Wannan yunƙuri ne na Jami'ar Leeds, wanda Cibiyar Brownstone ta goyi bayan, don fayyace tushen shaidar da ake gina mafi girman shirin lafiyar jama'a na tarihi.
Kiwon lafiyar jama'a yana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen ƙarfafa juriyar jama'a don barazanar jin daɗin rayuwa da kuma amsa irin wannan barazanar lokacin da suka faru. Wannan yana buƙatar cikakken tsarin da ya gane duka haɗin kai tsakanin mutane da muhallinsu, da fa'idar "lafiya" - ma'anar duniya kamar yadda ya bayyana "jin daɗin jiki, tunani da zamantakewa kuma ba kawai rashin cuta ko rashin lafiya ba."
Magance cututtuka da sauran matsalolin gaggawa na kiwon lafiya wani muhimmin al'amari ne na lafiyar jama'a. Dole ne a auna matakan da za a iya amfani da su kai tsaye da kuma kai tsaye, da yuwuwar za a iya aiwatar da shisshigi, da kuma farashin kai tsaye da kuma kai tsaye da za a tara.
Irin wannan farashi da fa'idodin dole ne su haɗa da tasirin zamantakewa da tunani, wanda aka kimanta a cikin tsarin ɗa'a wanda ke mutunta haƙƙin ɗan adam. Yawan jama'a ya bambanta ta fuskar haɗari, yayin da abubuwan al'adu, addini, da zamantakewa ke tasiri abubuwan da suka fi dacewa, da kuma abubuwan da suka fi dacewa da suka taso daga wasu cututtuka. Wannan yana buƙatar ɓullo da tsare-tsaren tsare-tsare da tsarin aiwatarwa wanda ya dace da bukatun jama'a kuma ya dace da nufin al'umma.
Jami'ar Leeds, ta hanyar wani yunƙuri da Cibiyar Brownstone ta goyi bayan, ta fahimci buƙatar da ake samu na shaidar jama'a don tallafawa ma'auni na tsarin rigakafin cutar mai zaman kansa kuma mai ƙarfi. Aikin REPPARE zai ba da gudummawa ga wannan, ta yin amfani da ƙungiyar ƙwararrun masu bincike don yin nazari da tattara shaidu, da haɓaka ƙididdiga na manufofi na yanzu da kuma shawarwarin da aka auna a kan wannan tushen shaida. Binciken REPPARE zai kasance a buɗe kuma duk bayanai da tushen bayanai za su kasance a bainar jama'a ta hanyar da aka keɓe a Jami'ar Leeds.
Babban manufar REPPARE ita ce sauƙaƙe hanyoyin da suka dace da tushen shaida game da annoba da shirye-shiryen barkewar cutar, ba da damar al'ummomin kiwon lafiya, masu tsara manufofi, da jama'a don yin kima na gaskiya, da nufin haɓaka kyakkyawar manufa. Wannan shi ne ainihin tsarin kula da lafiyar jama'a mai inganci kuma mai inganci.
Halin da ake ciki na Shirin Shirye-Shiryen Cutar
Shirye-shiryen annoba, da kyar a kan ajandar shekaru goma da suka gabata, yanzu ya mamaye saƙon kiwon lafiyar jama'a da tallafi na duniya. An tunatar da bil'adama, a cikin farar takarda daga Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO), da sauran kungiyoyi irin su G7 da G20, cewa yin gaggawa da saka hannun jari yana da mahimmanci don kawar da yiwuwar wanzuwar barazana ga rayuwar bil'adama da zamantakewa. Yin amfani da COVID-19 azaman abin misali, waɗannan takaddun galibi suna faɗakar da mu game da mafi muni mai zuwa.
Idan wannan daidai ne, to da ya kamata dan Adam ya dauki wannan da muhimmanci. Idan ba haka ba, to mafi girman sauye-sauyen arziki da sake fasalin harkokin kiwon lafiya a cikin ƙarni zai zama manufa da karkatar da albarkatu na girma mai ban mamaki. Jami'ar Leeds, tare da goyan bayan Cibiyar Brownstone, tana ɗaukar hanya mai ma'ana da aunawa don tantance tushen shaida da kuma abubuwan da ake sa ran gaba game da shirye-shiryen rigakafin cutar bayan COVID-19 da martani (PPR). Wadanda ke aiki da kyakkyawar niyya a kowane bangare na wannan muhawara suna buƙatar cikakkiyar shaida wacce ke samuwa a bainar jama'a kuma buɗe don tattaunawa ta kimiyya.
Bambancin Tunanin Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a
Shekaru ashirin da suka gabata sun shaida karuwar bambance-bambancen makarantun tunani guda biyu a cikin lafiyar jama'a a duniya. Kwayar cutar ta Covid-19 da kuma shirye-shiryen rigakafi da martani (PPR) na gaba sun kawo waɗannan zuwa matakin vitriol, suna rarraba al'ummar kiwon lafiyar jama'a. Lafiya shine ainihin bukatu na ɗan adam, kuma tsoron rashin lafiya kayan aiki ne mai ƙarfi don canza halayen ɗan adam. Don haka tabbatar da amincin manufofin kiwon lafiyar jama'a yana da mahimmanci ga al'umma mai aiki mai kyau.
Wata makaranta, wadda a da ta yi fice a zamanin likitancin shaida da kuma hanyoyin kiwon lafiya na 'tsaye', ta jaddada ikon al'ummomi da daidaikun mutane a matsayin firamare ko mahimmancin manufa. Dole ne a fayyace kasada da fa'idodin kowane sa baki a cikin tsari kuma a gabatar da su ga jama'a tare da mafi kyawun shaida, sannan su yanke shawara mai ma'ana game da fifikon lafiya a cikin mahallin nasu.
Wannan tsarin ya dogara da sanarwar Alma Ata kan kulawa ta farko, sanarwar Paris kan Taimakon Taimako, kuma ta ci gaba da kamuwa da cutar ta WHO ta 2019. shawarwari, inda aka yi la'akari da yiwuwar mayar da martani ga annoba na lokaci-lokaci dangane da illar hani da canjin hali da 'yancin ɗan adam, inda aka gudanar da bukatun jama'ar gida a matsayin babban abin damuwa.
Makarantar tunani ta biyu, wacce aka ƙara bayyana a cikin shekaru ashirin da suka gabata, ta ɗauka cewa annoba da sauran matsalolin gaggawa na kiwon lafiya sun zama barazanar gaggawa ga lafiyar ɗan adam da ke buƙatar haɗin kai ko kuma 'tsaye' martani waɗanda ke buƙatar aiwatar da duniya baki ɗaya kuma yakamata ta yi watsi da ɓangarori na yanke shawarar al'umma.
Matsalolin gaggawa na lafiya, ko haɗarinsa, ana ɗaukar su suna ƙaruwa cikin mitar da tsanani. Bugu da ƙari, waɗannan haɗari suna barazana ga bil'adama gaba ɗaya, suna buƙatar amsa gaba ɗaya. Sakamakon haka, matakan da aka ba da izini da kuma ba da umarni da nufin rage waɗannan barazanar sun mamaye matsalolin kiwon lafiya na yau da kullun, kuma lafiyar jama'a ta ɗauki nauyin kafawa har ma da aiwatar da martani, maimakon ba da shawara kawai.
A halin yanzu ana bayyana tsarin da ya fi karkata a cikin yarjejeniyoyin kasa da kasa da dama a halin yanzu da ake ci gaba, musamman a cikin tsari gyara zuwa ga Dokokin Lafiya ta Duniya (IHR) da Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) Yarjejeniyar annoba (wanda aka fi sani da Yarjejeniyar Cutar Kwalara). Abubuwan da ake ware wa wannan yanki an saita su don lalata duk sauran shirye-shiryen kiwon lafiya na duniya.
An yi niyya ne don gina hanyar sa ido da mayar da martani na kasa da kasa wanda WHO da kuma irin kungiyoyi ke da rinjaye a kasashen da suka ci gaba, a daidai lokacin da manyan cututtuka irin su tarin fuka da zazzabin cizon sauro, al'adun gargajiya na WHO ke kara tabarbarewa a duniya. Tare da dala biliyan 31.5 da ake neman PPR a kowace shekara, kusan sau takwas ana kashe kuɗin duniya na shekara-shekara kan cutar zazzabin cizon sauro, tasirin haɗin gwiwa ta hanyar karkatar da albarkatun ƙasa ya zama babu makawa.
Covid-19 da Sake Tunanin Matsayi da Hakkoki
Bayan COVID-19, tushen canji a fifikon lafiyar jama'a na duniya, cewa annoba tana ƙaruwa da haɗari da yawa, cibiyoyi da ke haifar da wannan canjin suna maimaita su sosai. An ce wannan wani bangare ne na rikice-rikicen da ba a taba ganin irinsa ba na barazana da yawa, ko kuma 'rikicin poly,' da ke fuskantar bil'adama, da ke da alaka da karuwar yawan mutane, canjin yanayi, karuwar tafiye-tafiye, da canza mu'amala tsakanin mutane da dabbobi.
Amsoshin da aka gabatar, gami da yuwuwar yin alluran rigakafin jama'a da ƙuntatawa kan motsin ɗan adam da samun damar kiwon lafiya, suna ɗaukar nasu haɗarin. A yayin mayar da martani na Covid-19, aikin waɗannan matakan ya haifar da babban canji na dukiya daga ƙananan mutane zuwa mafi girma masu samun kudin shiga, asarar ilimi tare da tasirin tasirin talauci a nan gaba, da gagarumin haɓaka a cikin cututtukan da ke yaduwa da marasa yaduwa.
Duk da yake ana amfani da irin waɗannan tasirin don tabbatar da martani na farko, suna ba da babbar haɗari ga yawan jama'a da lafiyar al'umma. Yayin da wasu za su yi imani da cewa babu wata barazana da ke tabbatar da hani kan haƙƙin ɗan adam da ka'idojin dimokraɗiyya, kusan duk za su yarda cewa irin waɗannan matakan ba su dace ba idan aka yi la'akari da girman barazanar, kuma ana nuna haɗarin cutarwa tare da wuce gona da iri.
A bayyane yake, duk wani sauye-sauye na asali na tsarin kula da lafiyar jama'a, wanda aka gwada a karon farko yayin Covid-19, yana buƙatar tushe mai ƙarfi. A halin yanzu, wannan tushen shaidar ba shi da kyau a fayyace ko ba ya nan daga takaddun da ke tallafawa kayan aikin cutar ta duniya da ke ƙarƙashin haɓaka.
Don haka mu, a matsayinmu na al'ummar duniya, muna juyar da fahimtar shekarun da suka gabata game da haƙƙin ɗan adam, fifikon lafiya, da daidaiton lafiya bisa ra'ayoyin da ba a haɓaka ba. Wannan yana faruwa cikin sauri da ba a taɓa yin irinsa ba, tare da gina ma'aikatan kiwon lafiyar jama'a na duniya a kan tsarin shirye-shiryen rigakafin cutar da zai yi wahala a sake shi, kuma mai tsadar gaske don kiyayewa. Hakanan yana buƙatar aiwatar da sauye-sauye na asali a cikin hulɗar tsakanin bukatun jama'a da na keɓantawa waɗanda ke da tsayin daka.
Abin da Ya Kamata Mu Sani
Idan shaidar da ke tattare da ajanda na cutar ba ta da lahani ko babu, to bil'adama na fuskantar wani nau'i na haɗari. Muna hadarin sake dawowar nasarorin kiwon lafiya da zamantakewa da aka samu ta hanyar wadata da ba a taba ganin irinsa ba da kuma ba da fifiko ga haƙƙin ɗan adam a duk faɗin duniya, da kuma komawa ga tsarin mulkin mallaka na ƙwararrun ƙwararrun 'yan kasuwa. Lafiyar jama'a a matsayin sana'a za ta koma cikin tarihinta na taimakawa wajen lalata al'ummomi, maimakon inganta su.
Bugu da ƙari, muna haɗarin karkatar da ɗimbin albarkatun ƙasa daga sanannun barazanar lafiya da ba za a iya yaɗa su ba waɗanda ke da tasirin yau da kullun. Yana da mahimmanci ga lafiyar jama'a da kuma bil'adama cewa ajanda na bala'in na yanzu ya zama tushen shaida, daidaitacce, kuma ya dace da kyakkyawan yanayin gaba ɗaya.
Muna da ɗan gajeren lokaci a cikinsa da za mu kawo gaskiya da bayyananniyar tunani a wannan fage. Duka kimiyyar kiwon lafiyar jama'a da fahimtar juna suna buƙatar wannan. Cututtuka suna faruwa, kamar yadda ke faruwa da yawa na abubuwan da za a iya karewa da kuma barazanar da ba za a iya hanawa ba ga lafiya. Sun kasance wani ɓangare na al'ummar ɗan adam ta cikin tarihin da aka rubuta, kuma yana da kyau a yi musu tanadi ta hanyar da ta dace da manufa da daidaituwa.
Amma duk da haka, idan za mu canza yadda muke mu’amala da su, kuma hakan ya saɓa wa ƙa’idodin mutunta ɗan adam da faɗin kai da muka daɗe muna karewa, da mun fi sanin dalili. Irin waɗannan shawarwari dole ne su kasance bisa kimiyya da yarda, maimakon zato, tsoro, da tilas.
Bayanin aikin
Bayan COVID-19, ana yin gyare-gyaren tsarin kula da lafiya na duniya cikin sauri kan wani muhimmin mahimmanci don magance babbar barazanar annoba ta kiwon lafiya. A karkashin wannan sabuwar hanyar, fifikon kiwon lafiya yana canzawa kuma ana gabatar da sabbin ka'idoji don kare bil'adama daga wannan barazanar. Wadannan canje-canjen za su sami babban sakamako na tattalin arziki, kiwon lafiya, da zamantakewa. Don haka yana da mahimmanci a yi sauye-sauyen da aka gabatar bisa ingantacciyar shaida kuma mafi kyawun samuwa, ta yadda manufofin su kasance masu ma'ana kuma mai yuwuwa su ba da kyakkyawan sakamako gaba ɗaya. Masu tsara manufofi, da jama'a, dole ne su sami damar samun cikakkun bayanai na haƙiƙa game da haɗarin annoba, farashi, da tsare-tsaren hukumomi don ba da damar hakan ta faru.
Gabaɗaya Makasudin Ayyukan:
Manufofin Farko:
- Bayar da tabbataccen tushe mai tushe don kimanta haɗarin cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan da kuma fa'idodin fa'idodin da aka gabatar yayin da suke fitowa a cikin sabbin shirye-shiryen balaguron balaguro da martani.
- Ƙirƙirar shawarwarin da suka dogara da shaida don ma'ana, tushen haƙƙin ɗan adam da kuma hanyar da ta dace don shirye-shiryen kamuwa da cutar.
Makasudin Sakandare:
- Bayar da mayar da hankali kan bugu da martani ga mahimman wuraren damuwa yayin da tsarin PPR ke tasowa.
- Bayar da bayanan tushen shaida game da sauye-sauyen PPR da aka tsara a cikin hanyar da jama'a za su iya samu da sauran kungiyoyi.
- Ƙaddamar da muhawara da bincike a cikin al'ummar kiwon lafiyar jama'a na duniya game da yanayin halin yanzu na wannan sashe da kuma hanyoyin da za a ba da fifiko na yanzu.
- Ƙirƙiri jerin manufofin gani/takaitattun kafofin watsa labarai waɗanda ke da alaƙa da mahimman abubuwan da ake ɗauka daga bincike don sauƙin amfani da amfani.
Zangon Aiki:
Ƙungiyar REPPARE za ta magance fakitin aiki guda huɗu masu haɗa kai:
1. Ganewa da jarrabawar shaida na annoba-tushe don mahimman gardama na yau da kullun waɗanda ke haifar da shirye-shiryen rigakafin cutar da martani (PPR).
· Matsayin wane nau'in annoba ne ke kara barazana?
Yaya wannan zai kwatanta da sauran abubuwan da suka fi dacewa a fannin kiwon lafiya ta fuskar lafiya da nauyin tattalin arziki?
2. Gwaji na farashi na tsarin PPR:
Shin kiyasin farashin na yanzu na tsarin PPR ya dace kuma ta yaya suke auna farashin na yanzu da abubuwan da suka fi dacewa?.
Menene kuɗaɗen damar da ake shirin karkatar da albarkatun zuwa PPR?
3. Gano manyan masu tasiri da masu tallata tsarin PPR na yanzu.
Wanene kuma mene ne mafi girman tasiri ga tsarin mulki na PPR da tsarin kuɗi, kuma ta yaya aka tsara waɗannan tsare-tsaren gudanarwa da aiki?
· Ta yaya masu ruwa da tsaki, gami da al’ummar da abin ya shafa, ke wakilta a cikin tsarin fifiko, kuma wa aka bari?
Shin tsarin gine-ginen na yanzu yana amsa yadda ya kamata ga haɗarin da aka gano?
4. Shin tsarin da ake bi na duniya a halin yanzu ya dace da cutar amai da gudawa da kuma buƙatun kiwon lafiya na duniya, ko kuma akwai ingantattun samfuran da za su iya biyan buƙatun ɗan adam daidai gwargwado tare da magance barazanar lafiya daidai gwargwado?
REPPARE za ta bincika tare da gina tushen shaidar da ta dace da ajanda na cutar cikin shekaru biyu, amma ta ci gaba da ba da bayanai da nazari ga jama'a. Manufar ba ita ce bayar da shawarwari ga kowane matsayi na siyasa ko na kiwon lafiya ba, amma don samar da tushen da irin wannan muhawarar za ta iya faruwa a daidaitaccen tsari da sanin ya kamata.
Dan'adam yana buƙatar bayyanannun manufofi, masu gaskiya, da kuma sahihan manufofin da ke nuna burin kowa da kowa, da kuma gane bambancin da daidaiton kowane mutum. Ƙungiyar REPPARE a Jami'ar Leeds, tare da goyon bayan Cibiyar Brownstone, da nufin ba da gudummawa ga wannan tsari.
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REPPARE (Sake kimanta Shirye-shiryen Cutar Kwayar cuta Da Ajandar Amsa) ya ƙunshi ƙungiyar darussan da yawa da Jami'ar Leeds ta kira.
Garrett W. Brown
Garrett Wallace Brown shine Shugaban Manufofin Lafiya na Duniya a Jami'ar Leeds. Shi ne Co-Jagoran na Sashen Bincike na Lafiya na Duniya kuma zai zama Darakta na sabuwar Cibiyar Haɗin gwiwar WHO don Tsarin Lafiya da Tsaron Lafiya. Binciken nasa ya mayar da hankali kan gudanar da harkokin kiwon lafiya na duniya, ba da kuɗaɗen kiwon lafiya, ƙarfafa tsarin kiwon lafiya, daidaiton lafiya, da ƙiyasin farashi da yuwuwar bayar da tallafi na shirye-shiryen rigakafin cutar da martani. Ya gudanar da manufofi da haɗin gwiwar bincike a cikin lafiyar duniya fiye da shekaru 25 kuma ya yi aiki tare da kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu, gwamnatoci a Afirka, DHSC, FCDO, Ofishin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Birtaniya, WHO, G7, da G20.
David Bell
David Bell likita ne na asibiti da lafiyar jama'a tare da PhD a cikin lafiyar jama'a da asali a cikin likitancin ciki, ƙirar ƙira da cututtukan cututtukan cututtuka. A baya can, ya kasance Darakta na Fasahar Kiwon Lafiya ta Duniya a Asusun Intellectual Ventures Global Good Fund a Amurka, Shugaban Shirin Malaria da Cutar Cutar Kwalara a Gidauniyar Innovative New Diagnostics (FIND) a Geneva, kuma ya yi aiki a kan cututtuka masu yaduwa da daidaita dabarun gano cutar zazzabin cizon sauro a Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya. Ya yi aiki na tsawon shekaru 20 a fannin kimiyyar halittu da lafiyar jama'a na duniya, tare da wallafe-wallafe sama da 120. David yana zaune a Texas, Amurka.
Blagovesta Tacheva
Blagovesta Tacheva ƙwararren mai bincike ne na REPPARE a Makarantar Siyasa da Nazarin Duniya a Jami'ar Leeds. Tana da PhD a cikin Harkokin Ƙasashen Duniya tare da gwaninta a ƙirar cibiyoyi na duniya, dokokin kasa da kasa, 'yancin ɗan adam, da martanin jin kai. Kwanan nan, ta gudanar da bincike na hadin gwiwa na WHO game da shirye-shiryen cutar sankara da kiyasin farashin mayar da martani da yuwuwar samar da sabbin hanyoyin samar da kudade don saduwa da wani yanki na wannan kiyasin. Matsayinta a cikin ƙungiyar REPPARE shine ta bincika shirye-shiryen cibiyoyi na yanzu waɗanda ke da alaƙa da shirye-shiryen balaguron balaguro da ajandar mayar da martani da kuma tantance dacewarta ta la'akari da nauyin haɗari da aka gano, farashin dama da sadaukarwa ga wakilci / yanke shawara mai adalci.
Jean Merlin von Agris
Jean Merlin von Agris dalibi ne na REPPARE wanda ke samun tallafin PhD a Makarantar Siyasa da Nazarin Duniya a Jami'ar Leeds. Yana da digiri na biyu a fannin raya tattalin arziki tare da sha'awar ci gaban karkara na musamman. Kwanan nan, ya mai da hankali kan yin bincike kan iyaka da tasirin ayyukan da ba na magunguna ba yayin bala'in Covid-19. A cikin aikin REPPARE, Jean zai mai da hankali kan tantance zato da kuma ƙwaƙƙwaran tushen shaida da ke ƙunshe da shirye-shiryen balaguron bala'in duniya da ajandar mayar da martani, tare da mai da hankali musamman kan abubuwan da ke haifar da jin daɗi.
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