Binciken musabbabin cuta kamar binciken musabbabin laifi ne. Kamar yadda gano DNA na wanda ake tuhuma a wurin da aka aikata laifi ba zai tabbatar da sun aikata laifin ba, haka nan gano DNA na kwayar cuta a cikin majiyyaci ba ya tabbatar da cewa ya haifar da cutar.
Yi la'akari da lamarin Cutar Epstein-Barr (EBV) misali. Yana iya haifar da cututtuka masu tsanani kamar arthritis, sclerosis da yawa da kuma ciwon daji. A Nazarin Jafananci a 2003 ya gano cewa kashi 43% na marasa lafiya da ke fama da cutar ta Chronic Active Epstein-Barr (CAEBV) sun mutu a cikin watanni 5 zuwa shekaru 12 na kamuwa da cuta.
Duk da haka EBV yana daya daga cikin ƙwayoyin cuta da aka fi sani a cikin mutane kuma an gano shi a cikin kashi 95% na yawan jama'a. Yawancin wadanda suka kamu da cutar ko dai asymptomatic ne ko kuma suna nuna alamun zazzabin glandular, wanda zai iya samun alamomi iri ɗaya da 'dogon Covid.'
Idan wata hukumar talla ta yi ƙoƙarin haifar da buƙatar maganin EBV tare da tallan TV da rediyo na yau da kullun waɗanda ke wakiltar ingantattun gwaje-gwajen EBV kamar 'Abubuwan EBV' kuma ya mutu a cikin kwanaki 28 kamar yadda 'Mutuwar EBV,' za a tuhume su zamba ta hanyar wakilci na ƙarya don haka da sauri ƙafafunsu ba za su taɓa ƙasa ba.
Yadda Ake Gane Virus
Kafin ƙirƙirar PCR, da misali zinariya don gano ƙwayoyin cuta shine shuka su a cikin al'adun sel masu rai kuma a ƙidaya ƙwayoyin da suka lalace ta amfani da na'urar gani.
Rashin lahani na al'adun tantanin halitta shine suna buƙatar ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun masana kuma suna iya ɗaukar makonni don kammalawa. Amfanin shine kawai suna ƙididdige ƙwayoyin cuta masu rai waɗanda ke haɓaka kuma suna lalata sel. Matattun ƙwayoyin cuta waɗanda ba su yi ba ana rage su ta atomatik.
Ƙirƙirar PCR a cikin 1983 ya kasance mai canza wasa. Maimakon jira ƙwayoyin cuta su yi girma ta halitta, PCR cikin hanzari yana haɓaka ƙananan adadin DNA na hoto ko bidiyo mai zagaya yanar gizo da sauri a cikin jerin zagayowar dumama da sanyaya waɗanda za'a iya sarrafa su da kammala su cikin ƙasa da sa'a guda.
PCR ta yi juyin juya halin kwayoyin halitta amma aikace-aikacen da ya fi dacewa ya kasance a cikin zanen yatsa na kwayoyin halitta, inda ikonsa na girma ko da ƙananan alamun DNA ya zama babban makami a yaki da laifuka.
Amma, kamar gilashin girma mai ƙarfi ko ruwan tabarau na zuƙowa, idan yana da ƙarfin isa ya sami allura a cikin hay yana da ƙarfi isa ya yi tsaunuka daga tsaunuka.
Hatta wanda ya kirkiro PCR, Kary Mullis, wanda ya lashe kyautar Nobel a fannin ilmin sinadarai a shekarar 1993, da karfi. Yi tsayayya da amfani da PCR Don gano cututtuka: “PCR wani tsari ne da ake amfani da shi don ƙirƙirar wani abu gaba ɗaya daga cikin wani abu, yana ba ku damar ɗaukar ɗan ƙaramin adadin kowane abu kuma a iya auna shi.nd sai a yi magana game da shi kamar yana da mahimmanci."
Tabbas PCR ya ƙyale hukumomin kiwon lafiyar jama'a da kafofin watsa labarai a duniya suyi magana game da sabon nau'in Coronavirus kamar yana da mahimmanci, amma yaya mahimmanci yake da gaske?
Adadin Yana Yin Guba
Duk wani abu na iya zama m a cikin isassun allurai, har ma da oxygen da ruwa. Tun daga lokacin Paracelsus a cikin 16th karni, kimiyya ta san cewa babu abubuwa kamar guba, kawai abubuwan da suka shafi guba:
"Dukkan abubuwa guba ne, kuma babu abin da ba tare da guba ba; sashi kadai yana sanya guba." (Paracelsus, dritte defensio, 1538.)
An bayyana wannan ka'ida ta asali a cikin karin magana "kashi sola facit venenum" - kashi kadai ke yin guba - kuma shine tushen duk Ka'idodin Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a wanda ya fayyace Matsakaicin Halattan Magunguna (MPDs) ga duk sanannun haɗarin lafiya, daga sinadarai da radiation zuwa ƙwayoyin cuta, ƙwayoyin cuta har ma da hayaniya.
Matsayin Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a, Kimiyya da Doka
Toxicology da Law dukansu ƙwararrun batutuwa ne tare da yarensu na musamman. Dangane da hurumin, Matsakaicin Halattan Magunguna (MPDs) kuma an san su da Iyakancen Bayyanar Kiwon Lafiya (HBELs), Matsakaicin Matsakaicin Bayyanawa (MELs) da kuma PIyakar Bayyanawa mara izini (PELs). Amma, komai rikitarwa da rikicewar harshe, ƙa'idodin asali suna da sauƙi.
Idan kashi kadai ya sanya guba to, kashi ne ya fi damuwa, ba guba ba. Kuma idan Ma'aunin Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a a cikin tsarin dimokuradiyya mai sassaucin ra'ayi ana tsara shi ta hanyar doka to doka tana buƙatar zama mai sauƙi don alkalan alkalai masu hankali su fahimta.
Ko da yake cutar da kowane guba ya haifar yana ƙaruwa tare da kashi, matakin cutarwa ya dogara ba kawai akan toxin ba, amma mai sauƙi na mutum da kuma hanyar da aka ba da guba. Matsakaicin Halattan Magunguna dole ne a daidaita daidaito tsakanin fa'idar haɓaka aminci da tsadar yin sa. Akwai abubuwa da yawa na siyasa, tattalin arziki da zamantakewa da za a yi la'akari da su baya ga Fasaha (PEST).
Dauki misalin surutu. Karamin waswasi na iya zama mai ban haushi da cutarwa ga wasu mutane, yayin da mafi girman kida zai iya zama mai gina jiki da lafiya ga wasu. Idan da Matsakaicin Halaccin Kashi an saita a matakin don kare mafi hankali daga kowane haɗari na cutarwa, rayuwa ba za ta yiwu ga kowa ba.
Matsakaicin Halattan allurai dole ne su daidaita farashi da fa'idodin ƙuntatawa ga matakin Babu Tasiri Mai Ganuwa (NOEL) a ƙarshen ma'aunin, da matakin da zai kashe 50% na yawan jama'a a ɗayan (LD50).
Bacteria da ƙwayoyin cuta sun bambanta da sauran gubobi, amma ka'idar iri ɗaya ce. Saboda suna ninka kuma suna ƙara yawan adadin su tare da lokaci, matsakaicin izinin allurai yana buƙatar dogara akan ƙaramin adadin da zai iya fara kamuwa da cuta da aka sani da Mafi ƙarancin Maganin Cutar (MID).
Dauki misalin listeria monocytogenes misali. Kwayoyin cuta ne ke haifar da listeriosis, cuta mai tsanani da za ta iya haifar da cutar sankarau, sepsis da encephalitis. Adadin wadanda suka mutu ya kai kusan kashi 20%, wanda hakan ya sa ya fi Covid-19 sau goma.
Amma duk da haka listeria ya yadu a cikin muhalli kuma ana iya gano shi a cikin ɗanyen nama da kayan lambu da kuma abinci da yawa da aka shirya don ci, gami da dafaffen nama da abincin teku, kayan kiwo, sandwiches da aka riga aka shirya da salads.
Matsakaicin adadin abincin da zai iya haifar da barkewar listeriosis shine kusan ƙwayoyin cuta masu rai 1,000 a kowace gram. Ba da izinin iyakar aminci mai dacewa, Matsayin abinci na EU da Amurka saita iyakar halattaccen kashi na listeria a cikin kayan da aka shirya don ci a kashi 10% na mafi ƙarancin kashi, ko ƙwayoyin cuta masu rai 100 a kowace gram.
Idan Matsakaicin Matsakaicin Izala ya dogara ne kawai akan gano ƙwayoyin cuta ko ƙwayoyin cuta maimakon adadin, masana'antar abinci za ta daina wanzuwa.
Kariya ga masu rauni
Babban yatsan yatsa don saita matsakaicin adadin da aka halatta amfani da shi ya kasance 10% na MID don ƙwayoyin cuta da ƙwayoyin cuta, da 10% na LD50 don sauran gubobi, amma wannan ya sami ƙarin zargi a cikin 'yan shekarun nan: na farko tare da radiation, sa'an nan kuma hayakin taba Muhalli (ETS), sannan shan taba gabaɗaya. sai kuma ƙwayoyin cuta.
Tunanin cewa akwai babu lafiya kashi wasu gubobi sun fara bayyana a cikin 1950s, lokacin da fashewar radiyo daga gwaje-gwajen bam na atom da radiation daga radiyon likitanci suna da alaƙa da haɓakar ban mamaki bayan yaƙin cutar kansa da lahanin haihuwa.
Ko da yake kimiyya ta ƙi wannan a lokacin, ba gaba ɗaya mara tushe ba ne. Akwai dalilai da yawa da yasa radiation zai iya bambanta da sauran gurɓataccen abu. Sinadarai kamar carbon, oxygen, hydrogen da nitrogen ana sake yin fa'ida ta yanayi ta yanayi, amma babu wani abu kamar Radiation Cycle. Ayyukan rediyo yana ɓacewa a hankali tare da lokaci, komai sau nawa aka sake sarrafa shi. Wasu abubuwa masu amfani da rediyo sun kasance masu haɗari na tsawon lokaci fiye da tarihin ɗan adam.
Duk nau'ikan rayuwa ana yin su ne ta hanyoyin sinadarai, babu wani makamashin nukiliya. Makamin nukiliya na ƙarshe a duniya ya ƙone fiye da shekaru biliyan 1.5 da suka wuce. Mafi kusa yanzu an ware shi daga rayuwa a duniya da nisan mil miliyan 93 na vacuum.
Kamar yadda shaidun da aka ɗora don nuna babu wani amintaccen kashi na radiation, matsakaicin adadin da aka halatta an saukar da shi sosai, amma har yanzu ana ba da izinin ƙayyadaddun allurai. Idan matakan kiwon lafiyar jama'a sun dogara ne kawai akan gano radiation maimakon adadin, masana'antar Nukiliya za ta daina wanzuwa.
Lalacewar kowane mutum ga kowane haɗarin lafiya ya dogara da abubuwa da yawa. Yawancin mutane na iya cin 'ya'yan sesame kuma su tsira daga cutar kudan zuma ba tare da kiran motar asibiti ba, ga wasu kuma suna iya mutuwa. A cikin ƙudan zuma na Amurka kashe matsakaita fiye da mutane 60 a kowace shekara, da rashin lafiyar abinci yana haifar da matsakaicin asibiti na 30,000 da mutuwar 150.
Idan ka'idojin kiwon lafiyar jama'a sun dogara ne kawai akan gano guba maimakon adadin, duk ƙudan zuma za a kashe su kuma a rufe duk samar da abinci.
Rashin lafiyar abinci ya kafa misali na doka. Inda ƙananan alamun wani abu zai iya zama cutarwa ga wasu mutane, doka ta buƙaci samfuran su ɗauki a gargadi bayyananne don baiwa masu rauni damar kare lafiyarsu. Ba ya buƙatar kowa ya biya farashin, komai tsadar kuɗi, ta hanyar rage matsakaicin adadin da aka yarda da shi zuwa maƙasudin sakamako.
Mafi ƙanƙanta masu kamuwa da cuta (MIDs) sun rigaya an kafa ga yawancin manyan ƙwayoyin cuta na numfashi da na ciki ciki har da nau'ikan coronavirus. Kodayake SARS-CoV-2 sabon bambance-bambancen coronavirus ne, MID ya rigaya an kiyasta a kusan 100 barbashi. Duk da yake ana buƙatar ƙarin aiki, duk da haka yana iya zama ma'aunin aiki don auna cututtukan Covid-19.
Lambobin PCR na Kimiyya ne?
Kamar yadda masanin ilimin kimiyya, Karl Popper, ya lura: “Abubuwan da ba a sake su ba ba su da wani muhimmanci ga kimiyya.”
Don a sake maimaitawa, yakamata a kwatanta sakamakon gwaji ɗaya a cikin ƙaramin tazarar kuskure tare da sakamakon wasu gwaje-gwaje. Don yin hakan, duk kayan aikin aunawa an daidaita su daidai da ma'aunin duniya. Idan ba haka ba, ma'auninsu na iya zama kamar yana da mahimmanci, amma ba su da wata mahimmanci a kimiyya.
Gwaje-gwajen PCR suna haɓaka adadin abubuwan da aka yi niyya na DNA a cikin swab har sai sun bayyana. Kamar ruwan tabarau na zuƙowa mai ƙarfi, mafi girman girman girman da ake buƙata don ganin wani abu, ƙarami a zahiri shine.
Ana auna girman girma a cikin PCR ta adadin zagayowar da ake buƙata don ganin DNA. Wanda aka sani da Ƙaddamar zagayowar zagayowar (Ct) ko Zagayowar ƙididdigewa Lambar (Cq), mafi girman adadin zagayowar shine ƙananan adadin DNA a cikin samfurin.
Don canza lambobin Cq zuwa allurai dole ne a daidaita su daidai da lambobin Cq na daidaitattun allurai. Idan ba haka ba za a iya busa su cikin sauƙi ba daidai ba kuma suna bayyana mahimmanci fiye da yadda suke a zahiri.
Ɗauki tallan mota misali. Tare da hasken da ya dace, madaidaicin kusurwa da haɓaka mai kyau, samfurin sikelin zai iya kama da ainihin abu. Za mu iya auna ainihin girman abubuwa ne kawai idan muna da abin da za mu auna su akai.
Kamar dai yadda tsabar kudin da ke tsaye kusa da motar wasan wasan yara ke tabbatar da cewa ba gaskiya ba ne, kuma takalmin da ke kusa da tudun mole ya nuna ba dutse ba ne, Cq na daidaitaccen kashi kusa da Cq na samfurin yana nuna girman adadin da gaske yake.
Don haka yana da ban tsoro don gano cewa babu ƙa'idodin duniya don gwaje-gwajen PCR har ma da ban tsoro don gano hakan. Sakamakon zai iya bambanta har ninki miliyan, ba kawai daga ƙasa zuwa ƙasa ba, amma daga gwaji zuwa gwaji.
Ko da yake an rubuta wannan da kyau a cikin wallafe-wallafen kimiyya, ya bayyana cewa kafofin watsa labaru, hukumomin kiwon lafiyar jama'a da masu kula da gwamnati ko dai ba su lura ba ko kuma ba su damu ba:
- "Ya kamata a lura cewa a halin yanzu akwai babu ma'auni na kwayar cutar hoto a cikin samfurori na asibiti. "
- “Kimanin maƙasudin kamuwa da cutar guda takwas da suka shafi asibiti a cikin dakunan gwaje-gwaje daban-daban 23 ya haifar da hakan Cq yakai sama da 20, mai nuni ga alama bambancin ninki miliyan a cikin kwayar cutar hoto a cikin samfurin guda ɗaya. "
- "The bayyananniyar rashin ingantaccen ma'auni ko ma ingantattun sarrafawa don ba da izinin daidaitawa tsakanin bayanan RT-qPCR da ma'anar asibiti yana buƙatar kulawar gaggawa daga ma'auni na ƙasa da ƙungiyoyin awoyi, zai fi dacewa a matsayin ƙoƙarin haɗin gwiwa na duniya baki ɗaya."
- "Tabbas alamar "Gold Standard" ba shi da shawarar, kamar yadda ba wai kawai akwai ƙididdiga daban-daban daban-daban, ladabi, reagents, kayan aiki da hanyoyin bincike na sakamako da ake amfani da su ba, amma a halin yanzu babu wasu ƙa'idodin ƙididdigewa, cirewar RNA da sarrafawar hanawa, ko daidaitattun hanyoyin bayar da rahoto. ”
Ko da CDC da kanta ta yarda cewa sakamakon gwajin PCR ba zai iya sakewa ba:
- "Saboda manufar nucleic acid (maganin sha'awa), dandamali da tsari sun bambanta, Ƙimar Ct daga gwaje-gwajen RT-PCR daban-daban ba za a iya kwatanta. "
Don haka gwajin PCR yana da lasisi a ƙarƙashin dokokin gaggawa don gano nau'in ko 'ingancin' ƙwayar cuta, ba don adadin ko 'yawan' ta ba.
- "Tun daga ranar 5 ga Agusta, 2021, duk gwaje-gwajen RT-PCR na ganowa waɗanda suka karɓi Hukumar Abinci da Magunguna ta Amurka (FDA) izinin Amfani da Gaggawa (EUA) don gwajin SARS-CoV-2. gwajin inganci gwaje-gwaje. "
- “An fassara ƙimar Ct azaman tabbatacce ko mara kyau amma ba za a iya amfani da domin sanin yawan kwayar cutar da ke akwai a cikin samfurin marasa lafiya ɗaya. "
Domin kawai za mu iya gano 'hantsan yatsa na kwayoyin halitta' na kwayar cutar ba ya tabbatar da ita ce sanadin cuta:
- “Gano kwayar cutar RNA bazai nuna ba kasancewar kwayar cuta mai yaduwa ko kuma 2019-nCoV shine wakili na haifar da alamun asibiti. "
Don haka, yayin da babu shakka cewa yin amfani da PCR don gano sawun yatsa na kwayar cutar Covid-19 shine ma'aunin zinare a kimiyyar kwayoyin halitta, babu shakka cewa amfani da shi azaman ma'aunin zinare don ƙididdige Covid-19 'lokuta'kuma'mutuwar' ba'a ba da shawara ba.
Tunanin cewa mai yiwuwa an yi amfani da PCR don yin tsauni daga cikin molehill ta hanyar busa wata cuta ta yau da kullun daga kowane nau'i yana da ban tsoro wanda ba za a iya tsammani ba. Amma ba zai zama karo na farko da abin ya faru ba.
Annobar da ba ta kasance ba
A cikin bazara na 2006 ma'aikata a Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Dartmouth-Hitchcock a New Hampshire sun fara nuna alamun kamuwa da cutar numfashi tare da zazzabi mai zafi da tari mara tsayawa wanda ya bar su suna haki kuma sun daɗe na tsawon makonni.
Yin amfani da sabbin dabarun PCR, dakunan gwaje-gwaje na Dartmouth-Hitchcock sun gano lokuta 142 na tari ko tari, wanda ke haifar da ciwon huhu a cikin manya masu rauni kuma yana iya zama kisa ga jarirai.
An soke hanyoyin kiwon lafiya, an cire gadajen asibiti. Kusan ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya 1,000 sun fusata, 1,445 an yi musu magani da maganin rigakafi sannan 4,524 an yi musu allurar rigakafin tari.
Bayan watanni takwas, lokacin da ma'aikatar lafiya ta jihar ta kammala gwaje-gwajen al'adu, ba a iya tabbatar da ko guda daya na tari. Da alama Dartmouth-Hitchcock ya sha fama da barkewar cututtuka na numfashi na yau da kullun fiye da mura!
Janairu mai zuwa New York Times ya gudanar da labarin a karkashin taken "Bangaskiya a cikin Saurin Gwajin Yana haifar da Annobar da ba ta kasance ba.” "Annobar karya na faruwa a kowane lokaci," in ji Dokta Trish Perl, tsohon shugaban Society of Epidemiologists of America "Matsala ce; mun san matsala ce. Ina tsammanin abin da ya faru a Dartmouth zai zama ruwan dare gama gari. "
"Gwajin PCR suna da sauri kuma suna da hankali sosai, amma hankalinsu yana sa yiwuwar samun tabbataccen ƙarya" ya ruwaito New York Times, "kuma lokacin da aka gwada ɗaruruwa ko dubban mutane, kamar yadda ya faru a Dartmouth, maganganun ƙarya na iya sa ya zama kamar akwai annoba."
Dr. Elizabeth Talbot, mataimakiyar likitan dabbobi na Sashen Kiwon Lafiya na New Hampshire ta ce, "A ce lamarin ya kawo cikas, rashin fahimta ne," in ji Dr.
Dokta Cathy A. Petti, kwararriyar cututtukan cututtuka a Jami'ar Utah, ta ce labarin yana da darasi daya bayyananne. "Babban saƙon shine kowane lab yana da rauni ga samun alamun karya. har ma da mahimmanci tare da sakamakon gwaji bisa PCR. "
Tsoron Murar Alade na 2009
A cikin bazara na 2009 wani yaro mai shekaru 5 da ke zaune kusa da gonar alade mai tsanani a Mexico ya sauka tare da wata cuta da ba a sani ba wanda ya haifar da zazzaɓi mai zafi, ciwon makogwaro da dukan jiki. Makonni da yawa bayan haka wani dakin gwaje-gwaje a Kanada ya gwada maganin hanci daga yaron kuma ya gano wani nau'in kwayar cutar mura mai kama da kwayar cutar H1N1 Avian Flu wanda suka yi wa lakabi da H1N1/09, ba da daɗewa ba za a san shi da 'Murar alade. '
A ranar 28 ga Afrilu 2009 wani kamfani na biotech a Colorado ya sanar da cewa sun haɓaka MChip, sigar da FluChip, wanda ya ba da damar gwaje-gwajen PCR don bambanta cutar ta Swine Flu H1N1/09 daga sauran nau'in mura.
"Tun da za a iya gudanar da gwajin FluChip a cikin kwana guda," in ji shugabar InDevR kuma Shugaba, Farfesa Kathy Rowlen, "ana iya ɗaukar aiki a cikin Dakunan gwaje-gwajen Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a na Jiha don haɓaka sa ido kan mura da kuma ikonmu na bin diddigin cutar."
Har zuwa wannan lokacin, babban shafin Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) na shirye-shiryen rigakafin cutar ya dauki sanarwar:
"Annobar mura tana faruwa ne lokacin da wata sabuwar kwayar cutar mura ta bullo wacce al'ummar dan adam ba su da rigakafi, wanda ke haifar da annoba da yawa a lokaci daya a duk duniya tare da adadi mai yawa na mutuwa da rashin lafiya."
Kasa da mako guda bayan sanarwar MCip, da WHO ta cire jimlar “yawan adadin mace-mace da rashin lafiya,” don buƙatar kawai “sabuwar ƙwayar cuta ta mura ta bayyana wanda yawan ɗan adam ba shi da rigakafi” kafin barkewar mura da za a kira shi 'annoba.'
Ba da jimawa da dakunan gwaje-gwaje sun fara gwajin PCR da MCIP ba kamar yadda suke gano H1N1/09 a ko'ina. A farkon watan Yuni kusan kashi uku cikin huɗu na duk cututtukan mura sun gwada ingancin Murar alade.
Labaran al'amuran yau da kullun sun ba da rahoton karuwar lamura a kullun, kwatanta shi da cutar H1N1 ta Avian Flu a 1918 wacce ta kashe mutane sama da miliyan 50. Abin da suka yi watsi da ambaton shi ne, ko da yake suna da irin wannan suna, Avian Flu H1N1 ya bambanta sosai kuma ya fi mutuwa fiye da Swine Flu H1N1/09 .
Duk da cewa an sami mutuwar mutane kasa da 500 har zuwa wannan lokacin idan aka kwatanta da mutuwar sama da 20,000 a cikin mummunan barkewar cutar mura mutane sun yi ta tururuwa zuwa cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya suna neman a gwada su, suna haifar da '' kararraki ''.
A tsakiyar watan Mayu, manyan wakilan manyan kamfanonin harhada magunguna sun gana da Darakta-Janar na WHO, Margaret Chan, da Sakatare Janar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, Ban Ki Moon, inda suka tattauna batun isar da allurar rigakafin aladu. An riga an sanya hannu kan kwangiloli da yawa. Jamus na da kwangila da GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) saya Miliyan 50 allurai a kan kudi rabin biliyan Yuro wanda ya fara aiki kai tsaye a daidai lokacin da aka sanar da barkewar cutar. Burtaniya ta sayi allurai miliyan 132 - biyu ga kowane mutum a cikin ƙasar.
A ranar 11 ga Yuni 2009 Darakta-Janar na WHO Margaret Chan, ta sanar:
"A bisa binciken kwararru na shaidu, an cika ka'idojin kimiyya game da cutar mura. Yanzu duniya ta fara bullar cutar ta 2009."
A ranar 16 ga Yuli Guardian ruwaito Murar aladu tana yaduwa cikin sauri a cikin Burtaniya tare da sabbin maganganu 55,000 a makon da ya gabata a Ingila kadai. Babban jami'in kula da lafiya na Burtaniya, Farfesa Sir Liam Donaldson, ya yi gargadin cewa a cikin mafi munin yanayin kashi 30% na yawan jama'a na iya kamuwa da cutar kuma an kashe 65,000.
A ranar 20 ga Yuli wani bincike a The Lancet wanda WHO da mashawarcin gwamnatin Burtaniya Neil Ferguson suka rubuta, sun ba da shawarar rufe makarantu da majami'u don rage yaduwar cutar, iyakance damuwa kan NHS da "ba da karin lokaci don samar da rigakafin."
A wannan rana Darakta-Janar na WHO, Margaret Chan ta ba da sanarwar cewa "masu yin alluran rigakafin za su iya samar da allurar rigakafin cutar ta kwalara biliyan 4.9 a kowace shekara a cikin mafi kyawun yanayin." Kwanaki hudu bayan haka wani jami'in gwamnatin Obama ya yi gargadin cewa "kamar yadda dubunnan daruruwan za su iya mutuwa idan yakin rigakafin da sauran matakan ba su yi nasara ba."
Gargadin ya yi tasirin da ake so. A wancan makon Farashin shawarwari na Burtaniya ga cututtuka masu kama da mura (ILIs) sun kasance mafi girma tun bayan bullar cutar mura ta ƙarshe a cikin 1999/2000, kodayake adadin mutuwar ya kasance ƙasa da shekaru 15.
A ranar 29 ga Satumba 2009 rigakafin Pandemrix daga GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) an garzaya da shi ta hanyar amincewar Hukumar Kula da Magunguna ta Turai, da sauri Celvapan na Baxter ya biyo baya a mako mai zuwa. A ranar 19 ga watan Nuwamba WHO ta sanar da cewa an yi alluran rigakafi miliyan 65 a duk duniya.
Yayin da shekara ta gabato sai ya zama ƙarara a fili cewa ba wai kawai cutar ta murar aladu ba ce. Lokacin hunturu da ya gabata (2008/2009) Ofishin Kididdiga na Kasa (ONS) ya ruwaito 36,700 sun mutu fiye da haka a Ingila da Wales, mafi girma tun bayan barkewar mura ta ƙarshe na 1999/2000. Duk da cewa lokacin sanyi na 2009 ya kasance mafi sanyi tsawon shekaru 30, an sami asarar rayuka da yawa 30% kasa fiye da lokacin sanyi na baya. Ko menene muraran alade, bai kasance mai mutuwa kamar sauran bambance-bambancen mura ba.
A ranar 26 ga Janairu na shekara mai zuwa, Wolfgang Wodarg, wani likitan Jamus kuma memba na majalisar dokoki, ya gaya wa Majalisar Turai a Strasbourg cewa manyan kamfanonin harhada magunguna na duniya sun shirya "kamfen na firgita" don siyar da alluran rigakafi, tare da matsa lamba ga WHO ta ayyana abin da ya kira "annobar karya" a cikin "daya daga cikin manyan badakalar magunguna na karni."
"Miliyoyin mutane a duk duniya an yi musu allurar ba tare da wani kwakkwaran dalili ba," in ji Wodarg, yana haɓaka ribar kamfanonin harhada magunguna da fiye da dala biliyan 18. Shekara-shekara tallace-tallace na Tamiflu shi kadai ya tsallake kashi 435 zuwa Yuro biliyan 2.2.
Ya zuwa Afrilu 2010, ya bayyana cewa yawancin alluran ba a buƙatar su. Gwamnatin Amurka ta sayi allurai miliyan 229 wanda aka yi amfani da allurai miliyan 91 kawai. Daga cikin rarar, an adana wasu a dunkule, wasu kuma an aika zuwa kasashe masu tasowa, sannan an lalata allurai miliyan 71.
A ranar 12 ga Maris 2010 SPIEGEL International ta buga abin da ta kira "Sake Gina Mass Hysteria” hakan ya kare da tambaya:
"Wadannan ƙungiyoyin sun ɓata kwarin gwiwa mai daraja. Lokacin da annoba ta gaba ta zo, wa zai yarda da kimarsu?"
Amma ba a dauki lokaci mai tsawo ana samun amsa ba. A watan Disamba Independent ya buga labari mai taken”Murar alade, kwayar cutar da ta ceci rayuka. "
Rahoton na ONS na baya-bayan nan game da yawan mace-macen lokacin sanyi ya nuna cewa a maimakon karin mutuwar murar aladu 65,000 da babban jami’in kula da lafiya na Burtaniya, Farfesa Sir Liam Donaldson ya yi hasashe, mutuwar a cikin hunturu na 2009 a zahiri ya ragu da kashi 30% idan aka kwatanta da shekarar da ta gabata.
Maimakon ƙarancin mutuwar da ke tabbatar da cewa mura na aladu ta kasance annoba ta karya, amincewa ga ƙungiyoyin da suka “yi caca mai daraja” an dawo da su cikin sauri ta hanyar kwatanta mura na alade a matsayin wani abu da “ainihin ceton rayuka” ta hanyar fitar da mura ta gama gari.
PCR da Dokar
Bayyana wani abu a matsayin abin da ba shi ba yaudara ne. Yin shi don riba yaudara ce. Yin hakan ta hanyar fara samun amincewar waɗanda abin ya shafa dabara ce ta amincewa ko cin zarafi.
A Ingila, Wales da Ireland ta Arewa an rufe zamba Dokar Zamba ta 2006 kuma ya kasu kashi uku - 'zamba ta hanyar wakilcin karya,'' zamba ta hanyar kasa bayyana bayanai' da ' zamba ta hanyar cin zarafin matsayi.'
Wakilci karya ne idan mai yin ta ya san shi iya zama rashin gaskiya ko yaudara. Idan suka yi ta don shagala, dabara ce ko yaudara. Idan sun yi hakan ne don samun riba, ko nuna wa wasu ga haɗarin asara, to 'zamba ta hanyar wakilci na ƙarya.'
Idan wani yana da alhakin bayyana bayanai kuma ba su yi ba, yana iya zama sakaci ko rashin iyawa. Idan sun yi hakan ne don samun riba, ko nuna wa wasu ga haɗarin asara, to 'zamba ta hanyar kasa bayyana bayanai. '
Idan sun mamaye wani matsayi da ake tsammanin ba za su yi aiki da maslahar wasu ba, kuma suka yi shi don samun riba ko fallasa wasu ga haɗarin asara, to 'zamba ta hanyar zagin matsayi.'
A cikin shari'ar Dartmouth Hitchcock babu shakka cewa amfani da PCR don gano kamuwa da cuta na numfashi na yau da kullun kamar yadda tari ya kasance 'f.wakilci kuma,' amma kuskure ne na gaskiya, wanda aka yi da kyakkyawar niyya. Idan duk wani riba da aka yi niyya shi ne don kare wasu daga haɗarin hasara, ba don a fallasa su zuwa gare ta ba. Babu gazawar bayyana bayanai kuma babu wanda ya zagi matsayinsa.
Game da cutar murar alade abubuwa ba su fito fili ba. A shekara ta 2009 an riga an sami faɗakarwa da yawa daga Dartmouth Hitchcock da sauran ire-iren abubuwan da suka faru da yawa waɗanda ke amfani da PCR don gano hoton yatsa na ƙwayoyin cuta ko ƙwayoyin cuta. iya zama yaudara. Mafi muni kuma, yuwuwar PCR na ɗaukaka abubuwa daga kowane nau'i yana haifar da dama ga duk waɗanda za su samu ta hanyar fitar da tsaunuka daga tuddai da bala'o'i na duniya daga kamuwa da cututtukan yanayi na yau da kullun.
Ana iya gafartawa matsakaicin ɗan jarida, lauya, ɗan majalisa ko memba na jama'a saboda rashin sanin haɗarin PCR, amma masana lafiyar jama'a ba su da uzuri.
Ana iya cewa aikinsu shine kare jama'a ta hanyar yin kuskure a cikin taka tsantsan. Hakazalika ana iya cewa, makudan kudaden da kamfanonin harhada magunguna na duniya ke kashewa kan tallace-tallace, hulda da jama'a da kuma yin fafutuka, na haifar da rikice-rikice masu yawa na sha'awa, da kara yiwuwar danne bayanai da kuma cin zarafin mukamai a dukkanin sana'o'i, tun daga siyasa da aikin jarida zuwa ilimi da lafiyar jama'a.
Kare yana da cikakken bayyana duk bayanan, musamman akan yuwuwar PCR don gano mai laifi a cikin kamuwa da cuta da busa shi daga kowane rabo. Gaskiyar wannan ba a taɓa yi ba yana da shakku.
Idan akwai wasu tuhume-tuhume kan zamba ba a yada su ba, kuma idan akwai wasu tambayoyi da aka taso ko darussan da za a koya game da rawar da PCR ke takawa wajen haifar da fargabar cutar murar alade ta 2009 an manta da su cikin sauri.
Daftarin Tarihi Na Farko
Ƙoƙari na farko don wakiltar abubuwa a waje shine aikin jarida. Amma babu wakilcin da zai iya zama gaskiya 100%. 'Wakili' a zahiri shine sake gabatar da wani abu mai alama ko 'tsaye don' wani abu dabam. Babu wani abu da zai iya cika kowane fanni na abu sai abin da kansa. Don haka yanke hukunci ko wakilci gaskiya ne ko karya ya dogara da ra'ayin ku. Al'amari ne na ra'ayi, bude don muhawara a wasu kalmomi.
A cikin dimokuradiyya mai 'yanci kuma mai aiki, layin farko na kariya daga wakilcin karya shine 'yan jaridu masu zaman kansu. Inda wata ƙungiyar labarai za ta iya wakiltar wani abu a matsayin abu ɗaya, ƙungiya mai gasa na iya wakiltarsa a matsayin wani abu dabam. Ana gwada wakilcin gasa a cikin kotun ra'ayin jama'a kuma ana samun su ta hanyar tsarin rayuwa mafi dacewa.
Duk da yake wannan yana iya zama gaskiya a ka'idar, a aikace ba haka bane. Talla yana tabbatar da cewa mutane sun zaɓi mafi kyawun wakilci, ba mafi gaskiya ba. Ƙungiyoyin labarai suna samun kuɗi ne daga masu kuɗi waɗanda suka sa bukatun kansu a gaba, ba na jama'a ba. Ko da gangan nufin a damfari jama'a ko kuma a sayar da jaridu kawai ta hanyar haifar da cece-kuce, yiwuwar wakilcin karya yana da yawa.
Gwaji Daga Kafafen Yada Labarai
Duk da shigar da CDC kanta cewa PCR yayi gwajin "maiyuwa ba zai nuna kasancewar ƙwayoyin cuta masu yaduwa ba"Amfani da shi don yin daidai da abin da ya faru na Covid an yarda da shi ba tare da tambaya ba. Mafi muni kuma, matakan da aka ɗauka game da kiran PCR a cikin tambaya sun zama ci gaba mai tsauri da rashin fahimta tun farkon farawa.
An saita tsarin tare da sanarwar mutuwar Burtaniya ta farko a ranar Asabar 29 ga Fabrairu 2020. Kowace jarida a Biritaniya tana ɗaukar iri ɗaya. labari na gaba:
"An shigar da dokokin gaggawa don magance coronavirus bayan barkewar cutar ta kashe rayuwarta ta farko ta Biritaniya jiya," in ji The Daily Mail.
Baturen da ya fara kamuwa da cutar ya kamu da kwayar cutar a cikin jirgin ruwan Diamond Princess a Japan, ba Biritaniya ba, amma ba komai. Tare da kasa da shari'o'i 20 a cikin Burtaniya da mutuwar 'British' guda ɗaya a Japan, kafofin watsa labarai sun riga sun yanke shawarar cewa hakan ya ba da damar yin gaggawar dokokin gaggawa. Ta yaya suka san yadda yake da haɗari? Ta yaya suka iya yin hasashen abin da zai faru nan gaba? Shin sun manta da darussan firgita na Murar alade ta 2009?
Bayan kusan makonni 2 na jarida, TV da radiyo masu tsoratarwa, Firayim Minista Boris Johnson ya ba da sanarwar a hukumance a taron manema labarai na Downing Street. Alhamis 12 Maris 2020 lokacin da yake cewa:
“Dole ne mu fito fili. Wannan shi ne mafi munin matsalar lafiyar jama'a har tsawon tsara. Wasu mutane suna kwatanta shi da mura na yanayi, kash wannan bai dace ba. Sakamakon rashin rigakafi wannan cutar ta fi hatsari kuma za ta kara yaduwa.”
Babu ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan furucin da ya tsaya don bincika, amma babu ɗaya daga cikin 'yan jarida da aka zaɓe a cikin ɗakin da ke da ilimin da ya dace don yin tambayoyin da suka dace.
Bayan minti 20 ya makantar da manema labarai da jama'a da kimiyya, Johnson ya buɗe bene don tambayoyi. Tambaya ta farko, daga wakiliyar BBC Laura Kuenssberg, ta kafa tsari ta hanyar amincewa da furucin Firayim Minista ba tare da tambaya ba:
“Wannan is, kamar yadda ka ce, mafi munin matsalar lafiyar jama'a na tsararraki."
Duk wani ɗan jarida da ya tuna da firgicin Flu Alade na 2009, zai iya tambayar yadda PM san, bayan mutuwar 10 kawai, cewa shi ya mafi munin matsalar lafiyar jama'a a cikin tsararraki? Bai fad'a ba may zama ko iya zama amma tabbas'shi ne.'
Shin yana da ƙwallon kristal? Ko kuma yana bin tsarin ƙirar Kwalejin Imperial wanda ya yi hasashen mutuwar 136,000 daga cutar hauka a 2002, mutuwar miliyan 200 daga cutar murar tsuntsaye a 2005 da mutuwar 65,000 daga cutar murar alade a 2009, duk sun tabbatar. gaba daya kuskure?
Kamar yadda babban wakilin BBC na siyasa Kuenssberg ba za a sa ran ya san kimiyya, magani, ko PCR fiye da kowane memba na jama'a. To me yasa BBC ta tura babban wakilinsu na siyasa zuwa taron manema labarai kan lafiyar jama'a ba babban wakilinsu na kimiyya ko lafiya ba? Kuma me yasa PM ya zaba mata ta yi tambaya ta farko?
Amma BBC ba ita kaɗai ba ce. Wasu ‘yan jarida shida daga manyan gidajen jaridu sun yi tambayoyi a wannan rana; dukkansu manyan wakilan siyasa ne, babu wanda ya kasance wakilin kimiyya ko lafiya. Don haka babu wani daga cikin 'yan jaridar da aka ba da izinin yin tambayoyi da ke da ilimin da ya dace don ba wa Firayim Minista da Babban Jami'an Kimiyya da Likitanci ga kowane mataki na bincike na gaske.
Tare da karuwar adadin 'lambobin' coronavirus' da 'mutuwar' da aka ruwaito a kullun da kuma gargadin Firayim Minista cewa "iyalai da yawa, za su rasa 'yan uwansu kafin lokacinsu” cika da Adadin labarai Washe gari, tambayar menene ainihin lambobi ke nufi ya ƙara zama mai yiwuwa.
Idan da ‘yan jarida da jama’a sun manta da firgicin cutar murar alade a shekarar 2009, kuma wadanda suka taimaka wajen kwantar da hankalinsu sun yi watsi da shirinsu, wadanda manufarsu ta ci riba sun koyi darasi.
Batun Rikicin Corona na 2020 don rufe bincike kuma ya fara kama da kamfen ɗin talla da aka tsara a hankali don masana'antun rigakafin fiye da annoba ta gaske. Amma wannan binciken ya gagara saboda kowane irin dalilai.
'Bi kudin' ya taɓa zama abin koyi na aikin jarida na bincike, wanda aka shahara a cikin fim ɗin abin kunya na Watergate, 'Dukkan Mazajen Shugaban Kasa' wanda ya bi kudin har zuwa sama. Yanzu bin kuɗin ana kiransa 'Conspiracy Theory' kuma babban laifi ne a aikin jarida, idan har yanzu ba a wasu sana'o'in ba.
Tunanin cewa za a iya yin makirci na gaske don yin wakilci na ƙarya da nufin samun riba ko kuma fallasa wasu ga haɗarin asara, yanzu an kore shi fiye da kodadde, a zahiri ba za a iya zato ba.
Idan kafofin watsa labarai sun gwada PCR a cikin kotun ra'ayin jama'a, an lalata karar da ake tuhumar kuma an yi watsi da ita tun farko kuma dokar ta baci ta haramtawa ba da jimawa ba.
Mafi Kyawun Fata
Layin ƙarshe na tsaro daga wakilcin ƙarya a duka kimiyya da kafofin watsa labarai shine doka. Ba kwatsam Kimiyya da Doka suna amfani da hanyoyi iri ɗaya da harshe iri ɗaya ba. Shugaban sashen shari'a, Ubangiji Chancellor na Ingila Sir Francis Bacon, ya aza harsashin Hanyar Kimiyya. Novum Organum, wanda aka buga daidai shekaru 400 da suka gabata a bara.
Dukansu sun dogara ne akan 'dokoki,' dukansu sun dogara da shaida ta zahiri ko'gaskiya,' Dukansu sun yi bayanin gaskiya cikin sharuddan 'theories,'duka sun gwada gaskiya da ka'idoji masu karo da juna a cikin'gwaji' kuma duka biyu sun kai ga yanke hukunci ta hanyar juri na takwarorina. A cikin ilimin kimiyya ana zaɓar takwarorinsu ta allunan edita na wallafe-wallafen kimiyya. A doka alkalai ne suka zaba su.
A cikin duka shari'a da gwaje-gwajen kimiyya sun zagaye'm'shaida ko'facts'- shaida mai wuyar gaske wanda za'a iya tabbatarwa ta hanyar yi na dandana tare da mu biyar gabobin gani, sauti, taba, wari da dandano.
Amma gaskiyar ta kansu ba ta isa ba. Suna kawai'yin hankali' lokacin da aka zaɓe su kuma aka tsara su zuwa wani nau'i na ka'idar, labari ko labari wanda za a iya fassara su da kuma bayyana su.
Amma akwai fiye da hanya ɗaya don fata fata, fiye da hanya ɗaya don fassara gaskiya da fiye da ɗaya gefen kowane labari. Don yanke hukunci kan wanene gaskiya ne, dole ne a auna ra'ayoyin da juna bisa hankali don yin la'akari da ma'auni na yadda kowane fassarar ya dace da gaskiyar.
Gwaji Da Doka
An tabbatar da ikon PCR don gano sawun yatsa na ƙwayoyin cuta ba tare da shakka ba, amma ikonsa na ba da wakilci na gaskiya na ko dai sanadin, tsanani ko yaduwar cuta bai yi ba. A ce har yanzu alkalan sun fita zai zama rashin fahimta. Har yanzu dai ba a yi zaman alkali ba kuma har yanzu ba a saurari karar ba.
Gwajin barbashi na coronavirus a cikin swab bai bambanta da gwada apples a cikin jaka ba. Jaka na ƙwallan billiard da aka kurkura a cikin ruwan apple zai gwada ingancin apple DNA. Neman apple DNA a cikin jaka baya tabbatar da cewa yana dauke da tuffa na gaske. Idan adadin ya yi guba to shine adadin da muke buƙatar gwadawa, ba kawai hoton yatsansa na kwayoyin halitta ba.
Masu sayar da abinci suna gwada adadin apples a cikin jaka ta hanyar auna su akan sikeli calibrated a kan daidaitattun ma'auni. Idan an daidaita ma'auni daidai gwargwado jakar yakamata tayi nauyi iri ɗaya akan kowane saitin ma'auni. Idan ba haka ba, jami'an ma'auni na kasuwancin gida suna gwada ma'auni na kayan abinci akan ma'auni da ma'auni.
Idan ma'auni ya gaza gwajin za a iya hana mai sayar da kayan abinci daga ciniki. Idan ya zama mai siyar da kayan abinci da gangan ya bar ma'auni ba daidai ba don samun riba ana iya tuhume shi da '' wakilci na ƙarya' a ƙarƙashin sashe na 2 na Dokar Zamba ta 2006.
Gwajin adadin DNA na hoto ko bidiyo mai zagaya yanar gizo da sauri, ba adadin ƙwayoyin cuta masu rai ba, yana kama da kirga ƙwallan billiard da aka wanke a cikin ruwan apple a matsayin apple na gaske. Mafi muni har yanzu, idan babu ƙa'idodi don daidaita gwajin PCR akan sakamako, gwaje-gwaje na iya nuna "bambancin ninki miliyan a cikin kwayar cutar hoto a cikin samfurin guda ɗaya."
Idan ma'aunin mai kayan abinci ya nuna bambancin ninki miliyan a cikin nauyin apples a cikin jaka ɗaya za a rufe su nan take. Idan za a iya nuna cewa mai kayan abinci san nauyin da aka nuna akan ma'auni may sun kasance ba gaskiya ba ne ko yaudara, kuma sun yi shi don samun riba ko fallasa abokan ciniki ga asara, zai zama abin budewa da rufewa, an yi kuma an kwashe shi cikin minti.
Idan doka ta shafi auna yawan apples a cikin jaka, me yasa ba a auna coronavirus a cikin swabs na asibiti ba?
Ta hanyar shigar da CDC, a cikin umarninta don amfani da gwaje-gwajen PCR:
Gano kwayar cutar RNA maiyuwa ba zai nuna kasancewar ƙwayoyin cuta masu yaduwa ba ko kuma 2019-nCoV shine wakili mai haifar da alamun asibiti.
Daga wannan bayanin kawai a bayyane yake cewa PCR yana gwadawa may ba da wakilcin ƙarya wanda ba gaskiya ba ne ko yaudara. Idan waɗanda ke amfani da gwajin PCR don wakiltar adadin shari'o'in Covid da mace-mace sun san shi may zama mai ɓatarwa kuma ku yi shi'samun riba,' ko dai na kudi ko don kawai su ci gaba da sana'arsu, shi ne'zamba ta hanyar wakilci na ƙarya.'
Idan suna da aikin bayyana bayanai kuma ba su yi ba to.zamba ta hanyar kasa bayyana bayanai.' Idan kuma suka mamaye mukaman da ake sa ran ba za su yi wani abu da ya saba wa muradun jama’a ba amma duk da haka sun yi hakan.zamba ta hanyar zagin matsayi.'
Idan doka ba za ta tuhumi masu mulki da zamba ba, ta yaya kuma za a hana su yin hakan?
Kamar yadda Dokta Trish Perl ya ce bayan da Dartmouth Hitchcock ya faru, "Abubuwan da ke faruwa a kowane lokaci. Yana da matsala; mun san yana da matsala. Ƙaunata ita ce abin da ya faru a Dartmouth zai zama mafi yawan gaske. "Irin PCR na haifar da matsalolin zai kara muni har sai ingancinsa don gano dalilin da kuma auna yawan cutar da aka gwada a cikin doka. Kalma ta ƙarshe akan PCR ita ce ta mai ƙirƙira ta, Kary Mullis: "Ma'aunin wannan ba daidai ba ne kwata-kwata. Ba shi da kyau kamar ma'auninmu ga abubuwa kamar apples."
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Ian McNulty tsohon masanin kimiyya ne, dan jarida mai bincike, kuma mai gabatar da shirye-shiryen BBC wanda abubuwan da suka samu ta TV sun hada da 'A Calculated Risk' akan radiation daga tsire-tsire masu amfani da makamashin nukiliya, 'Bai kamata ya faru da Alade ba' akan juriyar ƙwayoyin cuta daga noman masana'anta, 'Madaidaicin Madadin?' akan madadin jiyya don cututtukan arthritis da rheumatism da 'Deccan,' matukin jirgin don jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin na BBC mai tsawo "Great Railway Journeys of the World."
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