A cikin labarin da ya gabata, Mun gano ci gaban tsarin sa ido daga Edison ta jiki monopolies ta hanyar Tavistock ta tunani ayyuka, shaida yadda kamfanoni da kuma banki bukatun da kuma leken asiri hukumomin converged zuwa siffar jama'a sani. Yanzu za mu ga yadda waɗannan hanyoyin suka kai wani sabon salo ta hanyar shaharar al'adu, tun daga mamayar Birtaniyya na shekarun 1960, wanda ya nuna yadda ƙungiyoyin kiɗan da aka tsara za su iya sake fasalin al'umma.
The Beatles da Rolling Stones ba kawai makada ba - a matsayin mai bincike Mike Williams ya yi rubuce-rubuce da yawa A cikin nazarinsa na mamayewar Birtaniyya, bayyanarsu ta nuna mafarin sauye-sauyen al'adu na tsari da zurfi. Williams ya lura cewa har ma kalmar 'Mamayar Birtaniyya' ita kanta tana faɗa - kwatancen soja na abin da ya zama al'adar al'adu, watakila Tavistock yana yin aikin telegraph yana aiki a bayyane.
Abin da ya yi kama da yaren tallace-tallace na wasa a zahiri ya kwatanta kutsawa cikin al'adun matasan Amurka a hankali. Ta hanyar ɗaruruwan sa'o'i na binciken bincike mai zurfi, Williams ya gina wani babban shari'a wanda Beatles yayi aiki a matsayin mashin babban ajanda wanda yayi amfani da kundi kamar haka. Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band da kuma Rolling Stones' Neman Shaidunsu Na Shaidan da gangan don kawar da al'adun matasa daga dabi'un gargajiya da tsarin iyali. Abin da ake ganin ya dace da ƙa'idodin yau yana wakiltar harin da aka ƙididdige kan ƙa'idodin zamantakewa, wanda ya fara sauye-sauyen al'adu wanda zai haɓaka cikin shekaru masu zuwa.
Binciken Williams ya ci gaba, yana gabatar da kwararan hujjoji cewa Beatles su ne ainihin 'yan wasan yara' na zamani na farko - hoton su da aka tsara a hankali, wakokinsu da wasu suka rubuta da yin su. Wannan wahayin ya canza fahimtar mu game da mamayewar Birtaniyya: abin da ya zama al'adar al'adun gargajiya a haƙiƙa wani aiki ne da aka tsara sosai, tare da ƙwararrun mawaƙa da mawaƙa a bayan fage yayin da Beatles suka yi aiki a matsayin ƴan gaba na gaba don gagarumin aikin injiniyan zamantakewa.
A matsayin mai son kiɗa na rayuwa da kuma masu sadaukarwa na Beatles, fuskantar wannan shaidar da farko sun ji kamar sacrilege. Amma duk da haka tsarin ya zama wanda ba a musantawa da zarar kun ba da damar kanku don ganin shi. Yayin da ake ci gaba da muhawara kan takamaiman bayanai kamar na Makarantar Frankfurt An zargi Theodor Adorno da hannut a cikin ƙirar waƙoƙin Beatles - da'awar da ke da sha'awar duka masu ba da shawara da kuma masu sukar-abin da ke bayyane shine cewa aikin ya ƙunshi dukkan alamomin hanyoyin injiniyan zamantakewa na Tavistock.
Ƙirƙirar yare na "kyakkyawan yara maza / mugayen yara" (Beatles/Rolling Stones) ya ba da zaɓi mai sarrafawa kuma ya ba da damar "ɓangarorin biyu" don ci gaba daidai daidaitattun sauye-sauyen al'adu. Andrew Loog Oldham da gwanintar ƙera hoton Duwatsu' 'bad boy' ta amfani da dabarun hulda da jama'a tunawa da Hanyoyin Edward Bernays ('mahaifin hulda da jama'a' wanda ya yi ja-gorancin yin amfani da hankali) - ƙirƙirar sha'awa ta hanyar fahimtar tunani da ƙirƙira tawayen al'adu a matsayin kayayyaki mai kasuwa.
Kamar yadda Oldham da kansa ya yarda a cikin tarihin tarihin rayuwarsa, ba wai kawai yana sayar da kiɗa ba ne amma 'tawaye, rashin zaman lafiya, da roƙon jima'i an nannade shi cikin tsari mai kyau' - da gangan ya haifar da tatsuniya don mutane su saya. Ƙwararren fahimtarsa game da alamar al'adu da ilimin halayyar jama'a ya nuna manyan hanyoyin tasiri waɗanda ke sake fasalin kafofin watsa labaru da ra'ayoyin jama'a a lokacin.
Bayan ɗan tawayen Mick Jagger yana da ilimi a Makarantar Tattalin Arziki ta London, yana ba da shawara mai zurfi tare da zurfin fahimtar tsarin iko a wasa. Wannan ci gaba mai ban sha'awa na hoto ya bazu zuwa da'irar ciki - musamman budurwar Jagger Marianne Faithfull, ita kanta mawaƙa ce mai nasara kuma mai son jama'a, wacce mahaifinta jami'in MI6 ne. yayi tambayoyi Heinrich Himmler kuma wanda kakansa na uwa yana da tushen Daular Habsburg. Duwatsu' Yarima Rupert Loewenstein ne ke kula da harkokin kudi, Bavarian aristocrat kuma ma'aikacin banki mai zaman kansa wanda zuriyarsa mai daraja da da'irar kudi suka yi karo da daular Rothschild -wani misali na kafa mutane a bayan ƙungiyoyi masu adawa da kafawa.
Ko da lakabin rikodin kanta ya dace da tsarin: EMI (Industries Electric da Musical), wanda ya sanya hannu kan duka Beatles da Rolling Stones, ya fara ne a matsayin kamfanin lantarki na soja. A lokacin yakin duniya na biyu, bincike da ci gaban EMI sun ba da gudummawa sosai ga shirin radar Biritaniya da sauran fasahohin soja. Wannan hadewar sha'awar soja da masana'antu tare da samar da al'adu ba daidai ba ne - ƙwarewar fasaha ta EMI a cikin kayan lantarki da sadarwa zai tabbatar da mahimmanci a duka yakin da kuma rarraba abubuwan al'adu.
Waɗannan gwaje-gwajen Birtaniyya da aka sarrafa a hankali a cikin kula da al'adu za su sami cikakkiyar dakin gwaje-gwaje a cikin Amurka, inda haɗin kai da ba zai yuwu ba zai sake fasalin al'adun matasa da rukunin dangi har abada. Biritaniya ta fara aiwatar da waɗannan hanyoyin kaɗe-kaɗen al'adu ta hanyar kiɗa, da haɗa alaƙar sirri a cikin mamayewar Birtaniyya, amma Amurka za ta daidaita da haɓaka waɗannan fasahohin zuwa matakan da ba a taɓa gani ba.
Laurel Canyon Laboratory
A cikin tuddai sama da Hollywood tsakanin 1965-1975, a matsayin ɗan jarida Dave McGowan ya fara rubutawa, wani al'amari mai ban mamaki: fitowar wani sabon wurin kiɗan da ya ta'allaka ne a Laurel Canyon, inda haɗin kai na soja da na sirri ba zai yiwu ba ya haɗu don sake fasalin al'adun matasan Amurka. Wannan haɗin kai ba haɗari ba ne - yayin da ra'ayin yaki ya karu da karfi a cikin da'irori na ilimi, wannan haɗin gwiwar soja-hankali ya taimaka wajen mayar da hankali ga juriya a cikin magungunan ƙwayoyi da aka mayar da hankali kan 'fitarwa' maimakon shirya adawa ga yakin.
Haɗin soja/hankali a cikin Laurel Canyon suna da ban mamaki.
- Baban Jim Morrison ya ba da umarnin rundunar jiragen ruwa a lokacin lamarin Gulf of Tonkin wanda ya kaddamar da yakin Vietnam.
- Baban Frank Zappa ya kasance ƙwararren yaƙin sinadarai a Edgewood Arsenal, maɓalli wurin binciken gwajin ɗan adam.
- David Crosby, ssion na Van Cortlandts da Van Rensselaers - Sarautar Amurka - sun fito daga zuriyar ikon siyasa da suka haɗa da Sanatoci, Alƙalan Kotun Koli, da Janar-Janar na juyin juya hali.
- James Taylor, zuriyar Massachusetts Bay Colony mazauna, ya girma a cikin dangin da aka tsara ta hanyar ilimi da aikin soja, gami da rawar mahaifinsa a Operation Deep Freeze a Antarctica.
- Sharon Tate, diyar jami'in leken asiri na Sojoji, Laftanar Kanal Paul Tate, ta shiga cikin wadannan da'irar kafin mutuwarta.
- Dennis Hopper, wanda mahaifinsa shi ne OSS, directed Sauki Mai Sauƙir kuma alamar tauraro a ciki tare da Peter Fonda, marufi na tawaye na al'ada don cin abinci na yau da kullun.
Canjin ya kasance cikin tsari-daga kyakkyawan fata da haɗin kai da JFK's New Frontier ya ƙunshi zuwa rarrabuwar kawuna da ya biyo bayan kashe shi. Wannan tarin raunin da ya shafi jama'a, wanda ya dace da hanyoyin Tavistock na injiniyan zamantakewa ta hanyar girgiza hankali, ya nuna ƙarshen kyakkyawan fata.
Masu Boomers, waɗanda suka taso tare da wadatar da ba a taɓa ganin irin su ba kuma wahayi ta hanyar hangen nesa Kennedy na Sabon Frontier, sun ga yuwuwarsu don ingantacciyar sauye-sauyen zamantakewa da siyasa an karkatar da su zuwa ƙungiyoyin al'adu da aka ƙera a hankali waɗanda za su tsara tsararraki masu zuwa. Wadannan cudanya da ke tsakanin jami'an leken asiri na soja da shugabannin al'adu - daga mahaifin Morrison zuwa ga ƙwararrun yaƙin sinadarai na Zappa zuwa ga daular siyasa ta Crosby - sun bayyana madaidaicin tsari: tsarin haɗin gwiwar al'adun matasa ta hanyar kafa iko.
Lokacin fitowar Laurel Canyon a matsayin cibiyar hana al'adu ya zo daidai da CIA ta MK-Ultra ta hankali kula mafi girman shekarun aiki na shirin. Wannan ba daidaituwa ba ne. Ƙungiyoyi guda ɗaya waɗanda ke gwada sarrafa hankali ta hanyoyin sinadarai, irin su LSD, suna haɗa kansu lokaci guda cikin ƙoƙarin shirye-shiryen al'adu. Haɗin waɗannan dabarun a cikin Laurel Canyon ya aza harsashin abin da nan ba da jimawa ba zai zama cikakkiyar haɗakar kiɗa da psychedelics - ƙoƙarin da aka ƙididdige don dakile juriyar siyasa ta zahiri ta hanyar sanya shi cikin motsi wanda ya ta'allaka kan girman kai fiye da ingantaccen aikin gama kai.
Shirye-shiryen juyin juya halin Musulunci
Gina kan tushen tunani da al'adu da aka kafa a Laurel Canyon, hadewar kide-kide da psychedelics alama ce ta koli na magudin hankali. Wannan lokaci na shirye-shiryen al'adu na jama'a bisa dabara ya karkatar da juriya na siyasa zuwa hanyoyin al'adu da aka sarrafa ta hanyar wucin gadi, kawar da rashin amincewa daga ƙungiyoyin da aka tsara zuwa cikin rarrabuwar kawuna, janyewar ƙwayoyi.
Hatta Matattu Mai Godiya, babban tsarin al'adun gargajiya na California, wanda ya samar da sadaukarwar bin wanda ya ayyana neman tsara al'umma da ma'ana, an danganta shi da tsarin sarrafa al'umma. Su manajan Alan Trist, ba dan kawai ba ne Tavistock wanda ya kafa Eric Trist amma kuma ya kasance a wurin Mummunan hatsarin mota wanda ya kashe abokin Jerry Garcia na kuruciya, Paul Speegle- wani bala'i da ya sanya Garcia akan hanyar kafa kungiyar.
Haɗin soja na Garcia ya ƙara wani abin ban mamaki: bayan ya sace motar mahaifiyarsa a 1960, an ba shi zaɓi tsakanin kurkuku ko aikin soja. Duk da yawan tafiya AWOL daga Fort Ord da Presidio na San Francisco, Garcia ya sami fitarwa gabaɗaya kawai - sakamako mai sassaucin ra'ayi wanda ba a saba gani ba wanda ke haifar da tambayoyi game da yuwuwar haɗin gwiwar hukuma. A halin yanzu, mawaƙin ƙungiyar, Robert Hunter, ya shiga ciki Gwaje-gwajen LSD na gwamnati daura da faffadan bincike na psychedelic na zamanin. Yin hidima a matsayin rukunin gidan don merry Pranksters mai haɗin CIA, Matattu Godiya sun taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen jagorantar tunanin yaƙi zuwa ja da baya na tabin hankali, daidaita al'adun gargajiya tare da tsarin tallafi na jihohi ta hanyoyin da ke ba da cikakken bincike.
Wannan jeri na counterculture da kafuwar bukatun tabbatar da tasiri sosai. Yayin da ra'ayin yaki da yaki ya karu da karfi a cikin da'irar ilimi - inda tsayin daka na gaske zai iya yin barazana ga ikon tsarin - bayyanar motsin hippie ya jagoranci adawa yadda ya kamata a cikin tsarin matasa masu cike da kwayoyi da kuma mai da hankali kan tserewa maimakon tsarin juriya. Yayin da injinan yaƙi ya ƙaru a Vietnam, an jagoranci matasan Amirkawa zuwa ga rushewar al'adu - cikakkiyar dabara don kawar da ƙungiyoyin zaman lafiya masu ma'ana. Rukunin soja da leken asirin da ya jagoranci yakin a lokaci guda yana gyare-gyaren al'adun da za su hana tsayayya da shi.
Matsayin Timothy Leary a cikin wannan canji yana da mahimmanci. Kafin ya zama muryar da ta fi tasiri a harkar tunani, ya kasance dan kadet na West Point kuma zai kasance daga baya. yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da labari na FBI. da bayar da shawarwari ga psychedelics ya fito tare da binciken kansa na CIA na abubuwa kamar LSD a lokacin MK-Ultra zamanin. John Lennon daga baya yayi tunani akan wannan haduwar tare da cizon baƙin ciki: 'Dole ne mu tuna koyaushe don gode wa CIA da Sojoji don LSD. Abin da mutane ke mantawa ke nan…Sun ƙirƙira LSD don sarrafa mutane kuma abin da suka yi shine ya ba mu 'yanci.' Wannan da ake ganin koma baya na shirin ya cika samun nasara mai zurfi - ya wargaza yuwuwar juriya ta hanyar haɓaka lalata sinadarai.
Ta hanyar yada mantra "Kuna, kunna, fita," Leary ya ci gaba da wannan ajanda. Wannan jujjuyawar ba wai kawai rarrabuwar adawar matasa bane, amma ta raunana alakar su da tsarin tallafi na gargajiya kamar iyalai da al'ummomi-daidai irin nau'in atomization na zamantakewa wanda zai sauƙaƙa sarrafa iko na gaba.
Haɗin kai tsakanin binciken LSD da gwamnati ke bayarwa da fage na kiɗan da ke fitowa bai yi daidai ba. Yayin da MK-Ultra ya binciko hanyoyin sinadarai na kula da hankali, masana'antar kiɗa ta kasance tana daidaita hanyoyin al'adu lokaci guda - tare da makada kamar Matattu na Godiya ta hanyar haɗin gwiwarsu da gwaje-gwajen LSD na gwamnati da ke samun goyan baya da kuma haɓaka da sauri.
Resistance Juyawa
Hanyoyin haɗin gwiwar jagoranci na gwamnati da ƙungiyoyin kiɗa ba su iyakance ga zamanin hauka ba. Kamar yadda shahararriyar kida ke tasowa ta sabbin nau'o'i da shekarun da suka gabata, alakar da ke da tushe iri daya ta ci gaba tsakanin kafa iko da tasirin al'adu.
A cikin filin wasan punk na hardcore, adadi kamar Ian MacKaye (Ƙananan Barazana, Fugazi) wanda mahaifinsa yake a Fadar White House Press Corps kuma ya halarta a kisan JFK, da ban mamaki zai zama ɗaya daga cikin fitattun mutane masu zaman kansu a cikin kiɗa, wanda ke jagorantar ɗabi'ar DIY ta hanyar lakabinsa Dischord Records. Hanyar sa ta cin gashin kansa kamar ta bijirewa tsarin, duk da haka haɗin gwiwar kafa shi yana nuna mafi girman tsari. Ko da a madadin dutsen, Baban Dave Grohl yayi aiki a matsayin mataimaki na musamman ga Sanata Robert Taft Jr. a lokacin gwamnatin Reagan. Madonna, wanda ya zama ma'anar tauraruwar pop na shekarun 1980, ita ce 'yar Tony Ciccone, Injiniya wanda ya yi aiki a kan ayyukan soja na Chrysler Defence da Janar Dynamics Land Systems.
Samun iyaye a cikin gwamnati, tsaro, ko aikin leken asiri ba ya nufin yin kuskure daga waɗannan masu fasaha; duk da haka, waɗannan misalan suna wakiltar kaɗan ne na alaƙar da aka rubuta tsakanin ƙididdiga na al'ada da tsarin wutar lantarki. Tsarin ya tsawaita tsawon shekarun da suka gabata da nau'ikan nau'ikan, tare da ɗaruruwan lokuta masu kama da juna waɗanda ke ba da shawara ba daidaituwa ba amma tsari na tsari-daga mawakan jazz waɗanda ke samun goyon bayan iyalai na banki zuwa punk rockers tare da haɗin gwiwar gwamnati zuwa manyan taurarin pop daga dangin masana'antar tsaro. Waɗannan alaƙar da ta mamaye tana haifar da tambayoyi na asali game da alaƙar da ke tsakanin ikon aji da tasirin al'adu.
Watakila babu dangi guda da ya fi misaltuwa da gangan hadewar ayyukan leken asiri da samar da al'adu kamar Copelands. Miles Copeland Jr., wanda ya taimaka wajen gano CIA da juyin mulkin da aka yi a Gabas ta Tsakiya, ya yi cikakken bayani kan dabarun tunanin da ke tattare da wannan haɗin kai a cikin littafinsa. Wasan Kasashe. A cikin wannan rubutu mai bayyanawa, Copeland ya fayyace hanyoyin yin magudi a fili da za su tsara ayyukan leƙen asiri da kuma al'adun da suka shahara: "A cikin duniyar ayyukan ɓoye, babu abin da ya bayyana. Makullin ba kawai sarrafa ayyuka ba ne, amma sarrafa fahimtar ayyuka."
Ɗansa Miles Copeland III ya zama babban jigo a cikin masana'antar kiɗa, yana gudanar da ayyuka masu tasiri kamar 'yan sanda (tare da ɗan'uwansa Stewart a matsayin mai ganga) da kuma kafa IRS Records. Ta hanyar IRS, Copeland za ta tsara madadin fitowar kiɗan na al'ada, sarrafa ayyuka kamar REM gabaɗaya Michael Stipe, wani yaro soja. Copelands suna wakiltar wata muhimmiyar gada tsakanin ayyukan ɓoye da samar da al'adu, suna nuna yadda hanyoyin hankali suka samo asali daga sa baki kai tsaye zuwa tasiri mai zurfi ta hanyar nishaɗi. Nasarar da suka yi wajen haɗa roƙon ƙiyayyar al'adu tare da iyawar kasuwanci ta zama samfuri don sassaƙawar labari na gaba.
Wannan tsarin aikin injiniya na al'adu yana bin ka'idoji masu daidaituwa na tarihi. Masu zane-zane da ƙungiyoyi masu daidaitawa tare da manufofin hankali suna samun ci gaba mai ɗorewa, yayin da juriya na gaske ke fuskantar murkushewa ko kawarwa. Mummunan ƙarshen adadi kamar Phil Ochs da John Lennon, duka a karkashin rubuce FBI sa ido don ƙalubalen da suke fuskanta kai tsaye ga ikon jiha, ya bambanta musamman da yanayin aikin waɗanda suka gabatar da tawaye a cikin ƙarin iyakoki na al'ada.
Samfuran Jinsi
Yayin da kida ya zama cikakkiyar dakin gwaje-gwaje don gwada ikon sanin yawan jama'a, nan ba da jimawa ba waɗannan hanyoyin za su wuce nisa fiye da nishaɗi. Babu inda wannan ya fi fitowa fili kamar yadda aka yi da gangan sake fasalin matsayin jinsi da tsarin iyali, tare da manufar canza abubuwan da suka dace na ainihi da alaƙar ɗan adam.
Dabarun daidaita labarun labarun mata ya fito a matsayin misali mai ƙarfi na musamman, tare da hukumomin leken asiri suna tsara siyasar jinsi ta hanyar kafofin watsa labarai da shirya gwagwarmaya. Gloria Steinem, wanda ya yarda yana aiki tare da kungiyoyi masu tallafin CIA kamar Sabis na Bincike mai zaman kansa a cikin shekarun 1950 da 1960, yana misalta wannan haɗin gwiwa. Ita Malama Magazine, wanda aka ƙaddamar a cikin 1972, ya haɗu da manufofin mata tare da saƙon da aka tsara a hankali, yayin da Steinem daga baya. shigar da shiga cikin abubuwan da CIA ke bayarwa da nufin yin tasiri ga ƙungiyoyin mata a lokacin yakin cacar baka.
Amincewar Nicholas Rockefeller ga abokinsa Aaron Russo ya jaddada yadda 'yantar da mata ya kasance. da dabarun da aka ba da kuɗi don faɗaɗa ikon jihohi da na kamfanoni- ninka yawan kuɗin haraji ta hanyar haɗin gwiwar ma'aikata, raunana dangantakar iyali ta hanyar karuwar yawan kisan aure, da karuwar tasirin jihohi akan yara ta hanyar kula da yara na gwamnati.
A wannan lokacin, abubuwan da suka faru masu tasiri kamar Wannan Yarinyar da kuma Maryamu Tyler Moore Show ya taimaka daidaita waɗannan sauye-sauye, yana ba da fifiko ga nau'in mace mai zaman kanta, mai mai da hankali kan aiki ta hanyoyin da suka dace da manufofin tsari.
Wannan canji ya kasance cikin tsari. Mujallun mata sun ƙaura daga ainihin abubuwan cikin gida zuwa saƙon da ya fi mayar da hankali kan aiki. Cosmopolitan's Juyin halitta mai ban mamaki a karkashin editan Helen Gurley Brown a cikin shekarun 1960 ya misalta wannan canji, yana daidaita ba wai kawai shiga aikin mata ba har ma da inganta 'yancin jima'i a waje da auren gargajiya - ajanda biyu wanda ya dace daidai da sha'awar kamfanoni don fadada duka wuraren aiki da mabukaci.
Wannan tsari da gangan na ƙungiyoyin jinsi ya ƙara zuwa yanzu, tare da Cibiyar Tavistock ta ci gaba da samar da labarun zamani. Daga jujjuya mujallun mata zuwa aika saƙon aiki a cikin 1960s zuwa ga ci gaban ci gaban labarun jinsi na yau da kullun, waɗannan ƙungiyoyin sun yi daidai da manufofin da aka sa gaba.
Haɓaka Juriya
Dabarun da aka kammala a cikin Laurel Canyon don canza juriya na gaske zuwa samfuran al'adu masu fa'ida za su rikide zuwa rikitattun tsarin sarrafawa. Daga matattu na farko na al'adun biki zuwa bukukuwan kaɗe-kaɗe na zamani kamar Coachella, za a iya jujjuya ingantattun wuraren kidayar al'adu cikin tsari cikin tsari zuwa kasuwancin kasuwanci.
A cikin shekarun 1990s, waɗannan hanyoyin sun samo asali zuwa tsarin tsarin haɗin gwiwa na ingantacciyar juriya. Yayin da Boomers suka sami sauye-sauye daga kyakkyawan fata zuwa rudani, Generation X ya fuskanci ingantacciyar ingantacciyar hanyar da ta inganta nisantar da kanta. Halin Kurt Cobain daga ingantacciyar muryar rashin jin daɗi na tsararraki zuwa MTV kayayyaki ya nuna yadda na'urar tasiri ta samo asali-ba wai kawai tana juya juriya ba amma tana canza ta zuwa samfuran al'adu masu fa'ida.
Wannan haɓakar ya wuce kide-kide-tambayoyi kamar Nike sun canza al'adar hana kafa tituna zuwa kamfen tallan tallace-tallace na duniya ta hanyar adadi kamar Michael Jordan da Charles Barkley. Al'adun “madadin” na wannan zamani ya zama kasuwanci sosai har dillalan kantuna kamar Hot Topic suka fito don siyar da “tawaye” da aka riga aka shirya ga matasa na kewayen birni, suna mai da alamun al'adu zuwa daidaitattun dillalai.
Cikakken satar fage na kiɗan ƙasa yana nuna yadda tsarin wutar lantarki ya cika sarrafa al'adu. Kamar dai yadda hukumomin leken asiri suka karkatar da 60s counterculture, kamfanoni sun ɓullo da ingantattun hanyoyi don kamawa da haɓaka ɓacin rai.
Yawon shakatawa na Vans Warped dutsen punk da aka canza - sau ɗaya bayyana ainihin tawayen matasa - ya zama dandalin tallan kamfani mai balaguro, cikakke tare da matakai da aka ɗauka da kuma samfuran kayayyaki. Shirin Kwalejin kiɗa na Red Bull ya ci gaba, ƙirƙirar abin da ya kai tsarin faɗakarwa da wuri don yuwuwar kawo cikas ga ƙungiyoyin al'adu. Ta hanyar gano nau'ikan nau'ikan ƙasa da masu fasaha da wuri, za su iya tura ingantacciyar magana ta al'adu zuwa tashoshi na kasuwanci kafin ya sami ingantaccen yuwuwar juyin juya hali.
Ko da mafi munin yanayi masu zaman kansu sun kasance masu rauni ga wannan tsarin. Manyan alamomin sun ƙirƙira tambarin indie na bogi don kiyaye amincin ƙasa yayin sarrafa rarrabawa. Kamfanonin taba sun yi niyya musamman kulake na karkashin kasa da raves, fahimtar cewa za a iya juyar da amincin al'adu zuwa rabon kasuwa. Tsarin da aka kafa a Laurel Canyon-na canza juriya na gaske zuwa samfuran riba - ya samo asali zuwa kimiyyar kama al'adu.
Kamar yadda haɗin gwiwar gwamnatin Matattu ya taimaka wajen kafa samfura don sarrafa wuraren al'adu, bukukuwan kiɗa na zamani suna zama wuraren tattara bayanai da dakunan gwaje-gwajen ɗabi'a. Juyin Halitta daga Gwajin Acid zuwa jeri na biki da aka tsara ta algorithm yana nuna yadda tsarin tasiri ya ƙirƙira digit.
Injin Celebrity
Hanyar da aka kammala ta hanyar Gloria Steinem-tashar ingantattun ƙungiyoyin jama'a ta hanyar masu magana da hankali da aka sarrafa-zasu rikide zuwa ƙirar ƙira na yau da kullun na gwagwarmayar shahararru.
Wannan tsarin gudanarwa na algorithmic ya haɓaka fiye da abun ciki zuwa gwaninta kanta, tare da dandamali yana ƙara ƙayyade ba kawai abin da ya yi nasara ba amma waɗancan muryoyin da suka tashi zuwa matsayi. Matsayin dabara na masu fafutuka yana nuna yadda sha'awar cibiyoyi suka shiga nishaɗi. Shiga George Clooney tare da Majalisar Harkokin Harkokin Waje, ci gaba da haɗin gwiwar dangi da yawa zuwa ikon da ya fara da mahaifinsa Aikin jarida na zamanin Cold War Nick Clooney, yana misalta yadda waɗannan haɗin gwiwar nishaɗantarwa sukan mamaye tsararraki.
Juyin Halitta Angelina Jolie daga Hollywood 'yan tawayen zuwa Wakilin UNHCR na musamman yana misalta yadda za'a iya karkatar da roko na adawa da al'adu zuwa ga manufofin jiha. Hakazalika, Leonardo DiCaprio's shawarwarin muhalli-wanda aka inganta ta hanyar dandamali na WEF yayin kiyaye zaman jet masu zaman kansu- yana nuna yadda hatta abubuwan da suka dace suka tsara don daidaitawa tare da manyan tsare-tsare. Hakazalika, tsarin Sean Penn na manyan rikice-rikicen rikice-rikice-daga Guguwa Katrina to Haiti, Hugo Chavez na Venezuela, kuma mafi kwanan nan Ukraine— yana tayar da tambayoyi game da zaɓin damar dandamali. Yayin da mashahurai masu haɗin gwiwar kafawa ke samun ƙarawa mara iyaka, waɗanda ke tambayar labarun hukuma galibi suna samun kansu cikin hanzari ko kuma a yi shiru.
Kamar tsarin mata na Steinem na goyon bayan CIA, ƙwaƙƙwaran mashahuran zamani sau da yawa yana daidaitawa sosai tare da manufofin aji na mulki. Hanya daga siffa mai ƙima zuwa kafa murya ta zama samfuri mai maimaitawa.
Tallan Al'adun Zamani
Kwatankwacin zamani na shirye-shiryen hana al'adu suna nuna yadda waɗannan tsarin ke kasancewa da tasiri sosai. Daga masana'antar nishaɗi zuwa gidajen kayan alatu na alfarma, injiniyoyin al'adu na yau suna ƙirƙira labarun labarai waɗanda suka dace da manyan bukatu a ƙarƙashin sunan ci gaba.
Wannan tsarin haɗin gwiwar sake fasalin al'umma ya faɗaɗa masana'antu da dandamali da yawa. Matsayin masana'antar kerawa ya fito fili ta hanyar abubuwan da suka faru kamar Yaƙin neman zaɓe na Balenciaga na 2022 mai rikitarwa yana nuna yara masu hotunan bauta. Yayin da fushin jama'a ya mayar da hankali kan cece-kuce na kai tsaye, lamarin ya bayyana yadda gidajen kayan gargajiya ke ƙara tura labarun game da jinsi, jima'i, da ƙa'idodin zamantakewa.
Kamar yadda Duwatsu da Beatles suka ba da tawaye a cikin nau'ikan da aka yarda da su, masu gine-ginen al'adu na yau suna yin juriya a hankali. Jigogin Billie Eilish na keɓantawa suna ba Gen Z samun hanyar kasuwanci don rashin gamsuwa, yayin da ƙalubalen Lizzo ga ƙa'idodin ƙawa na al'ada ya dace da buƙatun kamfanoni don haɓaka magunguna, samfuran lafiya, da kayan masarufi waɗanda aka keɓance ga masu sauraro daban-daban. Hatta ƙwararrun masu fasaha da suka yi nasara a kasuwanci suna nuna waɗannan haɗin gwiwar kafa—dangin dangin Taylor Swift da daular banki, gami da rawar kakanta a Tarayyar Tarayya, nuna yadda waɗannan alaƙa suka wanzu sosai. Kamar yadda mai bincike Mike Benz ya rubuta, Kayan horo na NATO sun bayyana Swift a matsayin babban jigo don haɓaka saƙo, yana bayyana yadda tasirin tsarin mulki ke aiki a zamanin dijital.
Lokacin da Lafiya ta Zama Akida
Haɓaka salon rayuwa mara kyau yana ba da dalilai na tsari da yawa. Yawan jama'a sun mai da hankali kan 'kyautar jiki' yayin kokawa da kiba da yanayin kiwon lafiya na yau da kullun ya zama duka biyun masu fa'ida ga kamfanonin harhada magunguna kuma sun fi dogaro da tsarin hukumomi.
Wannan ajanda yana bayyana yadda ake bikin rashin lafiya a matsayin ci gaba da haɗa kai. Kamfen na kamfanoni da kafofin watsa labaru suna kwatanta nau'ikan jikin mutum masu kiba da salon rayuwa mara kyau a matsayin ƙarfafawa, daidaita ɗabi'a waɗanda a mafi yawan lokuta zasu haifar da rashin lafiya na dogon lokaci. Misali, cosmopolitan ya fito da murfin Fabrairu 2021 yana shelar, "Wannan Lafiya ne!" tare da hotunan nau'ikan jikin da ba na al'ada ba, yayin da Nike ta gabatar da manyan mannequins masu girma a cikin shagunan su na tukwane, suna haifar da babban jita-jita na kafofin watsa labarai. An yi bikin waɗannan ƙoƙarce-ƙoƙarce a matsayin manyan cibiyoyi na haɗa kai, suna ƙarfafa motsin 'kyautar jiki' a matsayin dutsen taɓarɓarewar al'adu.
A lokaci guda kuma, dacewa da aiki suna ƙara tsarawa azaman alamun tsattsauran ra'ayi. Labarai da ɓangarorin tunani sun haɗa al'adun motsa jiki da lafiyar jiki tare da akidu masu haɗari, zanen horo na sirri a matsayin alamar rarrabuwar siyasa. Wannan labari mara hankali a hankali yana gyara motsa jiki ba kamar yadda yake ba zaman lafiya da kuma horo na sirri, amma kamar yadda Alamun of tsattsauran ra'ayi na dama.
Wannan jujjuyawar ganganci ta madubi dystopia na Orwell: lafiya ya zama cutarwa, yayin da rashin lafiya ya zama mai nagarta. Ta hanyar sake fasalin jin daɗin jiki da haɓaka kai a matsayin nau'ikan karkata, waɗannan labarun suna gurbata dabi'un al'umma, suna daidaita su tare da gamsuwa a matsayin manufa ta ɗabi'a.
An dasa tsaba na wannan canjin a lokacin bala'in Covid-19, inda manufofin kiwon lafiyar jama'a suka yi watsi da ayyukan lafiya na tushe. Maimakon inganta hasken rana, motsa jiki, ingantaccen abinci mai gina jiki, ko asarar nauyi-duk da haka kiba shine mafi girman haɗari- Saƙon hukuma ya jaddada keɓewa, rufe fuska, da yarda.
A cikin zamanin bayan barkewar cutar, waɗannan jigogi sun haɓaka gabaɗaya, suna sake fasalin lafiyar mutum da horo ba wai kawai ba dole ba, amma a matsayin haɗari na siyasa.
Maganin lafiya da dacewa yana bayyana tsarin ƙididdiga - inganta yanayin rayuwa mara kyau yayin da ake nuna horo na jiki yana aiki da wannan ƙarshen: ƙirƙirar yawan dogara da sarrafawa. Wannan ba sabani ba ne amma haɗin kai: dukkan hanyoyin biyu suna tura mutane daga dogaro da kai da kuma dogaro da hukumomi. Wannan ba sabani ba ne amma yaudarar ƙididdigewa: kamar yadda Tavistock ya koyi yin amfani da raunin hankali don sake fasalin hankali, ƙungiyoyin zamani suna tura labarun kiwon lafiya don ƙirƙirar sabbin hanyoyin sarrafa zamantakewa.
Wannan tsari na sake fasalin sanin lafiya ya yi daidai da babban canji: sake fasalin zama ɗan ƙasa da asalin ƙasa kanta. Kamar yadda aka mayar da lafiyar jiki a matsayin tsattsauran ra'ayi, za a sake gina tunanin al'adun gargajiya na kishin ƙasa da girman kai don yin hidima ga tsarin mulki. Masana'antar nishaɗi, waɗanda ke da ingantattun dabaru don gyara labarun kiwon lafiya, za su yi amfani da waɗannan hanyoyin guda ɗaya don sake fasalin fahimtar jama'a game da aminci da manufar ƙasa.
Siffata Kishin Kasa
Daga masana'antar motsa jiki zuwa Hollywood, an ƙirƙira labarun labarai don tabbatar da bin ƙa'idodin tsari, galibi suna sake maimaita dabarun da aka fara haɓaka don sake fasalin ra'ayin jama'a a lokacin warewar da aka tattauna a baya. Kamar dai yadda JP Morgan ya samu jaridu a shekarar 1917 ya taimaka wajen samar da rashin son Amurka a cikin rikice-rikicen duniya a matsayin abin da ya dace, jerin talabijin, shirye-shiryen yawo, da fina-finai duk suna tsara tunanin jama'a game da aikin soja ta hanyar nuna wajabcinsa da jaruntakarsa.
Na zamani blockbusters kamar Gun Gun: Maverick nuna yadda ɗakunan studio dole ne su gabatar da rubutun ga Ma'aikatar Tsaro don amincewa, tare da sauye-sauye na soja da ake buƙata don samun damar kayan aiki masu mahimmanci da wuraren yin fim. Tasirin Pentagon ya zurfafa cikin duniyar Marvel Cinematic Universe. Captain Marvel da ake buƙatar babban bita na rubutun don samun tallafin soji, canza jarumin daga matukin jirgin farar hula zuwa jami'in Sojan Sama. Siffar sa ido na soja iri ɗaya Iron Man, tare da Pentagon neman amincewar rubutun don musanyawa don samun dama ga tushe da kayan aiki. Waɗannan ba yarjejeniyar jeri na samfur ba ne kawai—suna wakiltar tsarin sarrafa labari a tsakiyar nishaɗin zamani. Sauran fina-finai, kamar Dark Thirty Dark da kuma Argo, an samar da su tare da haɗin gwiwar CIA kai tsaye, inganta labarun da suka dace da bukatun soja.
NFL tana ba da wani misali mai ban sha'awa na yadda wasannin wasanni ke aiki azaman kari na hanyar sadarwar nishaɗi, yin amfani da labarun motsin rai don tsara ra'ayin jama'a. Jirgin saman soja, 'yan wasa girmamawa ga sojoji, Da kuma Tallace-tallacen Super Bowl galibi ana gabatar da su azaman bukukuwan al'ada na girman kai na ƙasa.
Koyaya, waɗannan lokuta akai-akai suna fitowa daga biya haɗin gwiwa tare da Ma'aikatar Tsaro, ɓata layi tsakanin ingantacciyar kishin ƙasa da saƙon da aka tsara. Kamar dai yadda fina-finan da suka yi fice ke haskaka aikin soja, wasannin lig-lig na wasanni suna daidaita alakar kishin ƙasa da aikin soja, suna ƙarfafa labaran da aka tsara a ƙarƙashin sunan nishaɗi.
Duk da yake gaskiya ne cewa kishin ƙasa na gaske da mutunta membobin sabis suna nuna ingantacciyar kimar Amurka, masana'antar nishaɗi ta kula sosai game da labarun soja yana da manufa mai zurfi: daidaita ayyukan ƙasashen waje na dindindin ba tare da ƙarfafa zurfin fahimtar waɗannan rikice-rikice ba da mummunan sakamakonsu. Ta hanyar haɗa goyon baya ga sojoji tare da amincewa da aikin soja ba tare da wata shakka ba, waɗannan samfuran al'adu suna samar da yarda don shiga tsakani yawancin 'yan ƙasa ba sa fahimta ko muhawara mai ma'ana. Canji na haƙiƙanin yanayin siyasa masu sarƙaƙƙiya zuwa sauƙaƙe labarun jaruma yana taimakawa tabbatar da bin jama'a ba tare da fahimtar jama'a ba.
Hatta fina-finai masu mahimmanci kamar Fim ɗin Burne da kuma Yaƙin Charlie Wilson haxa gaskiya da almara ta hanyoyin da suke ɗaukaka da wayo aikin hankali da manufofin shiga tsakani. Wannan ƙirƙira labari tana tabbatar da cewa shakkar waɗannan ƙungiyoyin ya kasance mai takura, yana ƙarfafa fahimtar kishin ƙasa da ke da alaƙa da manufofi da manufofin jihohi.
Tare da waɗannan misalan silima, masana'antar wasan bidiyo ta zama kayan aiki mai ƙarfi don dabarun tasiri na ɗabi'a. Franchises kamar Call na wajibi sun shigar da labarai masu goyon bayan soja a cikin wasan kwaikwayonsu mai zurfi, hidima a matsayin ci-gaba kayan aikin daukar ma'aikata ga sojojin kasar.
Yayin da Hollywood da caca ke ɗaukar masu sauraro a cikin injinan yaƙi, kiɗan zamani an yi amfani da shi ta hanyar da ta dace da misalan diflomasiya na jazz a cikin 1950s, "Mamayar Burtaniya," da mawakan Laurel Canyon sun tattauna a baya. Babu inda wannan ya fi ɗaukar hankali fiye da na hip-hop, inda canjin salon daga kiɗan zanga-zangar zuwa 'gangsta rap' ya haskaka yadda dillalan wutar lantarki ke zaɓar sahihan muryoyin don daidaitawa tare da ainihin kamfanoni da bukatun siyasa waɗanda ke aiki tuƙuru don murkushe su.
Bututun Ribar Gidan Yari
Yunƙurin Hip-hop a cikin 1980s ya zo daidai da barkewar annoba, wani babi mai banƙyama a tarihin Amurka wanda CIA ta shiga tare da 'yan tawayen Contra a Nicaragua - hanyar haɗi. Dan jarida Gary Webb ya fallasa a bincikensa mai cike da rudani. Abin da ya fara a matsayin nau'i na rubuta sakamakon zalunci na tsari da kuma bala'in kwayoyi a cikin al'ummomin Black ba da daɗewa ba ya zama mai sauƙi. An canza danyen labarun rayuwa da juriya zuwa hotuna masu kyawu na al'adun miyagun ƙwayoyi, suna daidaita daidai da buƙatun da hukumomi ke aiwatarwa waɗanda ke ci gaba da yin fa'ida na ɗauri da sarrafawa.
Haƙiƙanin ajanda na masana'antar kiɗa yana fitowa fili ta hanyar adadi kamar tambarin hip-hop Ice Cube, wanda ya bayyana yadda lakabin rikodin da gidajen yari masu zaman kansu suka daidaita bukatunsu da gangan. Cube ya ce, "Da alama akwai shakku sosai," in ji Cube, "cewa bayanan da suka fito da gaske an shirya su ne don tura mutane zuwa masana'antar kurkuku." Maganarsa cewa "mutane ɗaya da suka mallaki [tambayoyin rikodin] sun mallaki gidajen yari" sun fallasa dabarun ci gaban abun ciki don ciyar da tsarin ɗaurin kurkuku.
Kamar yadda Cube ya bayyana, "yawancin waƙoƙin dope mutane kamar gungun mutane ne ke gaya wa masu rapper abin da za su faɗa," suna maye gurbin maganganun fasaha na halitta tare da ingantaccen labari. Wannan canjin da gangan ya haifar da fushi da rashin jin daɗi zuwa halaye masu halakar da kai, da ci gaba da dawwama na ɗaurin kurkuku waɗanda suka yi daidai da bukatun kamfanoni. Rukunin masana'antu na kurkuku ya nuna yadda sarrafa tsarin zai iya haɗa manufofin riba tare da shirye-shiryen zamantakewa. Wannan hadewar sa ido, gyare-gyaren ɗabi'a, da tilastawa tattalin arziƙi zai zama samfuri don tsarin sa ido na dijital, inda algorithms ke bin ɗabi'a, zaɓin siffa, da tilasta bin doka ta hanyar hukuncin tattalin arziki-kawai a sikelin duniya.
Waɗanne alamun rikodin da aka samu da hannu a cikin hip-hop-ganowa, turawa, da haɓaka ingantacciyar magana-zai zama samfuri don sarrafa dijital. Kamar yadda masu zartarwa suka koyi canza al'adun titi zuwa samfuran riba, algorithms ba da daɗewa ba za su sarrafa wannan tsari a sikelin duniya. Canji daga zanga-zangar zuwa riba bai iyakance ga kiɗa ba-ya zama tsarin yadda za a sarrafa duk juriyar al'adu a cikin zamani na dijital.
A cikin labarin na gaba, za mu ga yadda waɗannan fasahohin tsara al'adu suka kasance masu sarrafa kansu da kuma inganta su ta hanyar tsarin dijital. Hanyoyin sarrafa al'adu sun samo asali daga jiki zuwa tunani, daga gida zuwa duniya, daga jagora zuwa mai sarrafa kansa. Abin da ya fara da kayan masarufi na Edison kuma ya kai kololuwar analog ɗinsa a cikin sarrafa shahararrun al'adun zai sami kyakkyawan bayaninsa a cikin tsarin dijital. Canji daga injina zuwa sarrafa algorithmic ba wai kawai juyin halittar fasaha bane, amma juzu'in juzu'i cikin ikon siffanta wayewar ɗan adam.
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Joshua Stylman ya kasance dan kasuwa kuma mai saka jari fiye da shekaru 30. Shekaru ashirin da suka wuce, ya mai da hankali kan ginawa da haɓaka kamfanoni a cikin tattalin arzikin dijital, haɗin gwiwa tare da samun nasarar ficewa daga kasuwancin uku yayin da yake saka hannun jari da jagoranci da dama na farawar fasaha. A cikin 2014, yana neman haifar da tasiri mai ma'ana a cikin al'ummarsa, Stylman ya kafa Threes Brewing, wani kamfani mai sana'ar sana'a da baƙon baƙi wanda ya zama ƙaunatacciyar cibiyar NYC. Ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaba har zuwa 2022, ya sauka daga mukaminsa bayan da ya samu koma baya game da yin magana game da umarnin rigakafin birnin. A yau, Stylman yana zaune a cikin kwarin Hudson tare da matarsa da 'ya'yansa, inda yake daidaita rayuwar iyali tare da harkokin kasuwanci daban-daban da haɗin gwiwar al'umma.
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