A cikin Afrilu 2020, yayin da yawancin duniya ke cikin tsauraran matakan kullewa, New York Times ta buga Labarin Haihuwar Nisantar Jama'a Da Ba A Fada Ba, yana mai tabbatar wa masu karatu cewa wannan ra'ayi na "nisantar da jama'a" yana da tarihin kimiyya.
Tabbas wannan shirme ne. Kasashen yamma ba kawai aiwatar da nisantar da jama'a na son rai ba, sun sanya dokar hana fita: Rufe kasuwanni da wuraren jama'a da karfin doka. Waɗannan kulle-kulle sun kasance wanda ba a bayyana ba a yammacin duniya kuma ba sa cikin kowace ƙasa ta dimokuradiyya shiri a kan annoba kafin Xi Jinping ya kulle Wuhan. Su gaza ma'ana don sassauta yaduwar Covid da yayi sanadiyar mutuwar mutane na dubun dubatar matasa a duk kasar da aka yi musu shari'a.
Amma a cewar Times, kimiyyar “nusantar da jama’a” duk sun fara ne a cikin 2005, lokacin da Richard Hatchett da Carter Mecher suka shiga cikin gwamnatin Bush don yin tunanin hanyoyin magance cutar. Daga nan Hatchett da Mecher sun sami wahayi ta hanyar aikin baje kolin kimiyya na 2006 da 'yar abokinsu Robert Glass 'yar shekara 14 ta rufe makarantu don hana kamuwa da cuta.
Hatchett, Mecher, da abokin aikinsu na Burtaniya Neil Ferguson sun yi karatu nuna nuna cewa irin wannan rufewar ya haifar da kyakkyawan sakamako a St. Louis fiye da na Philadelphia a lokacin mura na 1918 na Spain. Tare da waɗannan nazarin, sun ba da wannan ra'ayi na rufewar al'umma, wanda ya kasance "ya kasance tsawon ƙarni," sabon sunan matakan don haɓaka "nisa tsakanin jama'a" da kuma tura shi ta hanyar ofishin tarayya: "A cikin Fabrairu 2007, CDC ta yi tsarin su - wanda ake kira Non-Pharmaceutical Interventions, ko NPIs - manufofin Amurka."
A cikin 2021, mashahurin marubuci Michael Lewis ya rubuta The Premonition, Littafin mai shafuka 240 wanda a zahiri ya kasance tsawaita sigar labarin New York Times, zaki Hatchett da Mecher a matsayin jarumai kuma yayi cikakken bayani kan yadda aikin kimiyyar ɗan shekaru 14 ya zama manufofin tarayya da ke shafar ɗaruruwan miliyoyin rayuka. Wannan ingantaccen ya zama labarin hukuma na haihuwar nisantar da jama'a.
Wannan labarin yana da fa'idar zama bebe da za a iya gaskatawa. Mutane da yawa masu hankali suna rayuwa ta hanyar heuristic "ba su taɓa yin la'akari da ƙeta ba wanda za a iya bayyana shi da kyau ta hanyar wauta." Don haka, ga waɗanda suka fahimci tsauraran matakan kulle-kulle na 2020 a zahiri sun kasance bala'i, labarin cewa duk wannan barna ya faru ne sakamakon aiwatar da ayyukan da gwamnatinsu ta yi bisa aikin kimiyya na ɗan shekara 14 ya kasance bebe da ya zama gaskiya. Gubar mu kenan.
Tsananin kulle-kulle na 2020 ya yi daidai da matakan nisantar da jama'a na son rai da aka yi a cikin shirye-shiryen annoba, don haka labarin ya tafi, cewa za a iya gafarta musu aiwatar da su a matsayin kuskure. Mutane sun firgita, kuma wannan damuwa ya sa su yi kuskuren juya matakan nisantar da jama'a na son rai a cikin shirye-shiryensu na bala'in - wadanda suka kasance ''kimiyya'' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' ''.
Akwai matsala ɗaya kawai. Kimiyyar "nisanta jama'a" maiyuwa ba ta kasance halal ba bayan haka.
Kamar yadda ya fito, "matakan fadin al'umma don haɓaka nesantar jama'a" sun riga sun kasance sanarwa shiga cikin manufofin duka CDC da Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya a farkon 2004. Don haka, labarin hukuma na haihuwar nisantar da jama'a dangane da aikin baje kolin kimiyya na ɗan shekaru 14 ya rabu gaba ɗaya kuma ya bayyana ba komai ba ne illa cikakken labarin rufewa. A zahiri, waɗannan “matakan faɗin al'umma na 2004 don haɓaka nesantar jama'a" an ɗaga kai tsaye daga rufewar da aka sanya a China don mayar da martani ga SARS a 2003, daidai da tsohuwar manufar Sinawa ta kullewa (封锁).
Tarihin Kullewa da Kariyar Garke
Manufar "kullewa," ko kuma tilasta rufe wuraren sirri da na jama'a don iyakance yiwuwar hulɗar ɗan adam yayin da ake tunanin barkewar cutar, ta samo asali ne tun zamanin da a China. Wannan manufar kullewa ta bambanta da "keɓewa," wanda shine tsarewar waɗanda ba su da lafiya.
Bayan da jam'iyyar kwaminisanci ta kasar Sin ta karbi mulki a kasar Sin a shekarar 1949, wannan tsohuwar manufar "kullewa" ta kasance kaka sosai a cikin manufofin CCP. Misali, daya Dokar CCP daga shekara ta 2000 ya ƙunshi cikakkun bayanai game da aiwatar da kulle-kulle (封锁) don mayar da martani ga "cutar dabba da ke yin illa ga lafiyar ɗan adam da dabbobi." Wani Dokar CCP daga 2002 ya ba da shawarar kullewa (封锁) a yanayin cutar mura. CCP kuma sanya matakan kulle-kulle don mayar da martani ga SARS a 2003.
Cewa CCP zai ci gaba da wannan tsohuwar manufofin ba abin mamaki bane. Kamar yadda George Orwell ya shahara a kama shi Dabbobin Dabbobi, sauyi zuwa gurguzu ya kasance, galibi, ci gaba da tsohon tsarin feudal tare da farfagandar da ta fi jan hankali ga masu sauraro na ƙarni na 20. Sabbin aladu, iri ɗaya da tsoffin aladu.
Wannan ra'ayi na kullewa yana da mafari a cikin sauran tsoffin wayewa kuma, gami da a Turai. Daban-daban na kullewa sun kasance rubuta a lokacin Babban annoba na London a cikin 1660s, a lokacin annoba daban-daban na tsakiyar zamanai a Italiya, a ko'ina cikin Turai a lokacin Mutuwar Baƙar fata a karni na 14, da kuma a wasu lokuta marasa adadi.
Sakamakon kowane lamari ya kasance, ba shakka, yana da matukar muni - Mutuwar Baƙar fata ta yi ikirarin sama da kashi ɗaya bisa uku na yawan mutanen Turai duk da waɗannan kulle-kulle. Duk da haka kuna iya sanin waɗannan misalan tarihi daga faɗuwar yaƙin neman zaɓe na kulle-kulle furofaganda wanda aka fallasa mu yayin kulle-kullen Covid-2020 a cikin bazara na XNUMX, wanda kusan kusan koyaushe ana ɗaukar waɗannan misalan na zamanin da cewa suna kan "gefen dama na kimiyya" - ma'anar ma'anar ita ce tun lokacin da gwamnatocin zamanin da suka ba da umarnin abin da gwamnatocin zamani ke ba da umarni, to tabbas sun yi daidai, duk da shekaru marasa adadi na shaidar kimiyya ta zamani sabanin haka.
A saboda wannan dalili, New York Times da sauran manyan kafofin watsa labarai sun yi la'akari da kulle-kulle na 2020, duka daidai, a matsayin dawowar manufar "tsakiya".
Yaɗuwar kulle-kulle a cikin tsoffin wayewar zamani da na zamani shima ba abin mamaki bane, saboda manufar tana da sha'awa sosai ga tsohon tunanin da ya jahilci sarƙaƙiya kuma wani lokacin rikice-rikice na cututtukan cututtuka a cikin al'ummomin da ke da alaƙa. Kamar yadda yake tare da duk farfaganda mai tasiri, wannan ƙirar ƙira ga tunanin farko shine ke ba da kullewa furofaganda irin wannan gagarumin ikon tunani.
Wannan al'amari wanda dole ne wayewa ta zarce ra'ayoyin da ke da sha'awar tunani na farko a cikin fagage da yawa. Misali, al'ummomin kowane jariri na wayewa daga Amurka zuwa Asiya a lokuta daban-daban sun gina manyan dala, duk da cewa ba su da dangantaka da juna. Me yasa pyramids? Don wannan dalili yara suna gina dala a bakin teku: Dala babban tsari ne mai ƙarfi wanda kowa zai iya fahimta.
Tabbas, yanzu mun fahimci dala a matsayin tsari mai sauƙi, marar inganci, mafi ƙanƙanta a duka ƙarfi da amfani ga tsarin zamani, tushen tushe. Amma duk da haka sai a cikin ƙarni marasa ƙima na nazari mai zurfi, da mai da hankali sosai, da kuma kula da mafi hazaƙan masu ilimin lissafi ya sami karɓuwa sosai a fagen gine-gine.
Nau'in juyar da wayewa-hasken da muka samu yayin martani ga Covid shima ba sabon abu bane. Alal misali, bayan faduwar daular Roma, an rufe gidan Pantheon na Roma tsawon ƙarni. Masanan na farkon zamanai na tsakiya ba su iya fahimtar yadda irin wannan katafaren tsari mai tushe ba zai iya kasancewa a tsaye ba, don haka sun yanke cewa zai iya zama sakamakon maita ne kawai. QED. An buɗe Pantheon ne kawai lokaci-lokaci ga manyan membobin limaman coci, har ma a lokacin kawai don ƙayyadaddun manufar fitar da mugayen ruhohi.
Haka kuma, abin bakin ciki, wannan nau'in juyawa-hasken ko da yaushe bazuwar tsari ne, na gaskiya, ko na lumana. A wani ma'ana, babba wars na karni na 20 ana iya kallonsa a matsayin rigingimu ta shugabannin da suka wakilci na farko, tsarin ikhlasi a karkashin sabon alamar "fascism" da "kwaminisanci" a yunƙurin waɗancan tsarin na farko na kwato mulki daga mafi sarƙaƙƙiya na cibiyoyi na zamani.
A fagage da dama, ana iya danganta ci gaban wayewar dan Adam da karbuwa na yau da kullun na hadaddun ra'ayoyi masu wuyar fahimta, kuma babu inda wannan ya fi fitowa fili fiye da fagagen cututtukan cututtuka da lafiyar jama'a a tsawon karni na 20.
Domin ƙarni, masana kimiyya suna da lura illar zamantakewa, tattalin arziki, da lafiya na kulle-kulle da keɓewa kuma suna mamakin yaushe kuma a cikin wane yanayi waɗannan matakan ke da fa'ida. Wannan tambayar ta yi fice ta musamman a lokacin bala'in cutar ta Sipaniya ta 1918, bayan haka babban yarjejeniya ya haifar da cewa abin rufe fuska da matakan kullewa ba su da fa'ida. Kamar yadda Michael Lewis ya fada a ciki The Premonition:
Hikima mai ƙarfi ta al'ada ta tabbatar da cewa dabara ɗaya ce kawai mai tasiri: ware marasa lafiya, da kuma yin sauri don ƙirƙira da rarraba alluran rigakafi da magungunan rigakafi; cewa wasu ra'ayoyin, ciki har da ayyukan zamantakewa don nisantar da mutane ta jiki nesa da juna, an gwada su a cikin 1918 kuma ba su yi aiki ba. Manyan ƙwararrun ƙwararrun cututtuka na Amurka-mutanen da ke cikin CDC, da sauran wurare a cikin Sashen Lafiya da Sabis na Jama'a - sun yarda da wannan batu.
Da wannan hikimar ne a farkon karni na 20 masana cututtukan cututtuka suka fara duban yadda cututtuka ke hulɗa da tsarin rigakafi-ba kawai a matakin mutum ba, amma a cikin dukan jama'a. Daga cikin su akwai AW Hedrich, wanda a cikin 1930s ya yi wani abin lura mai ban mamaki cewa bayan isassun mutane masu lafiya a cikin adadin da aka ba su sun kamu da cutar kuma sun sami rigakafi daga kamuwa da cuta, adadin sabbin cututtukan ya faɗi da ƙarfi, har ma a cikin waɗanda har yanzu suna iya kamuwa da cutar, yayin da cutar ta ƙare. An yi nazari sosai kuma an rubuta wannan ra'ayi mai zurfi a cikin shekaru masu zuwa kuma an san shi da "garken garkuwa. "
Ƙa'idar ta kasance mai ban sha'awa da kyau, kuma za a iya taƙaita shi a matsayin "ka yi sannu kafin ka cutar da kanka." Domin babu makawa annobar cutar za ta kare ta hanyar garkuwar garken garken shanu, aikin kiwon lafiyar al’umma ya kamata ya takaita ne kawai wajen ilimantar da jama’a game da tsaftar da ta dace, da kare tsofaffi da marasa galihu, da gano ingantattun magunguna da ka’idojin alluran rigakafin cutar, da kuma bijirewa matsalar yawan jama’a da matsin lamba da jama’a ke yi na rufewa da sauran matakan da ba su dace ba wadanda suka kasance masu barna da rashin amfani.
Kariyar garken garken ya zama babban ka'ida na cututtukan cututtukan zamani da tsare-tsare na lafiyar jama'a, kuma an yi amfani da shi sosai a duk faɗin yammacin duniya har ma a lokacin annoba mafi muni na ƙarni na 20, kamar su. a lokacin Murar Asiya ta 1957 kuma, har ma da shahara, a lokacin Murar Hong Kong na 1968-69, wanda Woodstock ya faru.
A kowane hali, sakamakon yana da inganci sosai - har yau, kaɗan masu halarta na Woodstock suna da ra'ayin cewa sun shafe lokacin bazara na '69 bikin yayin barkewar cutar da ta fi Covid. Duk da cewa mutane da yawa sun mutu a ƙarshe yayin Covid, waɗannan adadin mutuwar sun kasance sun karkata zuwa ga ƙungiyoyin shekaru cikin ɗan haɗarin kamuwa da cutar, wanda ke nuna cewa galibi sun kasance. sa ta hanyar mayar da martani ga Covid maimakon kwayar cutar kanta.
Ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu fafutukar tabbatar da rigakafin garken garken garken garken garken garken garken gargajiya shine Donald A. Henderson, mutumin da aka fi sani da kawar da cutar sankarau. Henderson mutum ne da ake girmamawa, kusan kamar Gandalf a fagen kiwon lafiyar jama'a.
Kamar yadda Lewis ya bayyana: "[T] almara DA Henderson… a lokacin ne kawai ɗan adam da ke tafiya a duniya wanda zai iya ƙalubalantar Foege a matsayin babban kwamandan yaƙin cutar mai rai." Henderson ya kasance babban mai sukar sabon sha'awar tare da "nisantawar zamantakewa" kuma, tare da mai kirkiro na PCR Kary Mullis, yana ɗaya daga cikin 'yan tsirarun mutane da za su iya dakatar da kulle-kullen na 2020 da hannu ɗaya idan bai mutu ba da jimawa kafin su faru. Kamar yadda Henderson rubuta:
Sha'awar keɓe keɓe yana nuna ra'ayoyi da yanayin da suka mamaye sama da shekaru 50 da suka gabata, lokacin da ba a san da yawa game da cututtukan cututtukan da ke yaduwa ba. kuma lokacin da aka sami ƙarancin tafiye-tafiye na ƙasa da ƙasa a cikin ƙasa mai yawan jama'a… Mummunan sakamako na keɓe masu girma yana da matuƙar girma(tilasta kulle marasa lafiya tare da rijiyar; cikakken takaita zirga-zirgar jama'a; wahalar samun kayayyaki masu mahimmanci, magunguna, da abinci ga mutanen da ke cikin yankin keɓe) cewa ya kamata a kawar da wannan matakin ragewa daga la'akari sosai.
To sai dai kuma, a cikin karni na 20, yayin da ka'idar rigakafin garken garken shanu ta yi fice, ta kuma ceto kasashen yammacin duniya daga annoba bayan barkewar annobar, kasashen yammaci da kasar Sin sun kasance cikin yanayi na yaki, kuma dangantakar dake tsakaninsu tana da iyaka. Don haka, kamar yadda wayewar yamma ta mamaye kasar Sin lokacin da cibiyoyin 'yan ra'ayin mazan jiya suka zama kaka a cikin kwaminisanci, manufar kulle-kulle (封锁) ta kasance kakanta cikin manufofin CCP kuma ta kasance. Tsakiya zuwa manufofin lafiyar jama'a na CCP. Ta haka ne ilimin kiwon lafiyar jama'a na kasashen yamma da Sin ya bambanta, har sai da wasu jami'ai a yammacin kiwon lafiyar jama'a da ka'idojin kare lafiyar halittu sun yanke shawarar sake shigo da manufar kulle-kullen daga kasar Sin zuwa manufofin cutar ta yamma tare da sabon suna na "nisanta jama'a."
Yadda Aka Sake Shigo da "Lockdown" zuwa Yammacin Duniya azaman "Nisantar Jama'a"
Har yanzu ba a san dalilin da ya sa aka yanke shawarar sake shigo da manufar kullewa zuwa yammacin duniya ba. WHO ta fara farawa tattaunawa Babban rufewar jama'a a matsayin manufofin kiwon lafiyar jama'a yayin taron kasa da kasa kan martani ga SARS a watan Oktoba 2003, mai yiwuwa bisa abin da China ta yi. An fara babbar al'umma ta annoba ta yin amfani da “Nisan zamantakewa” azaman kalmar annoba don rufe taro jim kaɗan bayan haka.
Sa'an nan, a cikin Janairu 2004, wannan manufar na rufe taro ba zato ba tsammani ya bayyana dalla-dalla a matsayin manufofin CDC na Amurka don mayar da martani ga SARS, tare da sunan hukuma na "Matsakaicin Al'umma don Haɓaka Nisan Jama'a." A tsakiyar 2004, WHO ta kuma tsince amfani da kalmar "nisa tsakanin jama'a" don rufewar jama'a gaba ɗaya, ba tare da amincewa da su ba. Jagorar CDC ta 2004 akan “Matsakaicin Ƙarfafa Nisantar Jama’a” ba ta ƙunshi ambato ba, don haka ba a san ainihin inda ta fito ba; don amsa tambayoyin, wakilin CDC ya amsa kawai tare da a mahada dauke da bayanai da yawa kan abubuwan da ke faruwa a kasar Sin.
Komai na wannan lokacin yana karyata labarin "haihuwar nisantar da jama'a" kamar yadda ya gaya ta New York Times da Michael Lewis. Amma mahimman bayanai game da shigo da waɗannan matakan kulle-kullen har yanzu ana iya samunsu daga haɗe-haɗen labarinsu.
Ba za a iya bayyana shi ba, a cikin ƙarshen 1990s wani yanki na ƙungiyar tsaron ƙasa ta yamma sun haɓaka wani nau'in gyara kan ta'addanci kuma sun fara aiwatar da manyan kwaikwaiyo waɗanda galibi suka haɗa da keɓe masu yawa, kamar su. Dark Winter A cikin 2001. Ɗaya daga cikin memba na wannan juzu'in shine masanin ilimin cututtukan daji mai suna Richard Hatchett, yanzu Babban Babban Jami'in Hadin gwiwar Shirye-shiryen Innovations (CEPI), wanda New York Times da Michael Lewis suka yi la'akari da ƙirƙira manufar "wasantawa tsakanin jama'a." A cewar Times, duk ya fara a 2005:
Yunkurin ya fara ne a lokacin rani na 2005 lokacin da Mista Bush, wanda ya riga ya damu da ta'addanci bayan harin 11 ga Satumba, 2001, ya karanta wani littafi mai zuwa. 'Babban mura,' na John M. Barry, game da barkewar cutar Sipaniya ta 1918… Don haɓaka ra'ayoyi, gwamnatin Bush ta shigar da Dr. [Richard] Hatchett, wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara kan manufofin tsaro na Fadar White House. da Dr. [Carter] Mecher, wanda jami'in kula da harkokin kiwon lafiya ne a Jojiya mai kula da kulawa a kudu maso gabas.
Tuni, labarin ya ba da gaskiya: Muna nufin mu yarda cewa George W. Bush ya karanta littafi. Amma mafi muni, da rikodin ya fito fili karara cewa "Matsakaicin Al'umma don Haɓaka Nisantar Jama'a" sun riga sun kasance manufofin CDC na hukuma tun kafin 2005.
Yayin da suke tunanin hanyoyin magance cutar, sai labarin ya ci gaba, Robert Glass ya tuntubi Hatchett da Mecher, wanda 'yarsa mai shekaru 14 ta yi aikin kimiyyar makaranta kan hana kamuwa da cuta ta hanyar rufe makarantu. Hatchett, Mecher, da sauran masu bincike sun yi karatu Portending don nuna cewa ta hanyar rufewar jama'a, St. Louis ya sami sakamako mafi kyau fiye da Philadelphia a lokacin cutar ta Sipaniya a cikin 1918. Hatchett da Mecher sannan suka yi amfani da waɗannan karatun don tura manufar "ɓarnatar da jama'a" ta hanyar CDC da ofishin tarayya har sai an yarda da shi a matsayin manufofin hukuma a 2007.
Tunanin nisantar da jama'a yanzu ya san kusan kowa da kowa. Amma kamar yadda aka fara aiwatar da tsarin mulkin tarayya a cikin 2006 da 2007, ana kallonta a matsayin mara amfani, ba dole ba kuma ba ta iya siyasa… Amma a cikin gwamnatin Bush, an ƙarfafa su su ci gaba da bin kimiyya. Kuma a ƙarshe, dalilansu sun tabbatar da lallashi…
A cikin Fabrairu 2007, CDC sun yi tsarin su - wanda ake kira Ba-Pharmaceutical Interventions, ko NPIs - manufofin Amurka na hukuma.
Amma kuma, da rikodin a bayyane yake cewa CDC ta riga ta yi Matakan Faɗin Al'umma don Haɓaka Nisan Jama'a "manufofin Amurka na hukuma" a cikin Janairu 2004.
Hatchett ya yi iƙirarin cewa ya ƙirƙira amfani da kalmar “nesa zamantakewa” don dalilai na annoba. A baya can, an yi amfani da kalmar kusan karni a matsayin a mummunan yanayin zamantakewa don stigmatization dangane da launin fata, aji, ko matsayin lafiya. Per Lewis:
Yayin da cututtuka masu yaduwa ke yaɗuwa ta hanyar sadarwar zamantakewa, Richard ya yi tunani, dole ne ku nemo hanyoyin da za ku lalata waɗannan hanyoyin sadarwa. Kuma hanya mafi sauki ta yin hakan ita ce ta nesantar da mutane a zahiri nesa da juna. 'Ƙara Ingantacciyar Nisan Jama'a a matsayin Dabaru,' ya kira shi. 'Social Distance' ya kasance masana ilimin halayyar dan adam sun yi amfani da su wajen kwatanta dangi, amma bai san hakan ba a lokacin, don haka yana tunanin yana haifar da magana.
Wannan labarin kuma, an ƙaryata shi da gaskiyar cewa CDC ta riga ta rigaya kafa"Hanyoyin Faɗin Al'umma don Haɓaka Nisan Jama'a" a cikin Janairu 2004. Don haka ko dai Hatchett bai ƙirƙira kalmar "nisa ta zamantakewa ba" don amfani da annoba, ko kuma yana hulɗa da CDC shekaru da yawa kafin ya ce yana.
Lewis ya ci gaba da labarin yakin Hatchett a CDC:
Labarin da Lisa ta yi shirin ba da labari a cikin littafinta zai gina wani batu, taron da ya yi kwanaki biyu. Disamba 11-12, 2006. Ya kai matsayin nuni na ƙarshe akan wannan sabon, amma kuma daɗaɗɗen dabarun yaƙi da cututtuka… A lokacin da yawa daga cikin CDC sun kasance a cikin jirgin., ciki har da shugaban CDC na ƙaura da keɓewa, Marty Cetron... 'Mun yi nasara!' Wannan shine lokacin da CDC ta karɓi nau'ikan nisantar da jama'a daban-daban azaman kayan aiki mai inganci.
Ee, ba abin mamaki ba ne cewa "da yawa a cikin CDC suna cikin jirgin" tare da nisantar da jama'a a cikin 2006, da aka ba CDC tuni kafa shi a matsayin siyasa a cikin Janairu 2004.
Haka kuma lokacin da Carter [Mecher] ya shiga cikin Cibiyoyin Kula da Cututtuka. Da safe bayan taron otal, ya yi ado cikin abin da ya dace da kayan CDC: Birkenstocks, rigar da ba ta dace ba, da wando na khaki don daidaitawa-ko a'a. Ya kori zuwa harabar CDC a Atlanta; can Lisa ta ba shi lamba kuma ta kai shi ofishin Marty Cetron. Marty ta tafi yawon kankara a Turai. Carter ya zauna a tebur kuma, yana tuntubar Richard ta wayar tarho, ya rubuta sabuwar manufar CDC, wanda ya yi kira da a nisantar da jama'a a yayin da kowace annoba ta… Rufe makarantu da nisantar da yara da kuma hana tarurrukan jama'a da sauran shisshigi za su kasance tsakiyar dabarun barkewar cutar nan gaba na Amurka.- kuma ba kawai Amurka ba. "CDC ita ce babbar hukumar lafiya ta duniya," in ji Lisa. 'Lokacin da CDC ta buga wani abu, ba wai CDC kawai ke magana da Amurka ba amma ga duk duniya'…
Bayan [Mecher] ya tafi, mutane kamar sun manta da ya taba zuwa wurin. A watan Fabrairun 2007, lokacin da CDC ta buga sabon dabarun, idan ka tambayi wani a cikin wurin da ya rubuta, da sun ba ka sunan wani mutum a cikin CDC. Marty Cetron, ko watakila wani da ya yi masa aiki…
Bossert ya kalli Carter da Richard sun sake kirkiro shirin cutar sankara, sake fassara annoba mafi girma a tarihin ɗan adam, tayar da ra'ayin cewa al'umma za ta iya sarrafa wata sabuwar cuta ta hanyar amfani da nisantar da jama'a ta nau'ikanta daban-daban, sannan ko ta yaya za su jagoranci CDC zuwa ga ƙarshe cewa duk abin ya kasance ra'ayinsu.
Akwai kuskure da yawa a nan. Da farko, me yasa shugaban CDC na ƙaura da keɓewar duniya, Marty Cetron, ya bar Carter Mecher ya zauna a teburinsa a cikin CDC ya rubuta sabuwar manufar cutar ta cuta - manufar da za ta shafi ba kawai Amurka ba, "amma duk duniya"? Yayin da ya tafi yawon shakatawa a Turai? Za mu "sake haifar da shirin cutar sankara" -bayyana duk ƙarni na ilimin cututtukan cututtukan ba kawai ga ƙasa ba, har ma ga duk duniya - kun sami wannan Carter, Zan yi wasan tsere a cikin Alps!
Sannan akwai gaskiyar cewa babu wani a CDC ko da ya tuna ko ɗaya daga cikin wannan - CDC, wanda shine ma'ajin mu na ilimin cututtuka. A cewar Lewis, Hatchett da Mecher sun jagoranci "CDC zuwa ga ƙarshe cewa duk abin ya kasance ra'ayinsu." Wataƙila hakan bai kasance mai wahala ba, idan aka ba da “Matakan Ƙirar Al'umma don Haɓaka Nisan Jama'a" ya rigaya ya kasance manufar CDC a cikin Janairu 2004, yana nuna cewa, a zahiri, koyaushe shine ra'ayinsu.
A cikin littafin Lewis, Richard Hatchett yana ba da girmamawa ga DA Henderson.
Donald Ainslie Henderson watakila ƙafa shida ne biyu, amma a tunanin Richard ya tsaya ƙafa goma sha biyu da shida kuma ya fi girma a filinsa.
Babu tabbas ko Hatchett da gaske ya yarda da wani abu game da wannan game da Henderson, ko kuma girmamawarsa hanya ce kawai ta nuna godiya ga Henderson da sauran jami'an kiwon lafiyar jama'a, ganin cewa kusan duk abin da Hatchett ya yi ya kai ga bayyana ayyukan Henderson. Har ila yau, ba a san dalilin da ya sa Hatchett ya ji wannan ƙonawa na buƙatar sake jujjuya duk ƙarni na ilimin cututtukan yammacin duniya ba.
Richard ya kasa fahimtar tabbacinsa, ko kuma wata hikimar al'ada da ta haɗe. "Wani abu daya da babu shakka gaskiya ne idan ka samu kowa ka kulle kowannensu a dakinsa ba ka bari ya yi magana da kowa ba, da ba za ka kamu da wata cuta ba." Yace. 'Tambayar ita ce za ku iya yin wani abu a duniyar gaske.'
Matsalar ita ce, furucin Richard cewa “idan ka samu kowa ka kulle kowannensu a dakinsa… da ba za ka kamu da wata cuta ba” hakika karya ce da babu shakka. A zahiri, a lokacin Covid, har ma da ƙungiyoyin masu binciken da suka keɓe gaba ɗaya a Antarctica, waɗanda duk sun ɗauki matakan kiyaye lafiyar jama'a kuma babu wanda ya gwada inganci kafin tafiya, dandana Cutar korona.
Gaskiyar ita ce, ko a duniyarmu ta zamani, duk da ilimin da muke da shi game da batutuwa da yawa, iliminmu na gama-gari na ƙwayoyin cuta ba ya kusa da nagartaccen kamar yadda aka yi imani da shi. Wataƙila a cikin karni na 22 mutane za su waiwaya baya su yi dariya game da farkon fahimtarmu game da ilimin ƙwayoyin cuta. Amma a yanzu, ba mu san dalilin da yasa cututtuka ke tasowa ba ko da a cikin mutanen da ke da dogon lokaci. Kariyar garken yana yin la'akari da wannan gibin ilimi kuma ya daɗe yana zama tsakiya ga mafi kyawun ayyukan kiwon lafiyar jama'a bisa abin da muka sani.
Amma saboda kowane dalili, saboda kwatsam na CDC na "Matsakaicin Al'umma don Haɓaka Nisantar Jama'a" a cikin Janairu 2004 da ƙoƙarin Hatchett na gaba, manufar kulle-kulle (封锁) yanzu an sake shigo da shi cikin shirin bala'in yammacin duniya a matsayin "nusantar da jama'a."
Wadannan abubuwan da suka faru nan da nan jawo Wayar da kan su, tare da ƙungiyoyin masana kimiyya, galibi masana kimiyyar lissafi kamar Neil Ferguson, suna fitar da samfuri bayan ƙirar suna da'awar tabbatar da ingancin keɓewar jama'a da "nisanta jama'a," suna yin tunanin cewa farfaɗo da wannan manufar ta tsakiya tana wakiltar wasu sabbin ci gaban kimiyya. Kashi 99.9% na yawan jama'a ba su da wani dalili na sanin ko tunani game da wannan har zuwa shekarar 2020, lokacin da aka aiwatar da waɗannan matakan ba tare da nuna bambanci ba a duk faɗin yammacin duniya, galibi suna tsallake sunan zamani na "wasantawa tsakanin jama'a" gabaɗaya tare da sabawa asalin sunan Sinanci na "kulle."
Amfanin Zamani na “Lockdown” vs “Social Distancing
Kalmar "Masu Faɗin Al'umma don Haɓaka Nisan Jama'a" a cikin ta fara amfani ta CDC da alama an dauke shi kawai daga matakan kulle-kullen China yayin SARS. Don haka, "nisanta jama'a" shine kawai sunan yamma don tsohuwar tunanin China na kullewa (封锁). Saboda wannan dalili, ƙila ba abin mamaki ba ne cewa jami'ai sukan yi amfani da sharuɗɗan da maɓalli. Amma ana iya samun mahimman bayanai da wasu lokuta masu ban sha'awa daga yadda amfani da waɗannan sharuɗɗan biyu ya bambanta tun lokacin da aka fara "nisa tsakanin jama'a" a matsayin kalmar annoba a cikin 2004, kuma musamman tun lokacin kulle-kulle na Covid na bazara 2020.
Misali, a lokacin kulle-kulle a Saliyo a cikin 2014, da miliyoyin bot na waje inganta manufar kulle-kulle musamman ta yi amfani da kalmar kasar Sin ta "kulle" maimakon kalmar yammacin kalmar "wasantawa tsakanin jama'a," wanda ke nuni da cewa duk wanda ke bayan wannan kamfen na fitar da kulle-kullen zuwa Saliyo ya samu kwarin gwiwar yin hakan ne ta hanyar kulle-kullen kasar Sin maimakon sha'awar kasashen yamma na "wasantawa tsakanin jama'a."
Hakanan, dubunnan bots marasa ƙima waɗanda suka haɓaka manufar "kulle" a duniya a cikin Maris 2020 kuma. used kalmar Sinanci na "kulle" maimakon kalmar yammacin kalmar "taskantar da jama'a."
A zahiri, saboda wannan dalili, ba za ku sami kafofin watsa labaru na kasar Sin suna amfani da kalmar "taskantar da jama'a" ta yamma don kwatanta waɗannan matakan ba; su amfani kalmar Sinanci na "kulle."
Babu ɗayan waɗannan bayanan da ke rage gaskiyar cewa manyan kulle-kulle na Xi Jinping don mayar da martani ga Covid a cikin Janairu 2020, a cikin kalmomin na WHO, "sabon zuwa kimiyya" da "wanda ba a taɓa gani ba a tarihin lafiyar jama'a." Watakila babban gudummawar da Xi ya bayar a wannan fanni shi ne yadda ya bullo da manufar yin walda a gidajensu; walda ba shi da wani abin tarihi a manufofin kiwon lafiyar jama'a.
A duk lokacin da aka mayar da martani ga Covid, manyan 'yan jarida marasa adadi, masu tasiri, har ma da jami'an siyasa da na lafiyar jama'a sun yi kira da a sanya "kulle na gaske," ko kuma sun zargi gazawar martanin yamma ga Covid kan gazawar aiwatar da "kulle na gaske." Koyaya, tunda rikodin ya fito a sarari cewa "nisanta jama'a" shine kawai sunan yamma don ra'ayin Sinawa na "kulle (封锁)," ba a san ainihin me waɗannan masu sharhi da jami'ai ke nufi da "kulle zahiri ba."
Gaskiyar ita ce duk wanda ya sami kowane irin nisantar da jama'a yana fuskantar "kullewa" na gaske. Bugu da ari, ba a ambaci “kulle” ba a kowace ƙasa ta yamma shiri a kan annoba. Don haka lokacin da waɗannan manyan jami'ai, 'yan jarida, da masu tasiri suka yi kira ga manufar "kullewa na gaske," menene ainihin abin da suke nufi? Wataƙila wasu suna yin amfani da manufofin Xi Jinping na kulle-kulle mai tsauri don sanya mutane cikin gidajensu, ko kuma a wasu lokuta, ta hanyar "kulle na gaske" kawai suna nufin tsauraran umarni da ƙarfi a zahiri.
A wasu lokuta, manyan jami'ai a cikin martani ga Covid sun yi amfani da kalmomin "wasu nisantar da jama'a" da "kulle" musanyawa. Misali, a cikinta littafin ban mamaki Shiru MamayeJami'ar White House Coronavirus Response Coordinator Deborah Birx ta ce China ta yi amfani da "nauyi na zamantakewa" a lokacin SARS a 2003:
Daya daga cikin abubuwan da suka sa adadin masu kamuwa da cutar SARS ya yi muni shi ne, a Asiya, yawan jama'a (matasa da manya) sun rungumi sanya abin rufe fuska akai-akai, don kare kansu daga gurɓacewar iska da cututtuka a cikin cunkoson jama'a na cikin gida da waje lokacin da nisantar jama'a bai yiwu ba.
Wannan ba daidai ba ne a fasaha. Har yanzu ba a ƙirƙira “ƙaddamar da jama’a” a matsayin kalmar annoba a cikin 2003; maimakon haka, Sinawa sun yi aiki"kulle" (封锁). Amma to-may-to/to-mah-to ina tsammanin.
Wataƙila wannan shine dalilin da ya sa Birx, babban jami'in da ke kula da martanin Amurka ga Covid, sannan bai nuna damuwa ba game da son sanya "kulle" -ta amfani da kalmar Sinanci - akan jama'ar Amurka.
A wannan lokacin, ban kusa amfani da kalmar kullewa ko rufewa ba. Idan da na furta ɗayan waɗannan a farkon Maris, bayan kasancewa a Fadar White House mako guda kawai, 'yan siyasa, membobin ƙungiyar da ba na likita ba za su kore ni a matsayin mai firgita, ma halaka-da-baki, mai dogaro da ji ba gaskiya ba…
A ranakun Litinin da Talata, yayin da muke warware batutuwan bayanan CDC, mun yi aiki lokaci guda don haɓaka jagorar daidaitawa da nake fatan gabatarwa ga mataimakin shugaban ƙasa a ƙarshen mako. Samun saye kan matakan rage sauƙaƙan da kowane Ba'amurke zai iya ɗauka shine kawai matakin farko da ke haifar da tsawan lokaci da tsangwama. Dole ne mu sanya waɗannan abubuwan farin ciki ga gwamnati ta hanyar guje wa bayyanar da cikakkiyar kullewar Italiya.
Ministan Lafiya na Italiya Roberto Speranza, mutumin da ya rattaba hannu kan wasu umarni na farko na hana barkewar cutar a cikin kasashen yammacin duniya, haka nan. yana amfani da kalmar Sinanci “lockdown” a cikin littafinsa:
Lokaci ne na rufe gabaɗaya, na kulle-kullen babban yanki na Arewacin Italiya. Yana da ma'auni mai wuyar gaske, wanda ba a taɓa yin amfani da shi ba a Yamma.
Lallai, manufar “kulle” ta tilas tana da babu wani misali a yammacin duniya; maimakon haka, shirye-shiryen cutar sankara na yammacin duniya sun ba da shawarar matakan nisantar da jama'a na son rai kawai. Amma da aka ba da "nisantar da jama'a" ya samo asali ne a matsayin sunan yamma na "kulle (封锁)," watakila rufewar da aka yi la'akari a cikin waɗannan tsare-tsaren annoba ba a taɓa nufin su zama "na son rai" ba bayan haka - duk abin da "na son rai" rufe yake. A cikin kalmomin Birx:
[T] shawarwarin sun kasance tushen tushe ga gwamnoni don ba da umarnin rufe lallausan lankwasa.… Tare da sakon “wannan abu ne mai mahimmanci” na fadar White House, gwamnoni yanzu suna da “izni” don samar da amsa daidai gwargwado kuma, daya bayan daya, wasu jihohi sun bi sahun gaba. California ita ce ta farko, ta yin haka a ranar 18 ga Maris. New York ta biyo bayan Maris 20. Illinois, wacce ta ayyana dokar ta-baci a ranar 9 ga Maris, ta ba da umarnin mafaka a ranar 21 ga Maris. Louisiana ta yi hakan a ranar ashirin da biyu. A cikin ɗan gajeren tsari zuwa ƙarshen Maris da makon farko na Afrilu, an sami ƴan abubuwan riƙewa. An fara rufewar da'ira, mai lanƙwasa-da-kwana.
Kammalawa
"Matakan Faɗin Al'umma don Haɓaka Nisan Jama'a" ya riga ya kasance sanarwa ta CDC cikin manufofin tarayya a watan Janairu 2004, da alama an dauke shi kai tsaye daga matakan kulle-kullen China (封锁) yayin SARS. Wannan ra'ayi na "kullewa," ko rufe taro, yana da abubuwan tarihi da yawa a zamanin da da na daɗaɗɗen amma binciken cututtukan yammacin duniya ya rusa shi da yawa a ƙarni na 20. Martanin Yammacin Turai game da annoba na ƙarni na 20 don haka sun ta'allaka ne kan ka'idar "kariyar garken garken" tare da nasara mai yawa wanda yawancin mutane ba sa lura da su.
"Nisantar zamantakewa" don haka kawai kalmar yamma ce don "ƙullewa." Labarin a hukumance na haihuwar nisantar da jama'a dangane da aikin kimiyya na ɗan shekara 14 na 2006 kamar yadda New York Times da Michael Lewis suka faɗa don haka ya ɓace gaba ɗaya kuma ya zama cikakken labarin fayyace ga asalin Sinanci.
A saboda wannan dalili, amfani da musanya da manyan jami'ai da yawa yayin mayar da martani ga Covid na sharuɗɗan "kulle" da "waɗanda ke nishadantar da jama'a" sananne ne, kamar yadda manyan kamfen ɗin farfaganda suka yi amfani da kalmar "kulle." Babban kira ga jami'an yammacin duniya da kafofin watsa labarai na aiwatar da "kullewa na gaske" abu ne mai ban mamaki musamman, ganin cewa an haifi "nisantawar zamantakewa" a matsayin ma'anar "kulle"; mai yiwuwa wasu daga cikin wadannan kiraye-kirayen sun kasance na matakan da suka yi kama da na Xi Jinping na kulle-kullen da ba a taba ganin irinsa ba a farkon shekarar 2020 wadanda suka hada da kofofin walda da sauran matakan da suka dace.
Waɗannan abubuwan sun haifar da ƙarin tambayoyi da yawa. Wane ne ainihin bayan shigo da matakan kulle kasar Sin cikin manufofin kasashen yamma a 2004, kuma me ya sa? Me ke bayyana matakin da jami'an tsaron ƙasa suka yi ba zato ba tsammani game da ta'addanci da keɓewa a ƙarshen 1990s? Shin wannan gyare-gyaren tare da keɓewa kawai sakamakon samun tagulla mai yawa na soja tare da rashin isasshen fahimtar cututtukan cututtukan ƙarni na 20, ko wani abu dabam? Wanene ya ba George W. Bush wannan littafin game da mura na Sipaniya a 2005? Kuma me ya sa ainahin jami'ai da kafofin watsa labarai da abin ya shafa suka yi wannan aiki don tsara labaran da kuma guje wa alaƙa da asalin Sinanci na waɗannan ra'ayoyin?
Wata hanya ko wata, tsohuwar manufar "kulle" don mayar da martani ga barkewar cutar ta zo cikakke. Bayan binciken da aka yi a cikin karni na 20, wannan tsarin na kulle-kulle (封锁) ya ci gaba da wanzuwa a kasar Sin saboda takaitaccen hulda da CCP da kasashen yamma, sai kawai a sake dawo da shi zuwa yamma a farkon karni na 21, na farko ta hanyar sannu-sannu kuma mai ban mamaki na yakin neman zabe sau daya. sikelin da ba a taɓa gani ba.
Sake bugawa daga marubucin Mayarwa
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Michael P Senger lauya ne kuma marubucin Man Maciji: Yadda Xi Jinping Ya Rufe Duniya. Tun daga Maris 19 ya kasance yana binciken tasirin jam'iyyar kwaminisanci ta kasar Sin game da martanin da duniya ke bayarwa game da COVID-2020, kuma a baya ya rubuta kamfen yada farfagandar kulle-kulle ta duniya da The Masked Ball of Cowardice a cikin Mujallar Tablet.
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