The tangarahu (Birtaniya) ya ba da rahoto mai ban sha'awa harka on Oktoba 22. Wata mata, wacce aka yi wa fyade a baya, ta shiga wani asibiti mai zaman kansa a Landan don yin tiyata mai rikitarwa. A lokacin tantancewar asibiti na farko da ya shafi hanyoyin kusanci, ta ci karo da wani da ta yi imani cewa mace ce mai kaifi a cikin gashin gashi da kayan shafa wanda ya sa ta jin daɗi.
Majinyacin, wanda a baya ya ki yin amfani da karin magana da aka fi so, ya nemi ƙungiyar ma’aikatan jinya ta mata baki ɗaya, tana mai cewa “cakulan asibitocin jima’i ba su da aminci ga mata.” Shugabar ta amsa cewa asibitin "ba ta yarda da imaninta ba" kuma, saboda ta haifar da "bacin rai" ga ma'aikatan, an soke aikinta.
Baroness Nicholson, shugabar kungiyar kamfen na 'yan majalisa Yara da Mata Farko, ta rubuta wa Hukumar Kula da Ingancin Kulawa tana kira da a gudanar da bincike kan ci gaban "mai ban mamaki" cewa asibiti zai ki kula da mara lafiya saboda imani daban-daban. A halin yanzu namiji Musulmi fursuna a Amurka wata kotun tarayya ta ba da izini daga wani mai gadi na mace mai ilimin halitta ya bincika saboda imaninsa na addini.
Tsakanin su, shari'o'in biyu sun nuna yadda yaƙe-yaƙe na al'adu ke haɗuwa da ayyukan likita da zamantakewa. Haƙƙoƙin tushen jima'i da aka ayyana ta hanyar ilimin halitta ana ture shi a gefe ta hanyar ruɗaɗɗen ra'ayi, ɗimbin ra'ayi da tsarin zamantakewa na ainihin jinsi.
Idan aka waiwaya baya, ina mamakin ko yunƙurin hana ilimin halitta don tantance asalin jinsi ya taimaka wajen buɗe hanya zuwa hauka na ilimin kimiyya na kulle-kulle, masks da alluran rigakafi. Bambancin da ba a iyakance shi ba yana gudana daga ruɗin jinsi na gaske zuwa fetishism, ɓarna, paedophilia, cin zarafin yara, rashin fahimta da ƙin sha'awar jima'i na mata a cikin dagewar cewa 'yan madigo waɗanda suka ƙi yin jima'i da mazan trans-maza suna transphobic da jinsi. -masu madigo masu mahimmanci sune TERFS.
Nasarar Transgender a matsayin Maɗaukaki ga Manufofin Ƙira na Kimiyyar Kimiyya
Yawancin mu har yanzu muna ƙoƙarin yin wasa da Covid kawai abin da ya faru. Ta yaya muka yi watsi da kimiyya kuma muka ƙi bayanai don isa inda muke? Da kyau, kafin Covid, motsin trans shine hanya ɗaya mafi nasara don kawar da kimiyya da bayanai tare da akidar akida, aƙalla a cikin Yamma. Abubuwan gama gari tare da cututtukan manufofin annoba sun haɗa da:
- Girman ji sama da gaskiya, akidar kan bayanai;
- Juyar da duk kimiyyar da ake da ita, ilimi da fahimtar maza da mata ga duk tarihin da aka riga aka yi wa mutane don fitar da gogewar karni, kimiyya da tsare-tsaren tsare-tsare kan gudanar da cutar;
- Technocrats da masana nace sun fi sani;
- An wankar da kwakwalwa ko kuma tsoratar da gwamnatoci don amincewa da canza dokoki yadda ya kamata;
- Sannan ana amfani da dokokin don tilasta wa 'yan ƙasa bin doka;
- Abin kunya ana amfani da shi azaman babban kayan aikin tunani na magudin tunani;
- Masana ilimin halittu da ma'aikatan lafiya, duk da sanin cewa transgender tuƙi shi ne ƙaryatãwa game da kimiyya, sun zama m ta hanyar shiru domin sun zabi su sa kawunansu kasa;
- Haɗin gwiwa tare da Big Tech don "binciken gaskiya," tantancewa da ɓacewa sabanin ra'ayi;
- Dagewar cewa matakan gwaji suna da lafiya da tasiri;
- Babu iyaka ga illolin da aka yarda da su a matsayin kisa kawai akan babbar hanyar zuwa adalci ta zamantakewa sama.
Hanya ɗaya kawai ita ce idan tuƙi ya ci karo da wani bambancin ra'ayi na addini ko kabilanci, kamar Islama ko Black Lives Matter waɗanda zanga-zangar ta keɓe daga takunkumin tsari-a-gida.
Maƙasudin farko-cum-sharadi na canza yanayin zamantakewa-ruwa-tushen jinsi shine yunƙurin karin magana. Jordan Peterson yayi daidai a cikin 2016 zuwa kin gwamnati diktat akan karin magana untethered zuwa nazarin halittu gaskiya. Abin da Peterson ya tabbatar a matsayin 'yancin fadar albarkacin baki 'yan adawa sun yi Allah wadai da shi ƙi magana.
Harshe yana da mahimmanci, don yana sarrafa labarin. Yakin da ake yi da sunan mata, haƙƙoƙinsa, sirrinsa da mutunci yana ɓacewa da zarar kun yarda da ilimin kimiyya na yin magana da wani mutum mai gemu mai nauyin 6'6” tare da sashin namiji mai aiki wanda zai yi alfahari da nunawa a cikin wurin shakatawa na mata, ba tare da la'akari da kunya da fushi ba. 'Yan mata da matan Koriya-Amurka a can na iya ji, kamar "ita/ta."
A wannan lokacin kun kulle kanku cikin tarkon asara. Ta yaya za ku iya hana wanda kuke kira "she/ta" 'yancin yin amfani da bandaki ko dakin canji na mace da kuma shiga gasar ninkaya ta mata?
Maza suna goge Mata
Tunanin da ke bayan yunƙurin fifita karin magana shi ne cewa ra'ayin kowa game da jinsinsa ya cancanci kariyar doka. Sakamakon rashin niyya da karkatacciya duk da haka gabaɗayan abin da za a iya faɗi shi ne dakatarwar da gangan na zahirin halitta tare da gaskiyar gaskiya barazana ce ga mata.
Akwai kyakkyawan dalili na ƙirƙirar wuraren aminci na mata kawai a bandakuna, dakunan canji, mafaka, sabis na rikicin, gidajen yari da wasanni. Ƙoƙarin yin amfani da cikakken ƙarfin doka don tilastawa da tilasta wa kowa da kowa ya yi la'akari da gaskiyar karya ta ilimin halitta yana tunawa da tsarin mulkin kwaminisanci inda dole ne mutane su nuna biyayya ga jam'iyya ko kuma su fuskanci wulakanci na jama'a na gwaje-gwajen nuni, ikirari na kurakurai da sihiri a sake. - sansanonin ilimi.
Bukatarsu ta rashin haƙuri da yaƙi ya kai: ku biya mana mutuncin mu maza a matsayin mata masu son kai, ko kuma mu sa ku biya ku saboda rashin girmamawa.
Al'adar "mafificin karin magana" tana shiga cikin kuma tana ba da damar maza masu cin zarafi yayin rufe bakin wadanda abin ya shafa. Malamin Irish Enoch Burke ya gwammace ya tafi kurkuku maimakon yin magana da ɗalibin trans-namiji a matsayin "su" maimakon "shi." JK Rowling yayi izgili maza masu gemu ayyana menene mace.
Da yawa sun kasance sun yi shiru kuma suna tafiya cikin tawali'u tare da iƙirarin cewa "masu riƙe azzakari" mata ne, maza za su iya yin ciki, likitoci, ma'aikatan jinya da ungozoma dole ne a horar da su don taimaka wa maza su haihu, maza da mata da suka aikata fyade dole ne a rubuta su. a matsayin mata masu fyade, da maza masu bayyana kansu a matsayin mata dole ne a bar su su yi gasa a wasannin gasa na mata duk da fa'idodin nazarin halittu masu girma, ƙarfi da ƙarfin hali.
Ko kuma mun yi imani da gaske cewa Kotun Koli ta Amurka Kenji Brown Jackson da kuma tsohon babban jami'in kula da lafiya na Australia Brendan Murphy ban san ma'anar "mace ba?"
A zahiri maza sun sake yanke hukunci game da ainihin haƙƙin mata. A gefe guda, babu ɗayan waɗannan da zai yuwu ba tare da fara musun cewa jima'i wata hujja ce ta ilimin halitta wacce ba za a iya karkatar da ita a ƙarƙashin jinsi a matsayin ginin zamantakewa ba. A daya bangaren kuma, da zarar an gamsu da motsin karin magana da aka fi so a doka, wane kariya ya rage a kan matsananciyar da'awarta?
A watan Yuli mai laifin jima'i "Sally Ann" nee An yanke wa John Stephen Dixon hukunci tare da daure shi na tsawon shekaru 20 saboda cin zarafin yara maza da mata masu shekaru 7-15, kafin ya canza jinsi. 'Yan sandan Sussex sun bayyana lamarin a matsayin "mace da aka samu da laifin aikata laifukan tarihi a kan yara."
'Yar jaridar nan Julie Bindel ta rubuta: "Wannan mai laifin NAMIJI ne," kuma jima'i yana dacewa da laifukan jima'i. Wata uwa ta tweeted: "A'a wannan ba laifin mace bane." 'Yan sanda sun yi mata barazana da yin lalata da ita a matsayin "laifi na ƙiyayya." Wannan shi ne irin ƙarfin da a cikin 2017 ya yi gargadin cewa "kula da mata“ Alamun kan kayayyakin tsafta a manyan kantuna sun keta dokokin daidaiton jinsi.
Ana sake maimaita wani shafi na baya daga Toby Young cewa 'yan sanda yakamata su yi titunan 'yan sanda ba tweets ba, Sakatariyar Harkokin Cikin Gida Suella Braverman ta wallafa a shafinta na Twitter: "Mayar da hankali kan kama masu aikata laifuka ba da sunan 'yan sanda ba." Kuma oh, an aika Dixon zuwa gidan yarin mata. Shin za'a tura wanda ya bayyana a matsayin yaro zuwa gidan yari a matsayin mataki na gaba a juyin halittar wannan hauka?
Yi la'akari da wasu misalan kwanan nan:
- The Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Amurka yana neman ma'aikatar shari'a da Big Tech don yin katsalandan, ba da izini, bincike da gurfanar da 'yan jarida don "rashin fahimta" idan sun yi tambaya game da tiyatar jinsi ga yara kanana.
- Asibitin Yara na Boston mai alaƙa da Harvard ya haifar da fushi tare da faifan bidiyo, tun lokacin da aka goge, cewa jarirai a ciki sun sani suna transgender.
- The Kungiyar Ilimi ta Kasa a Burtaniya ya ba da shawarar wata manufa ta yadda malamin da ya tattauna 'yancin mata na tushen jima'i tare da abokan aikinsa za a dauki shi a matsayin transphobic.
- A Birtaniya an nada wani mutum a matsayin "jami'in mutunci na zamani” amma sai a bar ta a fusace ta biyo bayan koma bayan da labarin ya fito fili.
- An Jagoran da NHS ke goyan bayan lokaci ya kawar da "mata" da "'yan mata" daga gidan yanar gizonsa, tun da farko ya cire "mata" akan shafukan shawarwari game da ovarian da ciwon mahaifa.
- A Burtaniya mai biyan haraji tsarin ɗakin karatu na ƙasa ga matasa ya haɗa da wani littafi da ya kwatanta ƙirjin matashiya a matsayin “ƙuƙumma masu ƙiba da ke bukatar a bace” yayin da ta ke fantasiss game da “ƙaunataccen son raina.”
- A wani gidan yari na California, an yi zargin wani fursuna namiji guda yi wa wata mata fyade a cikin tukwane a tsakar gida yayin da wani mutum ya tsaya a gadi.
- A cikin New Jersey, trans mace Demi nee Demetrius Minor ya yi wa wasu fursunoni biyu ciki kafin a kai su wani wurin daban amma yana fafutukar komawa gidan yarin mata. Ya caka wa uban renonsa wuka har sau 27 a shekarar 2011 kuma mahaifiyarsa ta bayyana shi a matsayin "manipulative "psychopath" yin amfani da transgenderism a matsayin yaudara don samun kulawa ta musamman da kulawa a gidan yari." Tabbas hakan bai taba faruwa ba?
- A cikin wani atisayen Orwellian, 'yan sandan Burtaniya sun yi rikodin "al'amuran ƙiyayya ba tare da laifi ba" kuma sun binciki korafin da ake zargin wani hoton bidiyo "yana kasancewa". rashin hankali game da masu lalata. "
- A watan Mayu, wata mai fafutukar kare hakkin mata ta hanyar lumana ta yi zanga-zangar lumana a Manchester a birnin Manchester. Balaclava-clad trans masu fafutuka a cikin wani misali na haɗin kai mai jurewa ta gefe ɗaya na gardama.
- A cikin Wisconsin a wannan watan, gundumar makaranta ta buɗe taken IX shari'ar cin zarafin jima'i a kan 8th masu digiri don kiran ɗalibi "ita" maimakon "su."
- Ƙididdigar jinsi, wanda aka ƙirƙira tun farko don gyara rashin mata a wuraren aiki, musamman a cikin manyan ayyuka, mata masu tasowa ne ke cike da su. Ma'aikatan BBC sun yi zanga-zanga game da wannan sauyi amma da gaske, me suke tunanin zai faru da zarar an canza ma'anar mace a shari'a?
Wanda Ya Sarrafa Harshe Yake Sarrafa Labarin
Amma duk da haka, kafofin watsa labaru galibi sun dace da ƙaƙƙarfan hali maimakon ƙalubalanci wauta na kiran mata masu trans "ita / ita," gami da tangarahu's Rahoton na labarin Dixon da kuma New York Post Rahoton akan Karamin harka. Kamar yadda suka kasa kalubalantar labarin Covid.
A wani lamari kuma a watan Oktoban 2021, BBC ta yi nisa canza maganar wanda aka yiwa fyade game da wanda ya kai mata hari domin gudun bata shi. Duka manyan cibiyoyin shari'ar laifuka Shin da aka karɓi aikin da ake nufi da nuna fyade da ke nuna fyade ta hanyar bayyanar da suka fi so, wanda a zahiri yana da tasirin fifikon 'yancin trans da rahoton gaskiya.
Harshen 'jinsi-tsakiyar' ba tsaka-tsaki ba ne kuma ba ya haɗawa amma anti-mace. Yana shafe fiye da rabin ɗan adam a matsayin wani nau'i na musamman kuma ya keɓe haƙƙinsu na aminci, mutunci da keɓewa. A cewar bayanan Medicare, 55 "maza" sun haihu a Ostiraliya a cikin 2014-15. Sall Grover, wanda kwanan nan ya haifi ɗa, ya yi nisa da shi kaɗai a cikin fushi da fushi da tsarin Medicare wanda ya maye gurbin "mahaifiyar haihuwa" da "mahaifiya" - ɗaya daga cikin kalmomi masu ƙauna da tausayi a kowane harshe a duniya.
A maimakon haka, ana bama-baman mu da nau'ikan nau'ikan munanan kalmomi masu banƙyama: iyaye masu haihuwa 1 da 2, masu shayarwa, masu iya haila da samun juna biyu… Ina mamaki, shin har yanzu masu binciken archaeologists suna rarraba skeleton a matsayin namiji da mace? Kuma yaya game da fadada yakin harshe zuwa duniyar dabba?
Matar da ke adawa da mamayewar sirrinta ta hanyar kasancewarsa a cikin canjin bayan gida ko dakin shawa, ko kuma hana filin wasa a cikin gasa, ko ma tsoron lafiyar jikinta, ana magana da ita kuma ana iya gurfanar da ita a matsayin babba. Kamar yadda Zoe Strimpel ya ce, “maza ba sa kallon mata a matsayin barazana sa’ad da suka cire tufafinsu amma hakan ba gaskiya ba ne, kuma da kyakkyawan dalili.” Mutumin da ya ce shi mace ne ana yabo da daukaka saboda jarumtakarsa da gaskiya.
Af, ka tuna cewa tsohon-fashion "na miji" nagarta? Ba tare da sani ba, wokerati sun tabbatar da batun ta hanyar yin wasan kwaikwayo a Shakespeare's Globe Theatre ba kaɗan ba, wanda ke nuna. Joan da Arc a matsayin trans – domin babu wata mace da za ta iya zama jaruntaka da soja – tare da rakiyar “su/su” karin magana. Kamar yadda (almara) Titania McGrath tweeted: "Wata mace Joan na Arc da ta kasance tana shagaltuwa da saƙa, tsegumi da siyayyar takalma don yaƙar Ingilishi." Don ƙirƙirar jumla, wannan shine "tashin hankali" akan harshen Ingilishi da kuma adabi. Amma wannan gidan wasan kwaikwayo ma ya yi haka Alisabatu 1, daya daga cikin manyan sarauniyar Ingila.
Muhawarar Canji Hujja ce akan Gaskiya, ba Haƙƙi ba
Bari mu bayyana a sarari: muhawara a kan trans harshe ne jayayya akan gaskiya da ilimi sabanin karya da akida, ba gardama kan hakkin dan adam ba. A ranar 21 ga Oktoba, BBC ta sanar da mu cewa “Italiya shugaban dama Giorgia Meloni ya amince da aikin kafa gwamnati mai zuwa.”
Shin ya taɓa kwatanta Biden a matsayin hagu mai nisa? Duba, harshe yana da mahimmanci. Ana bayyana masu ra'ayin tsattsauran ra'ayi na hagu a matsayin "masu ci gaba," ko da yake sau da yawa "masu tsattsauran ra'ayi na hagu" sun fi dacewa da su. (Shin, ba abin ban sha'awa ba ne - mai duba rubutun kwamfuta na kawai ya nuna alamar koma baya amma ba mai ci gaba ba, don haka yana ba da ra'ayi na.) Hakazalika, "tabbatar da jinsi" ba kawai rashin lahani ba ne amma a zahiri tabbatacce, yayin da "kaciyar mata?"
Menene ainihin bambanci tsakanin tiyata ta ƙarshe da canjin jinsi? A kan tunani na biyu, buga wannan tambayar - Ba na so in sani da gaske.
Maganganun da aka fi so su ne ɗan fosta don motsin farke wanda ba kasafai yake yin daidai ba amma koyaushe tabbatacce. Jagorar Associated Press yana ba 'yan jarida umarni don ɗaukaka ji na asalin jinsi sama da hujjoji akan jima'i; wato karya. A cikin a gamuwa da labari a zaman da majalisar dattawa ta yi a watan Yuli wanda ya kasance kusan shirme, sata kuma farfesa a shari'ar Berkeley Kharara Bridges ya zargi Sanata Josh Hawley da nuna kyama saboda ya tambaye ta ko ta hanyar "mutane masu iya daukar ciki" tana nufin mata. Ba ta ma da hankali da za ta iya fahimtar ma'anar Hawley, yayin da a martanin da ta ba ta cewa zai iya koyan abubuwa da yawa daga halartar taron nata, ya ce: "Na koyi abubuwa da yawa daga wannan musayar."
Karimcin alheri na iya haifar da illa da haɗari. 'Yan sanda a Toronto sun sanya hoton mutanen da suka bace na Isobella Degrace, mai shekaru 27 trans namiji tare da akuya, fifita siyasar ID akan lafiyar macen halitta. Wani kyakkyawan misali na sakamakon da ba a yi niyya ba ya fito ne daga Scotland. Wani mutum dan shekara 66 mai ba da gudummawar jini Leslie Sinclair, wanda ya ba da jini kusan shekaru 50, an yi watsi da shi a wannan shekara saboda ya ki amsa tambayar da aka yi kafin bayarwa. halinsa na ciki.
Ban san kai ba, ya kai mai karatu. Amma idan ana shirin yi mani babban tiyata, amincewa da ƙungiyar da ke da alhakin lafiyata da jin daɗina a gidan tiyata zai girgiza sosai idan sun fara tambayata ko ina da ciki ko har yanzu mazastruating.
Ƙungiyoyin matsin lamba sun rikiɗe daga karewa da haɓaka haƙƙin tsiraru zuwa ga mafi rinjayen sarrafa sarrafa su. Don yin yaƙi don trans ji shi ne a rayayye ruguza ainihin wuya-rishe hakkokin na mata da 'yan mata. Sakamakon ƙarshe shine wutsiya trans wuts da kare "heteronormative".
A Amurka, Julie Jaman 'yar shekara 80 ta ji muryar wani mutum yayin da take shawa a wani tafkin YMCA. Ta ga wani mutum sanye da rigar wanka na mace yana kallon kila kananan yara mata hudu ko biyar suna jan kwat din don su yi amfani da bandaki. Ta ce masa "fita" ta kai kara ga manajan da ya kira 'yan sanda akan Jaman da ya hana ta daga tafkin.
A cikin wani labari mai ban mamaki in The Spectator a kan Disamba 2, 2019, James Kirkup ya rubuta game da nasiha mai ban sha'awa ga masu fafutuka ta wani kamfanin shari'a na kasa da kasa kan yadda za a canza dokar don ba da damar sauya jinsi ta yara ba tare da izinin iyaye ba.
Daga cikin shawarwarin da aka samu daga mafi kyawun nasarorin da aka samu a ƙasashe da yawa: ci gaba da ajandar jama'a ta hanyar buga shawarwarin doka kafin gwamnati ta haɓaka nata; kan batun da samun goyon bayan jama'a ke da wuya a boye shi a bayan "labulen kariya" na wani abin da ya fi shahara kamar daidaiton aure; kuma kaucewa ko iyakance fiddawar latsawa.
Sauti saba?
Tanveer Ahmed, wani likitan hauka dan kasar Ostireliya da ya ziyarci gidajen yari, ya lura cewa jima'i shine mafi girman hasashen aikata laifuka, tare da maza da ke sama da kashi 80 cikin 90 na masu laifi da sama da kashi XNUMX na masu laifin jima'i. Shaidar tana da yawa, in ji shi, "cewa mazan ilimin halitta waɗanda suka bayyana a matsayin mata masu wucewa suna riƙe da halayen maza na aikata laifuka ciki har da haɗarin aikata laifukan jima'i a gidajen yari." Nawa ne abin ya shafa kafin hukumomi su matsa don kare fursunonin mata daga masu cin zarafi na maza? Yara nawa ne za a sadaukar a kan bagadin mummunar akidar trans kafin ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya ta zo cikin hayyacinta kuma ta kira dakatar da magani mara amfani, rashin tabbas da haɗari, in ji Jordan Peterson?
Shan Komawa
A Amurka, iyayen da suka fusata suna kokawa daga masu tsattsauran ra'ayi wadanda suka kama shugabannin makarantu, koda kuwa, abin mamaki, gwamnatin Biden ta yi barazanar tura FBI kan wadannan 'yan ta'adda na cikin gida. A cikin Burtaniya, ban da wasu manyan shari'o'in kotu, kayayyaki kamar Stonewall, Tavistock transgender asibitin da kungiyar agaji ta kungiyar agaji ta Mermaid sun fuskanci babban koma baya bayan da jama'a suka sa ido a 'yan watannin nan.
A ranar 23 ga Oktoba NHS Ingila ya gargadi likitocin da kada su karfafa yara ‘yan kasa da shekara 18 su canza sunaye da karin magana, suna mai cewa yawancin wadanda suka yi imanin cewa su transgender ne kawai ke tafiya cikin “lokaci.” Bangaren kasa da kasa, hukumar kula da wasan ninkaya ta duniya FINA ta haramta mata trans daga fafatawa a tseren fitattun mata idan sun shiga wani bangare na tsarin balaga na maza.
Mata sun daina shirin yin shiru da sakawa. Maimakon haka, karuwar lambobi suna da daina zama yarinya mai kyau kuma suna yin kirga muryarsu. Wata kungiyar gamayyar jam'iyyar mata 'yan siyasar Burtaniya ta yanke shawarar kaddamar da wani sashin manufofin ilmin halitta don dakatar da akidar jinsi na "lalata" 'yancin yara da mata. Suna jin tsoron cewa "gaskiyar kimiyya da gaskiya sun zama wanda aka azabtar da juyin juya halin akida."
Wannan kuma yana jin kun saba a cikin mahallin manufofin Covid. Ya kamata 'yan siyasa a duniya su kafa kungiyar 'yan majalisar dokoki ta kasa-da-kasa don kaddamar da sashin manufofin yaki da cutar kanjamau don yakar yadda jami'an kiwon lafiya ke kalubalantar ci gaban manufofin annoba da aiwatarwa.
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Ramesh Thakur, Babban Babban Masanin Cibiyar Brownstone, tsohon Mataimakin Sakatare-Janar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ne, kuma farfesa na farko a Makarantar Siyasa ta Crawford, Jami'ar Kasa ta Australiya.
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