haƙƙoƙin asali (Biondi 2022a).
Misali, bisa ga Sabuwar Jagorar Gwajin COVID-19 na Sashen Lafiya na Florida (Zurfin Lafiya na Florida 2022):
A ƙarshe, tunanin idan muka gwada sanyi duk mutanen da ake kwantar da su a asibitoci. Tabbas muna iya samun raƙuman yanayi na mutanen da ke kwance a asibiti tare da sanyi, amma wannan yanayin na ƙarshe ba zai ƙara wani bayani mai dacewa game da yanayin lafiyarsu na sirri don dalilai na lafiyar jama'a ba.
Duk da yake neman tuntuɓar juna da keɓewa na iya zama mahimmanci ga wasu cututtuka masu yaduwa, ba shi da amfani kuma mara amfani ga cututtukan gama gari kamar mura da Covid-19. Harka ta kasance kawai idan mutum ba shi da lafiya. Gwajin yawan jama'a asymptomatic da marasa rauni suna da illa ga lafiyar jama'a, mara amfani da tsada (Biondi 2022b).
Wata hanyar kula da lafiyar jama'a na iya neman mayar da hankali ga kariya ga mutane masu rauni, gami da ta hanyar kamfen na rigakafi na son rai, yayin da dogaro da riga-kafi na rigakafi da riga-kafi na halitta ga waɗanda ba su da rauni.
References
Calisher, CH et al. (2001), Ganewar Arboviruses da Wasu ƙwayoyin cuta masu Haihuwa Rodent: Sake kimanta yanayin, Cututtuka masu tasowa, Vol. 7, Na 4, Yuli-Agusta, shafi na 756-8
Enserink, M. (2001), Tsohon Guard Ya Bukaci Masana ilimin Halittu Don Koma ga Mahimmanci, Kimiyya, vol. 293, ba. 5527, 6 Yuli 2001, shafi na 24-5
Sashen Lafiya na Florida (2022), Ofishin Babban Likitan Jiha Janar Joseph A. Ladapo, Jagorar Gwaji don COVID-19, Janairu 6, 2022.
Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya - WHO (2022), Jawabin bude babban darekta na WHO a taron manema labarai kan COVID-19 da Ukraine - 9 Maris 2022, Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus.
Karin Karatu
- Biondi, Yuri (2021). "Asusun Lissafi don Cutar Kwayar cuta: Lambobi masu Kyau don Gudanarwa da Manufofin," Accounting, Economics, and Law: A Convivium, vol. 11, ba. 3, 2021, shafi na 277-291.
- Biondi, Yuri (2022a). "Taswirar da ta dace don yanke shawarar rigakafin", Fabrairu 13, 2022. Linkedin Blog
- Biondi, Yuri (2022b). "Yadda gudanar da cututtuka ke haɓaka kashe kuɗi", Fabrairu 7, 2022, Linkedin Blog.
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Yuri Biondi Babban Babban Jami'in Bincike ne a Cibiyar Nazarin Kimiyya ta Ƙasa ta Faransa.
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