Dokar hana zirga-zirga, wacce aka sanya ranar 21 ga Janairu, 2021 a zaman wani bangare na kwanaki 100 na rufe fuska don murkushe kwayar cutar, wanda kuma ya yanke hukuncin zirga-zirga a cikin kasar sama da shekara guda, an rushe shi a Kotun Tarayya: Asusun Kare 'Yancin Lafiya, Inc. vs. Joseph R. Biden, Case A'a: 8:21-cv-1693-KKM-AEP, Alkali Kathryn Kimball Mizelle ta jagoranci da rubuta ra'ayi.
Wannan yana nufin cewa a duk tsawon wannan lokacin, an tilasta wa fasinjoji da ma'aikatan sufuri bin umarnin, aiwatar da hukuncin laifuka, wanda ya sabawa doka. An yi wa miliyoyin mutane barazana, cin zarafi, tashin hankali, hayaniya, jefar da motocin bas, jiragen kasa, da jirage - har ma da yara kanana da karfi da yaji kamar yadda aka yi tir da iyayensu - alhali ita kanta gwamnatin tarayya ce ta taka doka.
Alaska, Amurkawa, Kudu maso Yamma, Delta, da United Airlines duk sun sanar a cikin sa'o'i kadan cewa ba za su kara aiwatar da dokar rufe fuska ba. Amtrak da duk sauran kamfanonin jiragen sama sun shiga. Dokar hana zirga-zirga ta tafi yadda ya kamata, biyo bayan tsawon watanni 16 na aiwatar da wani doka da aka ayyana a matsayin haramtacce.
The New York Times, wanda ya yi gyare-gyare don goyon bayan umarnin da aka yanke a yanzu. comments: “Har yanzu, hukuncin ya zo a daidai lokacin da sabbin cututtukan coronavirus ke sake tashi sosai….” – wanda ya kafa wani zagaye na farfaganda don zargi alkali da tashin hankali na yanayi.
Dukan hukuncin yana kunshe a ƙasa kuma an cire shi a nan.
Kamar yadda aka tunasar da matafiya sama da shekara guda, dokar tarayya ta buƙaci sanya abin rufe fuska a filayen jirgin sama, tashoshin jirgin ƙasa, da sauran wuraren sufuri da kuma a cikin jiragen sama, bas, jiragen ƙasa, da galibin sauran abubuwan jigilar jama'a a Amurka. Rashin yin biyayya zai iya haifar da hukunce-hukuncen farar hula da na laifi, gami da cirewa daga isarwa. Wannan buƙatun abin rufe fuska - wanda aka fi sani da Dokar Maski - ƙa'idar Cibiyar Kula da Cututtuka ce (CDC) wacce aka buga a cikin Rijistar Tarayya a ranar 3 ga Fabrairu, 2021….
A cikin shekaru biyu da suka gabata, CDC ta samo a cikin § 264 (a) ikon rufe masana'antar jirgin ruwa, dakatar da masu gidaje daga korar masu haya waɗanda ba su biya hayar su ba, kuma suna buƙatar mutanen da ke amfani da jigilar jama'a su sanya abin rufe fuska. Kotuna sun kammala cewa biyun farko na waɗannan matakan sun zarce ikon doka na CDC a ƙarƙashin §264. …
Har yanzu dai babu wata kotu da ta yanke hukunci kan halaccin na ukun. A farkon ja, ya bayyana yana da alaƙa da kusanci da ikon da aka bayar a cikin§ 264(a) fiye da ko dai tsarin jirgin ruwa ko dakatarwar korar. Amma bayan tsauraran bincike na doka, Kotun ta yanke hukuncin cewa§ 264(a) ba ta ba CDC izinin ba da Dokar Mask….
Kamar yadda jerin ayyuka suka nuna, gwamnatin tarayya ta yi amfani da ikon keɓewa a al'adance ta iyakance ga matakan kawar da cututtuka da aka yi amfani da su ga mutane da abubuwan da ake zargin suna ɗauke da cuta…. Ko da yake gwamnati ta taɓa yarda cewa § 264 (a) kawai "ƙarfafa da daidaitawa" wannan tarihin, duba id., Yanzu ta sami ikon da ya wuce shi zuwa matakan rigakafin yawan jama'a kamar buƙatun abin rufe fuska na duniya waɗanda ke aiki har ma a cikin saitunan tare da ƙarancin alaƙa da cutar tsakanin jihohi, kamar motocin bas da Ubers. Irin wannan ma'anar tana canza shigo da tarihi da kuma ayyukan Jihohi da gwamnatin tarayya….
Kishiyar sakin sharadi shine "tsare" ko "keɓewa." Duk wanda ya ƙi yarda da yanayin sanya abin rufe fuska - a wata ma'ana - ana tsare shi ko kuma an keɓe shi da wani yanki ta hanyar keɓe shi daga tashar isar da kayayyaki ko jigilar kayayyaki a ƙarƙashin ikon Mask. An tilasta musu cire su daga kujerun jirginsu, an hana su shiga a matattakalar bas, sannan a karkatar da su a kofar tashar jirgin-duk bisa zargin za su yada wata cuta. Tabbas, Dokar Mask tana ɗaukar ƙananan hukumomi, ma'aikatan filin jirgin sama, ma'aikatan jirgin sama, har ma da direbobin masu hawa don aiwatar da waɗannan matakan cirewa.
A taƙaice, an tauye yancinsu na motsi ta hanyar da ta dace da tsarewa da keɓewa. Dubi KAmus na DOKAR BLACK's (11th 2019) (ma'anar "tsarewa" a matsayin "karewa ko jinkirin dole" da "keɓewa," a matsayin "keɓe mutum ... tare da cututtuka masu yaduwa ko rigakafin irin wannan mutum ... daga shigowa cikin wani yanki na musamman, manufar hana yaduwar cutar"). Ba a yi la'akari da tsarewa ko keɓewa a cikin § 264 (a) ko da yake - ɓangaren da CDC ta dogara da shi don ba da Dokar Mask….
Sakamakon haka, An fi fahimtar Dokar Mask ɗin ba a matsayin tsafta ba, amma azaman motsa jiki na ikon CDC don sakin mutane cikin yanayi don yin balaguro duk da damuwar cewa za su iya yada cutar da ke yaduwa (da kuma tsare ko wani yanki keɓe waɗanda suka ƙi). Amma ikon sakin da tsarewa bisa sharaɗi ya iyakance ga daidaikun mutane da ke shigowa Amurka daga wata ƙasa….
Wata ma'anar da ta dogara da ita ta fi girma, tana ma'anar "tsaftar muhalli" a matsayin "amfani da matakan kiyayewa da haɓaka lafiyar jama'a." Idan Majalisa ta yi niyyar wannan ma'anar, ikon da aka baiwa CDC zai zama mai ban sha'awa. Kuma tabbas ba za'a iyakance shi ga ƙananan matakan "tsaftar muhalli" kamar abin rufe fuska ba. Hakanan zai ba da hujjar buƙatar cewa 'yan kasuwa su shigar da tsarin tace iska don rage haɗari daga kamuwa da iska ko shigar da masu rarraba plexiglass tsakanin tebura ko wuraren ofis. Don haka ma, ikon inganta “tsaftar muhalli” cikin sauƙi zai ƙara zuwa buƙatar allurar rigakafin CO VID-19, mura na yanayi, ko wasu cututtuka. Ko don nisantar da jama'a na tilas, tari-zuwa gwiwar hannu, da multivitamins na yau da kullun….
CDC ta ba da wa'adin ne a watan Fabrairun 2021, kusan makonni biyu bayan da shugaban ya yi kira da a ba da umarni, watanni goma sha ɗaya bayan da shugaban ya ayyana COVID-19 a matsayin gaggawa ta ƙasa, kuma kusan watanni goma sha uku tun lokacin da Sakataren Lafiya da Ayyukan Jama'a ya ayyana dokar ta-baci ta lafiyar jama'a. Wannan tarihin yana nuna cewa CDC da kanta ba ta sami wucewar lokaci ba musamman….
Ko da yake tambaya mafi kusa fiye da gazawar yin kira da kyau don keɓanta dalili mai kyau, Dokar Mask ta gaza wannan ƙa'idar-bayani. Bayan matakin farko na ƙaddamar da buƙatun abin rufe fuska, Dokar Mask tana ba da kaɗan ko babu bayani game da zaɓin CDC. Musamman, CDC ta tsallake bayani don ƙin zaɓi da kuma tsarin keɓantawa. Kuma akwai da yawa, irin su gabaɗayan ingancin rufe fuska a kan jiragen sama ko sauran abubuwan da za a iya yin tambaya a hankali.
Umurnin ba ta magance wasu buƙatun (ko ƙarin) don rufe fuska ba, kamar gwaji, duban zafin jiki, ko iyakokin zama a wuraren jigilar kayayyaki da isar da sako. Hakanan baya bayyana dalilin da yasa duk abin rufe fuska - na gida da na likitanci - sun wadatar. Haka kuma baya buƙatar “nisanta jama’a [ko] yawan wanke hannu,” duk da gano waɗannan ingantattun dabaru don rage watsa CO VID-19…
Ko da waɗannan zaɓuɓɓukan ba a bayyane suke ba cewa CDC dole ne ta bayyana shawararta na ƙin yarda da su, Umurnin ya kasa yin bayanin wasu mahimman zaɓi. Misali, Umurnin ya dogara da karatun da ke bayanin cewa "masu rufe fuska na duniya" yana rage watsa COVID-19 a matakin al'umma. 86 Fed. Reg. ku 8028.
Amma Dokar ba ta buƙatar abin rufe fuska na duniya. Yana keɓance mutanen da ke “cin abinci, sha, ko shan magani” da kuma mutumin da “ke fuskantar wahalar numfashi” ko kuma “yana jin iska.” Hakanan ya keɓance mutanen da ba za su iya sanya abin rufe fuska ba saboda nakasa da aka gane ADA da duk yara 'yan ƙasa da shekara biyu. Umurnin ba ya ƙoƙarin yin bayanin dalilin da yasa dalilansa-hana yaɗuwa da rashin lafiya mai tsanani-ba da izinin irin waɗannan keɓancewa. Kuma me yasa dan shekara biyu ba zai iya yada COVID-19 ba fiye da dan shekara sittin da biyu….
A takaice, ba tare da la'akari da ko CDC ta yanke shawara mai kyau ko daidai ba, tana buƙatar bayyana dalilin da yasa ta yi kamar yadda ta yi. Tun da CDC ba ta yi bayanin shawararta na yin sulhu da tasirin Hukuncinta ta hanyar haɗawa da keɓancewa ko shawarar da ta yanke na iyakance waɗancan keɓantacce ba, Kotun ba za ta iya yanke shawarar cewa CDC ba ta “bayyana ‘hankali mai ma’ana tsakanin gaskiyar da aka samu da zaɓin da aka yi.”
[T] Umurnin ya wuce ikon doka na CDC, ba daidai ba ya kira kyakkyawan dalili don lura da yin sharhi, kuma ya kasa yin cikakken bayanin hukunce-hukuncen sa. Saboda "tsarin mu baya barin hukumomi su yi aiki ba bisa ka'ida ba har ma da biyan bukatu masu kyau," Kotun ta ayyana haramtacciyar hanya kuma ta ba da izinin Mask.
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Labarai daga Cibiyar Brownstone, ƙungiyar sa-kai da aka kafa a watan Mayu na 2021 don tallafawa al'umma da ke rage rawar tashin hankali a rayuwar jama'a.
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