Muhimmiyar fa'idar sassaucin ra'ayi na gargajiya shine cewa ya dace da ƙa'idodin abin da Mark Pennington ya kira 'ƙarfi' (Pennington 2010, shafi na 2). Manufa, tsarin tsara manufofi, ko cibiyar tsara manufofi suna da 'ƙarfi' idan aka yi la'akari da lahani biyu na ɗan adam:
- Iyakokinmu na fahimi - har ma mafi fahimi, haziƙan mutane za su kasance da jahilci game da mafi yawan al'ummomin hadaddun da suke cikin su, gami da game da yawancin bukatun wasu mutane, sha'awarsu, ayyuka, damuwa, da tunanin kai. Duk da haka nagartattun samfuran mu ko manyan bayananmu sun zama, waɗannan iyakoki ba za a iya wuce su ba kuma siffa ce ta yanayin ɗan adam (Pennington 2021, shafi. 206).
- Ra'ayoyinmu masu gasa na mai kyau - a duk fagagen zamantakewa, walau siyasa, kasuwanci, ko abokantaka, dole ne mu yi shawarwari tare da fahimtar abin da ke daidai da abin da ake so. Wani lokaci waɗannan ra'ayoyin ana raba su ko haɗuwa, amma wani lokacin ba su iya daidaitawa. Kuma ko da yake suna iya zama masu son jama’a ko masu sadaukar da kansu, za su iya zama masu son kai da son kai. Gabaɗayan mu ba tsarkaka ba ne kuma ba mugaye ba ne, kawai daban-daban ne.
A cikin mafi sauƙi, manufa ko cibiyar tsara manufofi suna da ƙarfi lokacin da ta kasance mai fa'ida ko da lokacin amfani da ɗan adam ko sarrafa su ta mafi wauta. A ka'ida, sassaucin ra'ayi yana tabbatar da ƙarfi ta hanyar kare haƙƙinmu na dukiya da 'yancin yin tarayya da kuma ba da fifiko ga mafita na kasuwa ga matsalolin siyasa kamar ilimi, gidaje, ko lafiyar jama'a (Pennington 2010, p. 4).
Wannan yana nufin cewa, gabaɗaya, sassaucin ra'ayi yana fifita manufofin da ke ba wa ɗaiɗaikun mutane damar kowane ya bi abin da suka yanke hukunci ya fi so, idan aka yi la'akari da (s) na kyau da yanayi. Kuma mutane suna iya yin fiye-ko-ƙasa abin da suke so da abin da suka mallaka da kuma haɗa kai da ko nesantar kansu daga wanda suke so. Don haka, sassaucin ra'ayi yana ba da fifiko ga manufofin da ke dogara ga sanin kowane mutum na gida na bukatunsu da yanayinsu maimakon a kan gungun mutane (kamar jiha) suna da cikakkiyar fahimtar yadda kowane ɗan ƙasa yake rayuwa da kuma abin da suke buƙata - don haka yana lissafin iyakokin fahimtarmu.
Haka nan, domin a kodayaushe mutum yana da zabin raba kansa da wani da kuma aiwatar da ayyukansa, ba a taba mayar da wani furuci ga tunanin wani na alheri. Ƙarƙashin sassaucin ra'ayi, akwai ƙaƙƙarfan iyaka akan irin ikon da mutum, ko rukuni nasa (sake, kamar ƙasa), zai iya yin amfani da shi akan wani.
Tabbas, sassaucin ra'ayi kamar yadda aka bayyana a taƙaice a nan, idyll ne na masanin falsafa maimakon cikakken bayanin kowane tsarin siyasa guda ɗaya da yake wanzuwa a halin yanzu. Duk da haka, ana yawan kira zuwa ga (ko, dangane da ra'ayin ku, masu amfani da lebe) ta 'yan siyasa da masu sharhi, kuma yana iya samar mana da tauraro a cikin muhawararmu game da tsari- da ƙira. Dangane da wannan, martanin da aka samu a duniya kwanan nan ya haifar da abin da ba za a iya musantawa ba abin da kaɗan ne kawai, galibi ɓangarorin, marubuta (misali Feyerabend 1978) suka lura - cewa kimiyya da kanta ta zo da barazana ga manufofin 'yanci da ƙarfin jihohin zamani.
Wannan barazanar ta samo asali ne daga abin da za a iya kira halayen ' zamantakewa da siyasa' kimiyya - wato, hanyoyin da da'awar kimiyya, dabaru, da fasahohin ke mu'amala da su da kuma tasiri ga sauran al'amuran zamantakewar mu, ciki har da, mafi mahimmanci a nan, siyasa da tsara manufofi.
A cikin jihohi na zamani, ilimin kimiyya da sauran ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun masana ta samar da abin da Nikolas Rose da Peter Miller ke kira "kungiya" a kusa da wasu yankuna na manufofin (Rose and Miller 1992, p. 188). Wane fanni na manufofin da horo ya kunsa zai dogara ne da takamaiman ƙwarewarsa (tattalin arziki ya haɗa da manufofin jin daɗin rayuwa; ilimin kimiyyar ƙasa ya haɗa da shirin girgizar ƙasa; da cututtukan cututtuka da lafiyar jama'a sun haɗa da manufofin cutar) amma a kowane yanayi za ta ji daɗin ikon keɓance-hegemonic akan yankinsa.
Mahimmanci, wannan baya nufin cewa ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun da gwamnati ta naɗa suna jin daɗin cikakken iko farin ciki na manufofin da ake yi - maimakon haka, yana nufin cewa wani horo na musamman ya tsara iyakokin da muhawarar manufofin ke gudana. Yana saita sharuddan da kuma dabaru da kuma Concepts wanda mutum ke bukatar yin aiki da shawarwarin nasa da za a yi da gaske.
Don kwatanta wannan, la'akari da matakin da gwamnatin Burtaniya ta ɗauka na rufe makarantu da wuri a cikin cutar ta Covid-19. Kwayar cutar ta barke a cikin sararin samaniya da aka rigaya, har ma da kishi, wanda ke kewaye da sassan kiwon lafiyar jama'a - epidemiology, virology, immunology da dai sauransu. Akwai ingantattun hanyoyin yin ma'ana da kuma magance wannan barazana ta labari, kamar ta hanyar saka idanu, ƙirar kwamfuta (ciki har da samfurin SIR da aka sani a yanzu), da kuma tsarin rigakafi.
A cikin Burtaniya, wannan ya haɗa da Dabarun Shirye-shiryen Cutar Cutar mura 2011, rubuta a mayar da martani ga 2009's Swine mura wanda ya ce yayin da rufe makarantu dauke da nauyi tsada da kuma ba za a defined to, za a iya duk da haka za a iya sanya lokacin da kololuwar ICU bukatar da aka annabta ya wuce ICU iya aiki (ECDC 2011; House et al. 2011; UK IPPS 2011). Hakanan ya fayyace cewa ana buƙatar tsawaita irin waɗannan rufewar don yin tasiri.
Abubuwa biyu sun dace a nan - na farko, waɗannan sharuɗɗan da aka yi amfani da su ne don tabbatar da rufe makarantu a farkon 2020 da na biyu, cewa sun kasance cikin sassan kimiyya na lafiyar jama'a kaɗai.
Ƙungiyar Ba da Shawarwari ta Kimiyya ta Burtaniya don Gaggawa (SAGE) ta fara ɗaukar rufe makarantu a farkon watan Fabrairu lokacin da aka tantance cewa ba a san illolin rufe makarantu ba (4th SAGE 2020). An tsara su kuma an tattauna su a cikin sauran Fabrairu da farkon Maris, amma SAGE bai ba da shawarwari ba har sai 16.th na Maris lokacin da ya bayyana cewa rufe makarantu na iya zama dole don tura buƙatu akan gadaje ICU ƙasa da ƙarfin NHS (16th SAGE 2020).
Sannan, a ranar 18 ga Maristh, guduma ya fadi kuma sun rubuta cewa: "Tsarin yanzu yana goyan bayan rufe makarantu a matakin ƙasa kuma tasirin zai kasance mafi girma idan an kafa shi da wuri" (17th SAGE 2020). A wannan rana, Boris Johnson ya ba da sanarwar cewa lokacin da ranar makaranta ta ƙare ranar Juma'a, ƙofofinsu za su kasance a rufe har abada (Sparrow da Campbell 2020).
Kimiyya - a cikin wannan yanayin, ilimin cututtuka - yana ba da manufofi tare da ilimin sararin samaniya. Yana sanya tsarin da aka yi niyya - a wannan yanayin, makarantu - ana iya karanta su ta hanyar sanya shi tare da ƙididdiga masu yawa na ra'ayoyi da alamomi waɗanda sai a dinke tare ta amfani da ma'aurata masu sauƙi. Makarantu sun zama wurin yada cututtuka; yara vectors na hoto ko bidiyo mai zagaya yanar gizo da sauri; kuma duka biyun suna ba da gudummawa ga lambobi gabaɗaya da matsa lamba akan ƙarfin ICU. Kuma, a cikin tsara duniya a cikin irin waɗannan sharuddan, cututtukan cututtukan cuta suna ba masu tsara manufofi hanyar tunani game da matsalar da ke nuna nata mafita - misali, idan kuna son adana gadaje na asibiti, zaku iya rufe makarantu. Yana iya zama bai isa ba (kamar yadda SAGE ya lura) amma akan sharuɗɗan da aka bayar zai taimaka.
Ko da yake ilimin kimiyyar ilimin halittu yana yin magana da muhawara game da zaɓin manufofin musamman (kamar rufe makarantu? Yaushe? Kuma har tsawon wane lokaci?) zai yiwu, ba zai yiwu ba. ƙayyade su – kamar yadda aka tabbatar da ire-iren manufofin rufe makaranta a duk duniya (UIS 2022). Yana yi, duk da haka, iyaka su. A cikin gano wasu kaddarorin tsarin da aka yi niyya a matsayin mafi mahimmanci kuma masu dacewa, ilimin sararin samaniya na kimiyya ya sanya waɗannan kaddarorin su zama babban abin da ke damun mai tsara manufofi don haka a gefe guda dabaru da shawarwari waɗanda ba su ba su mahimmanci ɗaya ba.
Don haka, a cikin tantance makarantu kamar da gaske wuraren yada cututtuka, cututtukan cututtuka sun sa ya zama a fili cewa makarantu iya a rufe idan bukatar akan gadaje ICU ya buƙaci shi. Ya halatta rufe makarantu a matsayin motsa jiki na ikon jiha - kuma ya ba da shawarwari waɗanda ba su magance damuwa kai tsaye game da lambobin shari'a ko gadaje na ICU da alama ba daidai ba ne ko wauta. Wannan yana da mahimmanci musamman a farkon 2020 yayin da ilimin kimiyyar halittu ya zo ya mamaye duk wasu, gami da sauran abubuwan da suka shafi lafiyar jama'a kamar ilimin halin ɗan adam (Woolhouse 2022, shafi na 67).
Yanzu, yayin da irin waɗannan da'awar ba ta cikin-da-na kansu matsala (yana da wuya a ga yadda kimiyya za ta iya ci gaba ba tare da yin aƙalla na wucin gadi ba), suna barazana ga bangarorin biyu masu ƙarfi yayin da aka kafa su a matakin siyasa.
A cikin misali na farko, mahimmancin da'awar yana haifar da haɗarin ɓoye iyakokin da ba za a iya yankewa ba ga fahimtar ɗan adam da aka ambata a sama. Irin waɗannan ikirari na duniya ne - wajen gano wasu dukiya ko ɓangaren abu mai mahimmanci ga abin da wannan abu yake, suna nuna kamar sun fahimci yadda yake ga dukan mutane a kowane wuri. Wannan, bi da bi, ya kafa tushe don jimlar hukunce-hukuncen kima da kuma ka'idojin tsare-tsare na irin waɗanda ingantacciyar sassaucin ra'ayi ta ƙi.
Komawa makarantu, wajen tantance makarantu kamar da gaske wurin da ake yada cututtuka, cututtukan cututtuka sun sa ya yiwu a yi tunanin cewa duk makarantun da suka ƙware ta wannan hanya kuma suna gudanar da yaduwar cututtuka a matsayin babban abin damuwa. Wannan dabi'a ta tsananta ta hanyar kwatanta kimiyya da bincike na kimiyya a matsayin 'manufa' da yanke hukuncin kimar da ya sa ya yiwu (Pennington 2023, shafi na 132). Ƙididdiga na ilimin kimiyya yana haɗarin ɓoye yawancin abubuwan ɗan adam na kowane abu ko wani abu, kuma cewa babban abin da ke damun mutum bai kamata ya zama wanda aka gano yana da mahimmanci ba.
Alal misali, ba a bayyana cewa mutane ba za su zaɓi su tura ƴaƴansu makaranta ba idan an ba su zaɓi na yin hakan - har idan an sanar da su hadarin da makarantu ke haifarwa ga karfin ICU. Makarantu wuraren yada cututtuka ne tabbas, amma kuma suna da mahimmanci don kiyayewa, zamantakewa, dangi, ilimi, har ma da ma'anar al'ada wanda wasu za su iya jin suna da mahimmanci a lokacin rashin tabbas ko fargaba (Bristow da Gilland 2020; Cole da Kingsley 2022). Koyaya, maimakon lura da iyakokin iyawarsu don fahimtar sarkar ƙwarewar ɗan adam da buƙatu da baiwa 'yan ƙasa 'yancin yin shawarwari game da haɗarinsu da fifikon su, gwamnatin Burtaniya, a ƙarƙashin ƙa'idar ilimin kimiyyar cuta, ta rufe makarantu gaba ɗaya - tare da sakamako mai nisa da rashin adalci (Cole da Kingsley 2022).
A cikin misali na biyu, ƙyale ilimin kimiyya ya haɗa ɓangarorin muhawarar siyasa yana ba masana kimiyya (da sauran ƙwararrun mutane) babban ikon siyasa da ɗabi'a akan rayuwarmu. Don sake nanata, “rufewa” baya nufin cewa takamaiman rukuni na mutane na kimiyya an sa su kula da manufofin. SAGE shine - kuma ya kasance - babba mai ba da shawara. Maimakon haka, yana nufin cewa yin aiki a cikin takamaiman ilimin kimiyyar sararin samaniya shine farashin shigar da tattaunawa mai mahimmanci.
Duk da haka, a aikace, wannan yana nufin cewa masana kimiyya da masu sahihanci de a zahiri shine jin daɗin mafi girman tasiri akan sifar siyasa fiye da ƴan ƙasa, don haka bai wa tsohon iko iko akan na ƙarshe wanda ke barazanar tsauraran ƙarfi. Laymen ba za su taɓa samun sauƙi kamar ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun masana kimiyya ba, don haka ba za a taɓa ɗaukarsu da mahimmanci a cikin muhawarar manufofin da aka rufe ba.
Mahimmanci, wannan matsayi yana zube kan iyakokin aiwatar da manufofi na yau da kullun kuma ya fita cikin mafi muni (amma mafi mahimmanci!) na muhawarar jama'a da ka'idojin zamantakewa. A cikin tattaunawar da suka yi game da manufofin annoba, masu ba da labarai da talabijin na rana sun nuna yawancin membobin cibiyoyin kiwon lafiyar jama'a - likitoci, masana kimiyya, masana kimiyyar halittu, masana kimiyyar halayya da sauransu. Murphy-bates da Wallis Simons 19). Kuma, ko da wadanda ba masana kimiyya da Rabbis da An gayyace su da yawa don ba da ra'ayinsu game da manufofin, da wuya a yi amfani da su da mahimmanci, ko dai ta 'yan jarida ko masu kallo. Da alama, kawai ra'ayoyin da yawancinmu suka yi la'akari da halin kirki ga tattaunawar manufofin su ne waɗanda ke da alamun lafiyar jama'a da ke bin sunayensu.
Idan muka fuskanci kimiyyar fasaha ta komai, waɗanda daga cikinmu suka yi aure ga manufofin sassaucin ra'ayi suna buƙatar gane wannan barazanar cikin gaggawa. Muna bukatar mu gane cewa ko da yake yana da amfani sau da yawa, kimiyya ba zai iya wuce yanayin ɗan adam ba. Duk da yawan zarafi da ya kawo, ba zai iya cece mu daga zama ƙayyadaddun halittu masu rikitarwa da muke da su ba.
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Max Lacour dalibi ne da ya kammala karatun digiri a Jami'ar Oxford, yana nazarin martanin COVID-19 na Burtaniya.
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