Prairie voles ba ana nufin tafiya ta rayuwa kaɗai ba. Ga waɗanda ba su sami gata na haɗuwa da ɗaya ba, ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan rodent ɗin ɗan adam ce mai sarrafa kansa zuwa ciyayi na tsakiyar sassan Arewacin Amurka kuma mafi kyawun siffata a matsayin gerbils masu kamanni masu ruɗi. Abin ciye-ciye da aka fi so na coyotes, shaho, da sauran halittun daji marasa adadi, prairie vole shima masana ilimin kimiya na zamani da neuroscientists suna ƙauna. Saboda shigarsu cikin ɗabi'a gabaɗaya ana ɗaukarsu da wuya a cikin dabbobi masu shayarwa - wato auren mace ɗaya da kulawar mahaifa - ana la'akari da su. m model kwayoyin ga masu sha'awar ilimin halitta na zamantakewa.
Shekaru masu bincike sun yi nazarin prairie voles don ƙarin fahimtar hanyoyin jijiyoyi da endocrin da ke tasiri ga waɗannan halayen. Bayan lokaci, wasu sun zo don tambayar abin da zai faru idan ka ɗauki ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan rodents ɗin jama'a sosai kuma ka sanya shi a keɓe.
Wane tasiri na ɗabi'a da ilimin halittar jiki wannan zai yi akan vole na prairie? Nawa za a iya fitar da su daga irin waɗannan gwaje-gwajen game da mutane? Menene sakamakon zai nufi ga yaron marar abota? Baligi mai matsakaicin shekaru yana gwagwarmayar haɗawa a cikin duniyar da yanke haɗin gwiwa shine al'ada? Gwauruwar ko wacce aka kashe? Babban da aka manta?
Lokacin da masu bincike suka gudanar da gwaje-gwajen warewar zamantakewa a kan prairie voles, sakamakon yana faɗi, amma ba abin mamaki bane. A takaice, waɗannan dabbobin zamantakewa sun bayyana sun sami rayuwa a keɓe maimakon damuwa. Gaba ɗaya masu yawa gwaje-gwajen, prairie voles da aka keɓe a keɓance, sabanin abokin aure ko ma ɗan'uwan jinsi ɗaya, da nuna alamomin hali na damuwa da damuwa, tsarin damuwa mara kyau, da rashin aiki na zuciya da jijiyoyin jini. Wani lokaci sun nuna alamun rashin aiki na tsarin rigakafi kuma. Gudunmawar kaina ga wannan layin aiki na ba da shawarar su ma nuna damuwa zuwa ga metaboloms da gut microbiomes nuni na pre-ciwon sukari ko Type 2 ciwon sukari da.
A cikin mutane, muna yawan ganin alamu iri ɗaya, kodayake fassarar bayanai daga mutane game da sakamakon kiwon lafiya na keɓancewa na zamantakewa yana da ɗan wayo fiye da fassarar bayanan dabbobi. Ware mutane na tsawon lokaci gabaɗaya an yi la'akari da rashin ɗa'a saboda dalilai na zahiri don haka yana hana gwaje-gwajen da suka dace. Har ila yau, ga mutane, akwai muhimmin bambanci tsakanin ainihin jihohin keɓewar zamantakewa da abubuwan da suka shafi kaɗaici.
Mutumin da ke zaune shi kadai a cikin dazuzzuka da ke shiga gari sau daya a wata domin mu’amalar da ya samu mai ma’ana, zai iya zama kasa kadaici fiye da wanda ke zaune a babban birni da ke shiga ofis a kowace rana inda yake jin ba’a da na kusa da su. Duk da haka, an nuna cewa mutane masu kaɗaici suna cikin haɗarin haɗari bakin ciki da damuwa, cututtukan zuciya da bugun jini, Da kuma Rubuta ciwon sukari na 2. Gabaɗaya, sun saba zama a a mafi girma hadarin na mutuwa da wuri.
Dalilin da muke ganin waɗannan cututtukan a cikin keɓancewar prairie voles da mutane kaɗaici yana da sauƙi a wasu hanyoyi, kodayake hadaddun lokaci guda. Ga dabbobi masu shayarwa na zamantakewa (da kuma wataƙila sauran dabbobin zamantakewa), ana iya fuskantar wariyar jama'a azaman barazanar rayuwa a matakin neurophysiological. Wannan yana haifar da amsa damuwa. Don haka, idan aka dawwama, za a iya ɗaukar tsawaita keɓancewar zamantakewa a matsayin wani nau'i na damuwa na yau da kullun, wanda zai iya ɗaukar nauyi ga mutum fiye da idan barazanar ko damuwa ta daɗe kawai.
Don samar da a cikawa hoto na wannan tsari, damuwa a cikin dabbobi masu shayarwa suna aiki ta hanyar tsarin guda biyu: hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis da tsarin jin dadi mai tausayi. Game da na farko, sassan kwakwalwa da ke cikin babban aikin fahimi da ƙididdigar barazanar, ciki har da cortex na prefrontal da sassan tsarin limbic kamar amygdala da hippocampus, aika bayanai zuwa wani ɓangare na kwakwalwa, hypothalamus, wanda ke taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen daidaita tsarin tsarin endocrine.
Dangane da barazanar da ake gani ko damuwa daban-daban, hypothalamus yana fitar da hormone corticotropin-releasing (CRH), wanda ke motsa sakin adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) ta glandan pituitary. ACTH sai yayi aiki akan glandon adrenal, wanda, bi da bi, ya saki hormone glucocorticoid: cortisol a cikin mutane, corticosterone a cikin prairie voles.
Wannan hormone na glucocorticoid sannan yana rinjayar ayyuka da yawa na ilimin lissafin jiki, gami da waɗanda ke da alaƙa da metabolism na kwayoyin halitta da tsarin zuciya na zuciya. Glucocorticoid hormones kuma suna ba da muhimmiyar hanyar mayar da martani mara kyau don murkushe sakin CRH da ACTCH ta hanyar yin aiki akan hippocampus, hypothalamus, da pituitary.
Game da tsarin juyayi mai juyayi, wannan tsarin yana aiki, a wani ɓangare, ta hanyar yin aiki a kan glandon adrenal, yana ƙarfafa sakin epinephrine da kuma haifar da sakamako na ilimin lissafi gabaɗaya tare da amsawar yaƙi-ko-tashi kamar haɓakar bugun zuciya da haɓaka matakan glucose na jini. A cikin mutane masu lafiya, aikin tsarin juyayi mai juyayi yana cikin wasu hanyoyi ana kiyaye shi ta hanyar tsarin jin daɗin parasympathetic.
Damuwa na yau da kullun, duk da haka, na iya rushe aikin waɗannan tsarin amsa damuwa. Hanyoyin amsa mara kyau na axis na HPA na iya zama ƙasa da inganci. Haɓaka matakan glucocorticoid na iya haifar da juriya na glucocorticoid. Daga cikin sauran sakamakon, Kwayoyin rigakafi waɗanda suka saba danne ayyukan ƙwayoyin cuta masu kumburi suna rasa ikon yin hakan kamar yadda suka saba. Sakamakon haka, ana samun karuwar matakai masu kumburi waɗanda ke taka rawa a cikin abubuwa kamar Nau'in ciwon sukari na 2, atherosclerosis, neurodegeneration, da ciwon daji.
Hakazalika, ayyukan tsarin juyayi na tausayi na iya kasancewa akai-akai. Ayyukan parasympathetic yana raguwa. A cikin keɓancewar jama'a prairie voles, martani na tausayi kamar ƙara yawan bugun zuciya bayan fallasa ga ƙarin damuwa fiye da keɓewa na iya zama mafi girma da tsayi fiye da dabbobin da aka haɗa. Bugu da ƙari, akwai wasu alamu cewa keɓancewar prairie voles na iya rasa ikon su na bambanta tsakanin mahalli masu damuwa da marasa damuwa.
Yin mafi muni, aƙalla ga keɓewa da masu kaɗaici, a cikin hulɗar zamantakewar dabbobi masu shayarwa na iya haifar da tasirin wasu matsalolin, mai yiwuwa ta hanyar ayyukan neurohormone da aka sani da oxytocin. A ciki gwaje-gwaje daban-daban, An nuna oxytocin don canza yanayin neuroendocrine da aikin zuciya na zuciya, ƙara yawan kulawar parasympathetic na zuciya, kuma yana da kayan anti-mai kumburi.
A wasu kalmomi, oxytocin na iya magancewa ko sake dawo da tsarin amsawar damuwa. Duk da haka, ga mutum keɓe ko kaɗaici, abubuwan da ke tattare da ƙarin damuwa fiye da keɓewar su mai yiwuwa za su sanya su cikin matsayi na ba kawai samun ƙarin tushen damuwa ba, har ma da rashin iya jurewa da shi fiye da yadda za su kasance idan ba su kadai ba.
Bisa ga wasu nau'o'in cututtuka, sakamakon matsalolin matsalolin da yawa na iya zama masu tarawa, tare da ƙara yawan damuwa da ke haifar da haɗarin yanayi daga ciki zuwa ciwon daji. Mai yiwuwa, fuskantar su a keɓe ba ya taimaka wa damar da mutum zai iya kawar da waɗannan cututtuka.
A ilimi, a kimiyance, da kuma likitanci, fahimtar wannan ya haifar da tambayoyi iri-iri masu ban sha'awa game da yadda salon rayuwar mutum, aiki, ko yanayin rayuwa zai iya yin tasiri ga lafiyarsa gaba ɗaya ko haɗarin wata cuta. Ya haifar da tambayoyi game da menene kasancewar ƙaƙƙarfan alaƙar zamantakewa a cikin rayuwar mutum na iya haifar da haɗarinsu na wasu kaddara. Ya tayar da tambayoyi game da menene rashin irin wannan haɗin gwiwar zai iya nufi ga yaron marar abota. Baligi mai matsakaicin shekaru yana gwagwarmayar haɗawa a cikin duniyar da yanke haɗin gwiwa shine al'ada. Matar da mijinta ya rasu. Babban da aka manta.
Duk da haka, da aka ba da duk abin da ya faru a lokacin Cutar Cutar, fahimtar dangantakar dake tsakanin damuwa, kaɗaici, da haɗin gwiwar zamantakewa kuma yana haifar da tambayoyi da suka bambanta da wannan batu a tarihi.
Menene tasirin kiwon lafiya na ƙarfafawa, tilastawa, da tilastawa mutane da yawa cikin jihohin keɓewar zaman jama'a na tsawon lokaci tare da sanya musu tsananin tsoro da jefa musu rashin tabbas na tattalin arziki da wahala? Menene sakamakon dogon lokaci na wannan zai zama? Kuma ta yaya masana lafiyar al'umma ba za su yi la'akari da cewa yin hakan ga dabbobi masu shayarwa ba zai iya cutar da lafiyarsu?
Idan aka yi la’akari da gazawarsu a wannan fanni, mutum zai iya fatan cewa kafin annoba ta gaba, wasu ƙwararrun ƙwararrun lafiyar jama’armu na iya sanin ƙaƙƙarfan tashin hankali.
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Daniel Nuccio yana da digiri na biyu a cikin ilimin halin dan Adam da ilmin halitta. A halin yanzu, yana neman digiri na uku a fannin ilmin halitta a Jami'ar Arewacin Illinois yana nazarin dangantakar dangi-microbe. Hakanan mai ba da gudummawa ne na yau da kullun ga Kwalejin Fix inda ya yi rubutu game da COVID, lafiyar hankali, da sauran batutuwa.
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