A cikin Maris da Afrilu na 2020, hukumomin tarayya, jihohi, da ƙananan hukumomi sun sanya tsauraran matakan gaggawa don hana yaduwar COVID-19. Ya zuwa ranar 16 ga Maris, 2020, dukkan jihohin sun ayyana dokar ta-baci, kuma ya zuwa ranar 7 ga Afrilu duk jihohin ban da hudu sun sanya wani tsari na “Stay a gida”. Gundumomi da gundumomi su ma sun zartar da nasu umarni daban-daban masu alaƙa da COVID. Kamar yadda aka saba a Amurka, cikakkun bayanai sun bambanta sosai ta hanyar ikon - wasu matakan sun fi sauran ƙarfi sosai. Amma gabaɗaya, an gudanar da wani sabon tsarin doka a duk faɗin ƙasar, da sunan yaƙi da abin da aka bayyana a matsayin rikicin lafiyar jama'a sau ɗaya a rayuwa.
Tun daga farko, wata tambaya mai mahimmanci - har yanzu ba a sami cikakkiyar amsa ba - ita ce ta yaya za a aiwatar da waɗannan Umarnin Gaggawa daidai a matakin ƙasa. An umurci jami'an 'yan sanda su yi sammaci da kama su? Idan haka ne, a karkashin wace hukuma? Rubuce-rubucen faci na dokoki a cikin Amurka sun sanya wannan wahalar tantancewa ta kowace irin cikakkiyar hanya.
A watan Afrilun da ya gabata, na je Delaware bayan cin karo da rahotanni a kafafen sada zumunta na yanar gizo cewa 'yan sanda na jan hankalin direbobin da tambarin jihar, bisa ga dokar ta-baci mai alaka da COVID-19. Duk da yake ba a ja ni da kaina ba, na yi magana da mutane da yawa waɗanda suka kasance - da alama ba bisa ka'ida ba, tun daga Maryland da ke kusa kuma suna zuwa Delaware akai-akai don aiki ko wasu dalilai marasa lahani.
Ko da mutum ya yi imanin cewa wasu matakan gaggawa sun dace a ƙarƙashin yanayin, abubuwan da ke da haɗari ga 'yancin ɗan adam a lokacin ba su da tabbas. An bai wa hukumomin jihohi da sabon iko na sa ido da sa ido kan 'yan kasa, daidaita halayensu, da hukunta su saboda rashin bin ka'ida - amma duk da haka saninmu game da yadda wadannan hukumomi ke tura ikonsu ya takaita sosai. Yaduwar rufe kotuna ya kara dagula lamarin.
Na san cewa tattara duk wani nau'in bayanan kama da sammaci a duk faɗin ƙasar ba zai yuwu ba, don haka na fara da hukunce-hukuncen da suka faru a kusa da ni. A watan Mayun da ya gabata, na ƙaddamar da buƙatar FOIA (wanda ake kira buƙatun OPRA a New Jersey) ga Newark, Sashen 'yan sanda na NJ don bayanan da suka shafi aiwatar da laifukan da ke da alaƙa da COVID-19 wanda ya samo asali daga Dokokin Gudanarwa na gaggawa na jiha da na gida. Ban sami kome ba kusan shekara guda; a dace, COVID ya kuma ba wa hukumomin gwamnati uzurin ginannen uzuri don jinkirta jinkirin lokacin mayar da martani ga irin waɗannan buƙatun rikodin.
A ƙarshe na karɓi CD-ROM tare da kayan da aka nema. Ya ƙunshi jerin sammaci sama da 2,600 da aka bayar a cikin birnin Newark tsakanin 21 ga Maris zuwa 13 ga Mayu na 2020 - aƙalla 1,100 daga cikinsu suna da alaƙa da zargin cin zarafi na COVID. An rarraba abubuwan da ke faruwa ba daidai ba, amma duk suna da aƙalla wani abu da ya shafi COVID.
Bayanan sun bayyana karara cewa a tsakanin watan Maris-Mayu 2020, 'yan sanda na Newark sun ci gaba da hawaye suna tuhumar mutane da sabbin fassarori na laifuka. Ɗaya daga cikin ƙa'idodin da suka ba da izini ga mutane, APP. A:9-49(A), an ayyana shi da:
Aiwatar da duk wani aiki mara izini ko akasin haka a yayin barazana ko kusancin haɗari a cikin kowane gaggawa da ke yin illa ga lafiya, jin daɗi da amincin mutane.
Ga wasu misalan “ayyukan da ba a ba su izini ba ko akasin haka” waɗanda ake zargin sun ba da gudummawa ga “lalata lafiya, jin daɗi, da amincin mutane” da ‘yan sanda ke zargin mutane da aikatawa:
- Zaune a wurin shakatawa
- Zama da magana da wasu
- Zaune akan kwandon madara
- Ziyara ba tare da halaltacciyar manufa ba
- Rataya waje
- Kasancewar a kan titi tare da wani
- A titi a cikin taron wasu
- Zaune akan benci shan taba
- Ƙarfafawa wasu don rashin nisanta jama'a
- Tsaye a waje suna jin daɗin yanayin
- Zamantakewa da wani
- Ba Nisantar Jama'a ba
- Tsaye ba tare da abin rufe fuska ba
Wadannan laifukan suna da hukuncin zaman gidan yari na tsawon watanni shida da tarar dala 1,000.
A ranar 16 ga Afrilu, 2020, 'yan sanda sun tuhumi wata mata da keta wani doka, 2C: 24-7.1A1, wanda aka ayyana a matsayin "yin sakaci cikin hali wanda ke haifar da babban haɗari na rauni ga wani mutum."
'Yan sanda sun bayyana cin zarafin ta da cewa: "da gangan ya jefa sauran 'yan kasar cikin hadari ta hanyar rashin sanya abin rufe fuska kamar yadda gwamna ya ba da umarnin a samu wanda zai dakile yaduwar cutar ta COVID-19." [Duk rubuce-rubucen da ke cikin waɗannan kwatancin kurakuran 'yan sanda ne]
Anan ga ƙaramin samfurin sammacin da aka bayar a rana ɗaya, Afrilu 3, 2020, wanda aka karɓa daga rajistar 'yan sanda da na samu:
Dukkanin mutanen da ke sama an tuhume su da "Hana Gudanar da Doka ko Wani Ayyukan Gwamnati," laifin mutane marasa tsari.
Kamar yadda kuke gani, mutane da dama, akasarinsu amma ba dukkansu aka lissafa a matsayin wadanda ba fararen fata ba, ‘yan sanda sun zarge su da laifin kin bin umarnin Gwamnan New Jersey, Phil Murphy. Ga wasu misalan abin da ‘yan sanda ke zargin ‘yan kasar da aikatawa domin nuna rashin amincewa da Gwamna. (Har ila yau, duk rubutun nasu ne, ba nawa ba!)
A ranar 30 ga Maris, an tuhumi wani mutum da aka bayyana da Black da laifin “TAUKARWA BA TARE DA KIYAYE NASARA 6 BA, KUMA BA TARE DA WUTA BA, A WAJEN UMURNIN GWAMNA.
A ranar 27 ga Afrilu, wani mutum da aka bayyana a matsayin Baƙar fata da ake zargi "ya kasa yin biyayya ga umarnin gwamna ta hanyar shiga cikin balaguron da ba shi da mahimmanci & kasawa ta hanyar zamantakewa."
A ranar 28 ga Afrilu, an ba da wani mutum da aka bayyana a matsayin Black sammaci don "ketare umarnin gwamna ta hanyar kin yin nisantar da jama'a yayin dokar ta-baci ta 19."
A ranar 1 ga Mayu, wani mutum da aka bayyana a matsayin Baturen Hispanic ya sami sammaci daga 'yan sanda saboda "tsaye da keta umarnin Gwamna."
Ga duk laifukan da aka yi a sama, 'yan sanda sun ce ba a bayar da wani gargadi ba.
Na tambayi mai magana da yawun Phil Murphy, Alyana Alfaro Post, me ta ke tunani game da mutane da yawa da tsarin shari'a na laifuka ya kama su da laifin bijirewa Gwamna ta hanyar yin abubuwa kamar tsayawa a waje. Ta ba da amsa a cikin yanayin banal: "A cikin barkewar cutar, jami'an tsaro na gida sun aiwatar da umarnin zartarwa tare da ba da kwatance lokacin da suka ga ya dace, kamar yadda za su yi game da kowace dokar jiha."
Ee, hakan a bayyane yake. Abin tambaya a nan shi ne mene ne ra’ayin Gwamnan dangane da dacewar wadannan laifukan da aka fitar da sunan sa. (Murphy yana shirin sake tsayawa takara a wannan Nuwamba, ta hanyar.)
Ga abin da kakakin 'yan sandan Newark Catherine Adams ta aiko mani da imel:
Sannu: Per Newark Daraktan Tsaron Jama'a Brian O'Hara, bisa ga umarnin Gwamna Murphy na 103, 107 da 195 da aka bayar a ranar Maris 3, 2020, Maris 16, 2020 da Nuwamba 12, 2020, bi da bi, ya ba da sammaci ga mutanen da aka samu sun saba wa umarnin zartarwa. Waɗannan sammacin sun kasance da farko don manyan taruka da kasuwancin da ke aiki a wajen sa'o'in da aka kayyade na Dokar Zartarwa.
Amma a fili wannan ba shine abin da ya faru ba, bisa ga bayanan 'yan sandan Newark. An yi wa mutane da yawa sammaci kan laifuffuka kamar "Rashin sanya abin rufe fuska," wanda shi ne abin da aka ambata bakar fata a ranar 17 ga Afrilu, ba tare da wani gargadi na farko ba; ko "Kasancewa a waje don kasuwanci mara mahimmanci," wanda shine abin da aka ambata dan Hispanic a wannan rana, kuma ba tare da wani gargadin da aka yi ba; ko "Zaune a gaban gidansa yana sauraron kiɗa," abin da aka ambata wani Bature ɗan Hispanic ya yi a ranar 2 ga Mayu, kuma ba tare da wani gargaɗin da aka yi ba.
Ga wasu ƙarin abubuwan da ake da'awar cin zarafi:
An ambaci wani mutum mai suna Richard Brandt da "tafiya a kan titin N. 6th ba ya sa abin rufe fuska ko safar hannu wanda ya saba wa umarnin zartarwa na 107" - kusa da gidansa - a ranar 27 ga Afrilu.
Ya kasance tare da matarsa, suna tafiya yawo. Brandt ta gaya mani: "Mu kadai ne, tana sanye da abin rufe fuska. Ina da abin rufe fuska a hannuna." Sai ’yan sanda guda biyu suka bi su a cikin wata motar ‘yan sanda suka tsaya musamman domin ba shi tikitin. Brandt ya ce game da babban jami’in, “Ina tsammanin shi sabon bako ne, ina gaya masa ina tare da matata, ba na kusa da kowa. Ya ɗauki lokaci mai tsawo kafin ya rubuta…
Yawancin waɗannan maganganun da aka bayar sama da shekara guda da suka gabata har yanzu suna aiki tuƙuru, a cewar tashar yanar gizo ta Kotunan NJ. Wasu kuma da alama an sallame su ne bisa ga shawarar alkali ko mai gabatar da kara na karamar hukumar. Duk da haka, ko da shigar da tsarin ta wannan hanya na iya haifar da mummunan sakamako ga mutane, ba tare da la'akari da yadda za a yi watsi da shari'ar su ba.
Wani dan kasar Masar wanda ya ce ya sami mafaka a Amurka ya sami sammaci mai alaka da COVID yayin da yake aiki a wani kasuwanci a Newark wanda ke buƙatar sabis na kai tsaye - yana ganin an ba shi izinin hakan a matsayin "mahimmanci". Amma a ranar 17 ga Afrilu, 'yan sanda sun shiga ginin, sun nemi ID, kuma sun raba sammaci ga ma'aikatan da ke wurin.
Sama da shekara guda, ya damu cewa sammacin na iya yin illa ga matsayinsa na doka a Amurka. Yakan yi ta kokarin gano ko zai gurfana gaban kotu, ko kuma me ake bukata don warware lamarin, amma ya kasa samun tabbatacciyar amsa. "Ba na son samun matsala da gwamnati ko 'yan sanda a nan saboda ba shi da kyau ga shari'ata," in ji shi. "Kuma ba shi da kyau gabaɗaya, kamar yadda muke faɗa a Masar, ina tafiya kusa da bango, ba na son matsala, ba na son yin matsala da kowa."
Sai da na tuntube shi ya samu labarin cewa a gaskiya an yi watsi da kararsa. Ya sami kwanciyar hankali - amma duk da haka, idan aka yi la'akari da hankali na tsarin mafaka, ba a sani ba ko sammacin da ya rage a tarihinsa zai iya yin wani tasiri a nan gaba.
Wani mutum mai suna Yoram Nazarieh ya ce a takaice ya je kantin sayar da kayan sa da ke Newark a ranar 3 ga Afrilu - ba don budewa don gudanar da ayyuka na yau da kullun ba, in ji shi, kawai don ɗaukar wasu takaddun da ake buƙata don ci gaba da gudanar da mu'amala ta yau da kullun. Amma kusan nan take wasu gungun ‘yan sanda suka bayyana. Ya ce musu, “Na zo nan bayan kwana goma da ba na nan, ina da hakki a kan mutanen da suke waya, na zo ne kawai in ɗauki takarda in tafi.”
Zanga-zangar nasa ba ta da amfani. Ya ce jami’in da ya yi masa sammacin “ya ci gaba da nanata cewa sajan yana nan, kuma dole in yi abin da sajan ya gaya min.” An tuhumi Nazarieh da laifin rashin gaskiya.
"Ina tsammanin a zahiri sun gangara kan toshe kuma sun ba kowa," in ji shi. Takardun bayanan ‘yan sanda sun bayyana hakan - wasu mutane da dama da ke kusa da wurin kantin sayar da kayan sa kuma an ba su sammaci don keta dokar zartarwa a kusan lokaci guda, a rana guda.
Nazarieh ya gaya mani: "Dukkan abin karya ne. "Ko da mutumin ya ce, kawai sun so nuna karfi." Har yanzu ana lissafin shari'arsa a matsayin mai aiki.
Wani dalibin Rutgers ya ce ya je Newark ne a ranar 28 ga Maris don taimakawa wani abokinsa da aka kora daga gidansa. "A wancan lokacin, a gaskiya, ban ma tunanin kulle-kullen ya cika aiki ba." Bai da tunanin hakan zai kai shi ga samun sammaci. “Hankalin jami’in bai dace ba domin na ba shi amsa karara ga dalilin da ya sa na wuce wa’adin,” dalibin ya gaya mani. "Na gaya wa jami'an biyu haka kuma har yanzu na sami sammacin."
Bai san cewa har yanzu shari'arsa tana nan ba sai da na tuntube shi.
Bob DeGroot, lauya mai kare masu laifi a cikin birni, ya raba ra'ayinsa game da waɗannan dabarun tilasta bin doka tare da ni. "Newark yana buƙatar cajin mutane da wannan kamar yadda shugaban ya buƙaci tsarin basur," in ji shi. "Saboda Newark yana da laifi na gaske."
Karen Thompson, Babban Lauyan Ma'aikata na ACLU na New Jersey, ta gaya mani cewa ta fara samun irin wannan bayanan daga kewayen New Jersey da ke da alaƙa da tilasta cin zarafi na COVID. "Yana da ɗan ban sha'awa, iyakar," in ji ta. Idan aka yi la'akari da yawan sammaci da aka yi, da kuma rashin fahimtar yadda ake tafiyar da su - Har yanzu ana gudanar da Kotun Municipal ta Newark a kan Zoom - akwai haɗarin cewa waɗannan shari'o'in sun ɓace a cikin tsarin, kamar yadda sau da yawa ke faruwa tare da sammacin birni. Kuma hakan na iya jawo koma baya ga wadanda ake tuhuma. "Mutane suna samun wadannan sammacin kuma ba su san game da su ba, ko kuma ba a sanar da su game da su ba, kuma ba zato ba tsammani ya tashi daga kiran sammaci ga wanda ke da budaddiyar sammacin kama su," in ji ta.
Kisan wannan duka shine daga baya a watan Mayu, Newark (kamar wurare marasa adadi a Amurka) ya shirya zanga-zangar bayan mutuwar George Floyd - duk wanda ya keta ka'idojin COVID wanda har zuwa lokacin da aka aiwatar da shi sosai. Kuma waɗannan su ne mai goyon bayan jiha zanga-zangar; Gwamna Murphy da Magajin Garin Ras Baraka sun amince da su, duk da cewa jami'an biyu sun kwashe watanni suna karbar 'yan kasa saboda gazawar "nisa tsakanin jama'a" ko kuma taruwa kananan taron jama'a a waje. Baraka da kansa ya kasance a mai halarta a cikin zanga-zangar da ta keta umarninsa na zartarwa - irin wannan umarni da 'yan sanda suka bayar na tuhumar mazauna Newark:
Baraka hatta shigar da shi kamar yadda ni a lokacin: "Wannan cin zarafi ne, amma muna yin hakan," in ji shi game da zanga-zangar a Newark a watan Mayun da ya gabata. (Kuma zaɓaɓɓun jami'ai suna mamakin dalilin da yasa mutane suka kosa da yanayin saɓani na waɗannan matakan tilastawa.)
Har yanzu ba a tantance cikakken ikon da aka baiwa hukumomin jihar don dakile yaduwar cutar ba ko kuma a yi musu tambayoyi. Shin waɗannan dabarun sun cim ma wani abu da ya amfanar da lafiyar jama'a? Musamman tare da shekara ɗaya da rabi na hangen nesa, yana da shakka. Sai dai idan "damuwa da tarin mutane ba tare da la'akari ba" ko ta yaya ya zama babban nasara ga lafiyar jama'a.
Sake bugawa daga marubucin blog
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Michael Tracey ɗan jarida ne mai raɗaɗi wanda ke yin rubutu a Substack.
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