Sabuwar Yarjejeniyar Cutar Kwayar cuta da bita ga Dokokin Kiwon Lafiya ta Duniya (IHR) - duk kayan aikin da suka dace da doka - ana yin shawarwari don karbewa yayin 77.th taron Majalisar Lafiya ta Duniya, Mayu 27 zuwa Yuni 1, 2024.
Wannan labarin, na Michael T. Clark, ya bayyana dalilin da ya sa wakilan kasashe masu tasowa yakamata su kada kuri'a a'a, kuma me yasa masu hankali na kasa, larduna, da shugabannin kiwon lafiyar al'umma a ko'ina zasu yi maraba da shawarar soke shawarwari na yanzu, yin tunani mai zurfi kan abin da ya faru a lokacin bala'in Covid-19, kuma a fara sabo.
Michael T. Clark kwararre ne a fannin tattalin arziki na dangantakar kasa da kasa. Ya rike mukamai daban-daban a fannin diflomasiyya, kasuwanci, bincike, da ma'aikatan gwamnati, ciki har da fiye da shekaru tara a matsayin babban jami'in gudanarwa na gudanarwa da manufofi a Hukumar Abinci da Aikin Noma ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. Ya sami BA a Harvard da MA da Ph.D. a Makarantar Johns Hopkins na Advanced International Studies.
1. Jigo na sabon “zamanin annoba” a cikin 21st An kafa karni akan kuskuren shaidar da aka yi.
Gano da alama sababbi, barkewar cutar kwalara wani abu ne da ya samo asali daga ci gaban da aka samu a fasahar gwajin ƙwayoyin cuta da ganowa - PCR, antigen, serology, da tsarin dijital - da haɓaka isa da haɓakar tsarin kiwon lafiyar jama'a a duk duniya. Yawancin cututtukan cututtukan da ke cikin taswirar ƙwayoyin cuta na duniya na WHO bai kamata a bayyana su a matsayin sababbi ko masu tasowa ba, amma sabbin gano ko sifofi. Yawancin su ma ko dai ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta ne ko kuma ƙarancin watsawa wanda ke haifar da ƙarancin mace-mace.
Mutuwar kan tsari na Covid-19 saboda cututtukan cututtukan da ke faruwa a zahiri ba su da yawa - a kan mafi kyawun shaida akwai, taron sau ɗaya a cikin shekaru 129. Kamar yadda masu bincike a Jami’ar Leeds suka nuna, shaidun da suka fito daga karnin da ya gabata da kuma shekaru 20 na farko na wannan karni sun nuna cewa yawan kamuwa da cutar, da yawan bullar cutar, da kuma mace-mace ya kai kololuwa kusan shekaru ashirin da suka gabata kuma tun daga lokacin suke raguwa sosai. Gaggawar sanya sabbin tsare-tsare masu daure kai cikin tsammanin harin da ke tafe a duniya bai dace da shaida ba.
2. Cutar ta Covid-19 wani babban “laki ne” wanda ya bukaci babban matakin tuntubar kasa da kasa da hadin gwiwa. Amma abin da ke da ban mamaki da gaske shi ne martanin manufofin - gami da mahimmancin mahimmanci da martani na kuɗi.
Amsar manufofin ta haɗa da hana tafiye-tafiye, kulle-kulle, rufe makarantu, abin rufe fuska da umarnin alluran rigakafi, haɓaka haɓakar rigakafin rigakafi da rage aminci da inganci, da kuma ba da lamuni mai yawa na masana'antun kiwon lafiya, gami da magunguna, kayan gwaji, da alluran rigakafin alhaki da ramuwa don cutarwa. Akwai kuma gwaji tare da kula da zamantakewa, danne 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki, da kuma hana wasu muhimman hakkokin bil'adama.
Yawancin waɗannan matakan suna da tasiri mai ban sha'awa kuma ba su dace ba kuma basu dace da ainihin barazanar ba. Lalacewar haɗin kai daga waɗannan ayyukan kuma ta kasance abin ban mamaki a tarihi. Makulli, ƙuntatawa tafiye-tafiye, da sauran sarrafawa da yawa sun kawo cikas ga sarƙoƙi, rufe kasuwancin, hana ma'aikata samun aikin yi da samun kudin shiga, da sanya tattalin arzikin duniya cikin rudani. Tasirin wannan matakan "lafin lafiyar jama'a" shine mafi girma kuma mafi girman koma bayan ayyukan tattalin arziki a duniya tun bayan Babban Bala'in da Yaƙin Duniya na II.
Ko da abin da ya fi yin illa a cikin dogon lokaci shi ne yadda gwamnatoci suka mayar da martani ta hanyar fitar da makudan kudade, iskar oxygen na rayuwar tattalin arziki, don guje wa cikakken durkushewar tattalin arziki da na kudi da hargitsi na zamantakewa da siyasa a duniya. Kusan duk gwamnatoci sun koma ga gibin kasafin kudi mai yawa. Waɗanda suka sami damar samun kuɗi mai wuya, ko dai ta hanyar tara kuɗi ko kuma ikon “matsalolin bugu” – sun kasance masu ɓatanci a cikin kashe kuɗinsu kuma sun sami nasarar shawo kan matsalar nan take. A cikin shekarar farko ta barkewar cutar kadai, bisa ga kimanta (wanda ba a samo asali ba) na Yuni 2021 na Babban Kwamitin Masu Zaman Kanta na G20 kan Tallafin Kasuwancin Duniya don Shirye-shiryen Cututtuka da Amsa, farashin gwamnatocin duniya ya kai dala tiriliyan 10.5.
An samar da kaso na zaki na wannan jimillar a cikin ƙasashen OECD, amma ga ƙananan ƙasashe masu fama da talauci ba tare da bin hanyar buga littattafai ba, tasirin ya yi ƙanƙanta bisa ƙa'ida, amma gwargwadon girman girma, ya bambanta, kuma mai dorewa.
Sakamakon tattalin arziki da na kuɗi na martanin manufofin da aka zaɓa sun haɗa da rushewar abinci da sarƙoƙi na samar da makamashi da hauhawar farashin kayayyaki masu mahimmanci, wanda ya ta'azzara da mummunan canjin canjin kuɗi yayin da zuba jari na ƙasa da ƙasa ya tsaya kuma kuɗi mai zafi ya baje kolin yadda ya saba "jirgin zuwa aminci" a cikin Amurka da EU. Farashin abinci ya karu ga kasashen da ake shigo da su wadanda ba su da saukin samun kudin shiga.
Yayin da babba, an kaucewa tsawaita tsawaita sarkar samar da abinci, tashe-tashen hankula na gida da na ƙasa sun faru a ƙasashe da yawa. Waɗannan ɓangarorin tattalin arziƙin sun jefa dubun-dubatar miliyoyin cikin talauci da ƙari da yawa cikin rashin abinci mai gina jiki da ƙarancin abinci - wannan yayin da wasu ɗaruruwan “masu biliyan biliyan” suka sami riba mai yawa daga “Babban Sake saitin” tattalin arzikin “Zoom” da kuma rigakafin rigakafi da wadatar wadatar magunguna.
Ga ƙasashe masu tasowa, munanan illolin da cutar ta haifar na ci gaba da ƙaruwa. Haɓakar hauhawar farashin kayayyaki da ta fashe a Amurka da sauran wurare da zarar tattalin arzikin ya fara buɗewa ya haifar da wani martani na siyasa mai cike da ruɗani wanda aka rubuta a cikin Arewacin Duniya: ƙimar riba mai jan hankali (mafi girma cikin fiye da shekaru arba'in), wanda babu makawa ya faɗa ga duniya duka, tare da tasiri mai yawa akan bashi na waje da kuma raguwar saka hannun jari da ci gaban duniya.
Hauhawar hauhawar bashi da tsadar biyan basussuka sun yi kasafi a kasafin kudin jama'a tare da rage jarin jama'a a fannin ilimi da kiwon lafiya, mabudin ci gaban gaba da kubuta daga talauci. Bankin Duniya ya bayar da rahoton cewa, akasarin kasashen da suka fi fama da talauci a duniya na fama da matsalar basussuka. Gabaɗaya, ƙasashe masu tasowa sun kashe dala biliyan 443.5 don yi wa gwamnatinsu ta waje hidima da basussukan da gwamnati ta tabbatar a shekarar 2022; 75 mafi talauci sun biya dala biliyan 88.9 a sabis na bashi a cikin 2022.
3. Barkewar cutar ba ta “saba” martanin manufofin ba ko lalacewar haɗin gwiwa; a maimakon haka, martanin manufofin ya kasance nuni ne na manufofin manufofin da ke tattare da kunkuntar tushe na kasashe masu ba da agaji na WHO da kuma bukatun masu zaman kansu wadanda ke da sama da kashi 90 na kudaden Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya.
Yarjejeniyar siyasa tsakanin waɗanda suka jagoranci mayar da martani ga manufofin ba hujja ba ne- ko tushen kimiyya kuma sun tsaya, gabaɗaya, a cikin babban adawa ga shawarwarin WHO da kuma tarin gogewar WHO game da mu'amalar annoba da gaggawa na lafiyar jama'a.
4. Cutar ta Covid-19 ita ce ta uku "gaggawa" aukuwa cikin kasa da shekaru 20 da aka canza ta hanyar mayar da martani ta hanyar siyasa mai cike da rudani daga ainihin yanayin cikin gida mai cike da rudani zuwa rikicin da ya fi girma a duniya.
Na farko, hare-haren 9/11 da 'yan ta'adda na Islama suka yi ya haifar da ayyana "yakin ta'addanci" na duniya baki daya wanda aka samu ta hanyar kashe kudade mai yawa a Amurka don tallafawa "yaƙe-yaƙe na har abada" guda biyu a Afghanistan da Iraki.
Na biyu, rikicin kudi da tattalin arziki na duniya na shekarar 2008, wanda ya biyo bayan bailouts masu yawa na bankuna da sauran cibiyoyin hada-hadar kudi, da kuma dogaro mai yawa kan sassaukar adadi a Amurka, da Turai, an kare cibiyoyin hada-hadar kudi amma gurbacewar tattalin arzikin duniya, tabarbarewar saka hannun jari a kasashe masu tasowa, da kuma dakile cinikin kayayyaki na duniya, wanda galibin kasashe masu tasowa suka dogara.
Na uku, fashewar Covid, kamar sauran abubuwan gaggawa, sun haifar da martanin manufofin da aka dafa a waje da tsarin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, amma cibiyoyi na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya suka aiwatar da su: Kwamitin Tsaro na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (don Yakin Iraki), IMF, Bankin Duniya (na matsalar kudi), da WHO don barkewar cutar. A cikin dukkan lokuta uku, talakawa da ma'aikata a duka Arewacin Duniya da Kudancin Duniya sun ɗauki nauyin cutar da martanin manufofin, yayin da manyan masu mallakar dukiya ba kawai kariya ba ne amma an ƙara wadata su.
5. A cikin kowane ɗayan waɗannan rikice-rikice, martanin manufofin yana da tasiri mai dorewa a ci gaba, amma ƙasashe masu tasowa ba su da wata murya ta gaske a wajen cibiyoyin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya.
Bugu da ari, a cikin kowane ɗayan waɗannan al'amuran, ainihin cibiyar yanke shawara ta kasance a waje da cibiyoyin ƙungiyoyi daban-daban da kansu, waɗanda ke maimakon na yau da kullun, na wucin gadi amma na keɓancewa kamar "haɗin kai na shirye-shiryen" da aka kafa don tallafawa yakin da Amurka ta jagoranta da Iraki, haɓakar G20 zuwa shugabannin matakin jihohi a cikin rikicin kuɗi, da cibiyar sadarwar masu ba da tallafi da masu hannu da shuni, da ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu waɗanda ke ba da gudummawa ga ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu. na WHO. Don ƙara zagi ga rauni, a kowane hali, Amurka da sauran mutane sun yi babban ƙoƙari don yin amfani da su, tarwatsa, da kuma kula da cibiyoyi masu yawa.
A halin yanzu babu yarjejeniya kan asalin cutar ta SARS-CoV-2. Ka'idar jagorar ka'idar leken asiri ce a Cibiyar Nazarin Kwayoyin cuta ta Wuhan inda aka san masana kimiyyar Amurka da na kasar Sin suna gudanar da bincike mai fa'ida (bincike don ƙirƙirar manyan cututtukan da gangan ta hanyar haɓaka haɓakawa, haɓakawa, ko juriyar rigakafin cututtukan cututtukan fata) ta amfani da coronaviruses kama da SARS-CoV-2. Mafi tursasawa madadin ka'idodin sun ba da shawarar asalin dabba (zoonotic), amma ba a cimma matsaya kan hanyar da ta fi dacewa ga tushen dabba ga mutane ba. Ganin girman girman kwarewar Covid-19 wajen daidaita fahimtarmu game da barazanar cutar, ƙarin bincike, watakila ƙarƙashin kariyar shaida, yana da garanti.
Tsarin da Darakta-Janar na WHO ya yi amfani da ikonsa na ban mamaki don ayyana dokar ta-baci ta lafiyar jama'a ta kasa da kasa (PHEIC) ita ma tana da cikakken bincike. Musamman ma, tsarin tantance haɗarin da ka'idojin da ma'aikatan WHO ke amfani da su waɗanda suka yi wa Kwamitin Gaggawa da Darakta Janar bayani ya kamata a yi nazari sosai don samar da jagorar da za ta ba da damar ingantattun shawarwari don abubuwan da za su faru nan gaba. Takaitacciyar rawar da kasashe mambobin WHO ke takawa a cikin tsarin shawarwari - tsarin da aka kebe ga kasashe mambobin kwamitin sulhu na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya game da yaki da zaman lafiya - ya kamata a yi nazari a hankali.
A ƙarshe, ƙasashe membobin suna buƙatar kwatanta farashi da fa'idodin shawarwarin Covid-19 na WHO tare da bambance-bambancen gogewa na ƙasashen da suka fice daga shawarwarin WHO.
7. Daya daga cikin mafi munin sakamakon sakamakon rashin amincewa da aiwatar da matakan da WHO ta ba da shawarar shi ne dumbin rugujewar amanar da jama'a ke yi wa hukumomin kiwon lafiyar jama'a da suka faru tun farkon barkewar cutar ta Covid-19.
Wannan gaskiya ne ga hukumomin kiwon lafiyar jama'a na ƙasa da na duniya. Har yanzu, WHO a yanzu ta fi fuskantar hadarin azabtar da siyasa, saboda a babban bangare saboda kulawar da aka yi game da tattaunawar yarjejeniya (da gaskiya) ana samun ta daga masu adawa a duk fadin Amurka da karuwa a manyan biranen Turai, Japan, da Ostiraliya, da kuma wasu kasashe masu tasowa.
Bayanin waɗannan masu ƙin yarda a matsayin "anti-vaxxers," "masu ra'ayin makirci," "crackpots," da "populist demagogues" na jami'an WHO, suna yin watsi da iyayengiji masu ba da gudummawa, suna yin mummunar illa ga gaskiya da kuma dalilai masu daraja a bayan rashin amincewarsu. Kuma kawai yana ƙarfafa fahimtar cewa WHO ita ce cibiyar da ke da alhakin da ya kamata a ci nasara.
8. A cikin 2020, Darakta-Janar na WHO ya riga ya sami ikon bai ɗaya don ayyana Gaggawar Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a na Damuwa ta Duniya da kuma sanya sunan "marasa ɗauri" kuma a zahiri ba za a iya aiwatar da shi ba, amma duk da haka shawarwari masu ƙarfi bayan haka; Sabuwar yarjejeniyar annoba da kuma dokokin kiwon lafiya na kasa da kasa da aka yi wa kwaskwarima sun ba kasashe mambobin kungiyar damar zuba jari na shekaru biyar, dala biliyan 155 don samar da ababen more rayuwa na duniya ga WHO da ke ba da umarnin sa ido kan cutar, daidaitawa, sa ido, da aiwatar da bin doka.
A cikin mugun kalmomi na masanin fikihu Carl Schmitt: "Sovereign is he who decide the banda." Idan aka gani a cikin waɗannan sharuɗɗan, shawarar WHA ta “ta hanyar yarjejeniya” (watau, ba tare da rubutaccen ƙuri'a ba) na ba da ikon yanke shawara ga Darakta-Janar wanda galibi za a keɓance shi ga Membobin Membobin zai zama wani yunƙuri mai ban sha'awa, wanda ya fi ban mamaki ta gazawar Membobin ƙasa sanya duk wani bincike mai ma'ana ga wannan hukuma. Amma watakila muddin WHO ba ta da hanyar da za ta iya amfani da ikonta da kuzari, ana tsammanin cewa babu abin tsoro, kuma za a iya kwatanta shawarar ayyana PHEIC a matsayin yanke shawara ta fasaha ba tare da shigo da siyasa ba.
Idan haka ne, ƙwarewar martanin lafiyar jama'a na Covid-19 yakamata ya isa ya haifar da sake tunani game da waɗannan zato. Kuma babban alƙawarin "ƙarfafa WHO" ba a matsayin kayan aikin gama kai na ƙasashe masu iko ba, amma a matsayin ƙungiyar da aka ba da ikon yin aiki. su moto (a kan motsin kansa) kuma don aiwatar da, ta hanyoyi daban-daban, bin umarnin sa shine bayyanannen canjin wasa.
Abubuwan da ke gaba na rigakafin cutar ta WHO, shirye-shirye, da shirye-shiryen mayar da martani suna nuna haɗarin siyasa da rikice-rikice waɗanda, nesa da ƙarfafa WHO, a zahiri sun zama abin ƙarfafawa don yin watsi da ita:
- da ikon ba da umarnin ayyukan jihohi ta WHO;
- babban tsarin sa ido mai alaƙa da ake haɓakawa;
- da tunanin yin amfani da kudade na bangarori da yawa don tabbatar da kulawar aiki da "lissafi" na kasashe membobin;
- ƙirƙirar tsarin mai yawa na rarraba ƙwayoyin cuta tare da (har yanzu) bincike da ci gaba ba tare da ka'ida ba, gami da gwajin-na-aiki;
- nadi na fada da “karkatar bayanai” da “karɓar bayanai” a matsayin ainihin cancanta (da maƙasudin wajibci) na Ƙasashen Membobi;
- da shawarar kafa ikon gaggawa kan samarwa da rarraba nau'ikan "kayan aikin likita" iri-iri.
9. Taƙaice, yarjejeniyar annoba da yawancin sake dubawa na IHR ba iko bane by Sakatariyar hukumar ta WHO, amma a maimakon karfin iko of WHO, ta hanyar jama'a da masu ba da taimako.
A cikin duniyar da ke da madubi da yawa na ƙungiyoyin jama'a, abubuwa ba safai suke kamar yadda suke ba. A cikin shawarwarin yarjejeniyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa, ma'anar kalmomi sau da yawa takan wargaje cikin "ƙididdigar shubuha," al'adar diflomasiyya ta gama gari da aka yi niyya don rage rikice-rikice da ba da damar "nasara" na yarjejeniya masu wahala.
Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, an ce, “ba ta kasa kasawa; amma idan ta yi hakan, a kodayaushe Kungiyar ce ake zargi. Kuma wannan shine lamarin anan: yayin da yarjejeniyar barkewar cutar ta zama sandar walƙiya don ɓacin rai da fushi game da yawancin gazawar martanin manufofin Covid-19, ƙungiyar ce ta zama abin zagi da yuwuwar sakayya, kuma ba marubutan gaskiya na yawancin zaɓin manufofin da ba a yi la'akari da su ba waɗanda suka gaza da wulakanci.
10. Kuri'ar Membobin Kasashe 194 da ke wakiltar 77th taron Majalisar Lafiya ta Duniya ya kamata ya zama "A'a" mara tabbas ga yarjejeniyar da kunshin IHR, duka "kamar yadda yake" kuma a matsayin tushen duk wata tattaunawa ta gaba.
Za a iya ɗaukar abubuwa daga daftarin yarjejeniya na yanzu a cikin sabon tsari, faɗaɗawa, da ɗaure lokaci, tare da waɗannan sharuɗɗa don kafa hujja da ta dace da daidaito-, kimiyya-, da tushe na tushen gogewa don yin shawarwari da shawarwari na gaba:
- Ya kamata a yi cikakken nazari na tsarin yanke shawara don ayyana PHEIC, kamar yadda aka yi amfani da shi a cikin sanarwar Covid-19 da kuma a lokutan da suka gabata da na gaba. Tsarin zai yi la'akari da buƙatar bambance tsakanin gaggawa na girma daban-daban da nau'in barazana, don amfani da daidaitattun ayyuka na ƙididdigar haɗari, don ƙididdige yiwuwar lalacewar haɗin gwiwa, don yin nazarin fa'idar farashi, da haɓaka ayyuka don tabbatar da amsa daidai da ma'ana. Fiye da duka, bita ya kamata ya ba da hankali ga rashin wakilcin ƙasashe membobin a cikin shawarwari da kuma tsarin yanke shawara.
- Ya kamata a sami tsarin bita mai zaman kansa, mai mahimmanci, da ganganci ("Team A/Team B") don tantance yadda shawarwarin WHO don aiwatarwa, gami da manufofin kiwon lafiyar jama'a da zamantakewa, aka tsara da kuma fitar da su daga Sakatariyar WHO, ingancin tushen shaidar da aka yanke shawara, da dalilan soke jagora da shawarwari na baya. Hakanan ya kamata a bincika rawar Membobi da ƴan wasan da ba na Jihohi ba a cikin wannan tsari, tare da mabambantan hanyoyin da ƙasashe membobin ke amsa shawarwarin. Ya kamata a ba da kulawa ta musamman ga hanyoyin da Membobi suka yi ko kuma ba su yi amfani da 'yancin kai ba wajen fassara wajibcinsu da kuma daidaita shawarwarin tsaka-tsaki zuwa yanayi na musamman na ƙasa.
- Ya kamata a yi taka-tsan-tsan, bincike mai zurfi game da tasirin tasirin cikakken martanin manufofin, gami da manufofin kasafin kuɗi da tasirinsu daban-daban a cikin yankuna na ƙasa da kuma kan lokaci, don ƙarin fahimtar abubuwan da ke tattare da zaɓin manufofin daban-daban a nan gaba. Wannan bita ya kamata ya kasance mai son zuciya da bayyana gaskiya gwargwadon yiwuwa, sanin cewa sake gina amana ga ikon jama'a muhimmin makasudi ne na wannan bita. Kada a siffanta ƴan wasan kwaikwayo da ayyuka a cikin siyasance ko na zahiri, yayin da ya kamata a bincika da kuma gwada tushe da tasiri na ainihin manufa.
- Hanyoyi masu canzawa waɗanda Membobi ke bi, daidaitawa, ko ƙi shawarwarin WHO suna ba da gwaji na halitta wanda ke ba da muhimmiyar shaida na fa'ida ko cutar da zaɓin manufofin daban-daban a cikin yanayi daban-daban. Ya kamata a yi ƙoƙari mai ladabi da sabbin abubuwa, mai yiwuwa ta hanyar ɗakunan gari tare da haɗin gwiwar WHO da hukumomin kiwon lafiya na ƙasa, don tattarawa da tantance shaidu don nuna ƙimar, da kuma ba da jagora kan yadda za a ƙarfafa ikon mallakar ƙasa da na al'umma ta hanyar tsarin mayar da martani mai sauƙi da daidaitawa a cikin gida. Shaidu, gami da nazarin meta-nazari na Cochrane na binciken da aka yi bita na ƙwararrun likitocin da ke da lasisi, yakamata a sake duba su don tantancewa:
- yuwuwar madadin hanyoyin warkewa don ɗauke da cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta.
- Tasiri kan daidaikun madaidaicin manufofin kiwon lafiyar jama'a da zamantakewa don ɗaukar yaɗuwar ƙwayar cuta yayin da rage rushewar tushen tsarin tattalin arziki, lafiya, da abinci.
- Ya kamata a ba da kulawa ta musamman a cikin wannan darasi har zuwa yadda tsarkin dangantakar likita da haƙuri a cikin yanke shawara na asibiti ya kasance ko kuma ba a kiyaye shi ba, da kuma yadda za a iya samun kariya mafi kyau a nan gaba.
- Yakamata a yi nazari a tsanake game da duk shaidar da ke akwai na asalin cutar ta Covid-19. Dangane da hasashe na leak, Amurka, Sinawa, da sauran masu bincike ana iya ba su keɓantawa daga tuhuma ga duk wani aiki da za su iya bayyanawa: wannan an yi niyya ne don haɓaka yuwuwar kafa cikakkiyar ƙima mai yuwuwa. Ya kamata a gudanar da binciken ta hanyar da za ta ba da ƙarin haske game da yuwuwar ƙima da haɗarin bincike-da-aiki. Ya kamata a bayyana abubuwan da aka gano a cikin hanyar da ke ba da mahimman kuzari don sanar da mahawara ta ƙasa da ƙasa da kimanta buƙatu da hanyoyin hana kai tsaye ko kuma daidaita irin wannan binciken.
Kammalawa
Mafi kyawun zaɓi, idan aka yi la'akari da batutuwan da aka yi tsokaci a nan, zai zama cikakkiyar sake farawa tsarin shawarwarin bisa sabbin wurare, tsari mai buɗewa da haɗaɗɗun tsarin da ƙasashe ke jagoranta, da sauti, ƙasƙantar da kai, da mutunta gaskiya ga kimiyya da iyakokinsa, shaida, da shaida mai fa'ida, hikimar ƙwarewa da kuma yarda da bambance-bambancen da suka dace.
Don kawai kada kuri'a a'a ba zai bar halin da ake ciki yanzu - yanayin da ya haifar da gazawar Covid-19 da yawa - ba a magance shi ba. Amma duk wani “amfani” na sabuwar yarjejeniya zai iya zama maras kyau da kyau. Mafi mahimmanci, yarjejeniyar da gyare-gyare kamar yadda aka rubuta su a halin yanzu suna yin mummunar illa, da za a iya gane su kuma za su bar kowa, sai waɗanda ke da hannun jari a Big Pharma, sabis na IT, da kuɗin duniya, mafi muni.
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Dokta Meryl Nass, MD ƙwararren likita ne a cikin Ellsworth, ME, kuma yana da fiye da shekaru 42 na gwaninta a fannin likitanci. Ta sauke karatu daga Makarantar Magunguna ta Jami'ar Mississippi a 1980.
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