A cikin 1930s, likitan Jamus da cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya na Jamus an dauki su a matsayin mafi ci gaba a duniya. Duk da haka, sauye-sauye na dabara amma babban sakamako sun kasance shekaru da yawa kafin Hitler ya hau kan karagar mulki, wanda ya fara da hawan motsin eugenics a ƙarshen 19th da farkon 20th.
A cikin 1922, Alfred Hoche da Karl Binding, likitan hauka kuma lauya, sun buga wani littafi mai tasiri, Izinin Lalacewar Rayuwa Rashin cancantar Rayuwa. Misali daga wannan da sauran ayyuka masu tasiri sun dauki tunanin kafa likitancin Jamus, wanda ya lalata al'adun Hippocratic na gargajiya wanda ya jagoranci likitanci tun zamanin da.
Maimakon yin hidima ga lafiyar mai haƙuri da ke ba da magani, an ƙarfafa likitocin Jamus su kasance da alhakin "lafiya" na "kwayoyin zamantakewa" - mutane- gaba dayanta.
Maimakon ganin masu fama da rashin lafiya kuma suna buƙatar kulawa ta jinya, likitocin Jamus sun zama wakilai na shirin zamantakewa da siyasa. sanyi da ƙididdige ɗabi'ar amfani. Idan tsarin zamantakewa ya kasance mai lafiya ko mara lafiya, wasu mutane (misali, waɗanda ke da nakasar fahimi ko ta jiki) an siffanta su da "ciwon daji" akan mutane. Kuma menene likitoci suke yi da ciwon daji amma suna kawar da su?
Mutanen farko da Nazis suka yi wa iskar gas ba Yahudawa ba ne a sansanonin tattarawa (wanda ya zo daga baya), amma marasa lafiya nakasassu a asibitocin tabin hankali, wanda aka kashe a ƙarƙashin “Shirin T4 Euthanasia” na Reich na Uku. Wani likita Bajamushe ne ya rattaba hannu akan kowane ɗayan waɗannan sammacin mutuwar. Ko da bayan da gwamnatin da ke kashe mutane ta mai da hankalinta ga Yahudawa da sauran ’yan tsiraru, sun ci gaba da ba da wasu dalilai na kiwon lafiya na jama’a: Ka tuna cewa Nazis suna yi wa Yahudawa aljanu akai-akai a matsayin “masu yaɗa cututtuka.” Idan likitoci ba su ba da bukatun marasa lafiya da marasa lafiya ba, amma wakilai ne na shirin zamantakewa, misalin Jamusanci ya nuna mana abin da ke faruwa lokacin da tsarin mulki ya ɓata wannan shirin na zamantakewa.
Sa’ad da aka bayyana zaluncin da likitocin Nazi suka yi a gwajin Nuremberg na baya-bayan nan, duniya ta yi Allah wadai da likitocin Jamus da ’yan kimiyya da suka sa hannu. Cewa ayyukansu na doka ne a ƙarƙashin mulkin Nazi bai dace da tsaro ba; An yanke wa wadannan likitoci hukunci a Nuremberg saboda laifukan cin zarafin bil adama. Don kauce wa irin wannan bala'o'i a nan gaba, ka'idar tsakiya na ka'idodin bincike da ka'idodin likita - wato, da yardar kyauta da sanarwa na batun bincike ko majiyyaci - sannan aka bayyana a fili a cikin Lambar Nuremberg. Ga na farko cikin maki 10 da aka bayyana a cikin Code:
Yardar son rai na batun ɗan adam yana da matuƙar mahimmanci. Wannan yana nufin cewa wanda abin ya shafa ya kasance yana da ikon doka don ba da izini; ya kamata a kasance a wurin da za a iya yin amfani da ikon zaɓi na 'yanci, ba tare da tsoma bakin wani abu na karfi ba, zamba, yaudara, tursasawa, wuce gona da iri, ko wani nau'in mugunyar takura ko tilastawa; kuma ya kasance yana da isasshen ilimi da fahimtar abubuwan da ke cikin abin da ya shafi abin da zai ba shi damar yin fahimta da fadakarwa. Wannan kashi na ƙarshe yana buƙatar cewa kafin amincewa da wani tabbataccen shawara ta hanyar gwaji ya kamata a sanar da shi yanayi, tsawon lokaci, da manufar gwajin; hanya da hanyoyin da za a gudanar da shi; duk rashin jin daɗi da hatsarori daidai gwargwado don tsammanin; da kuma illolin da ke tattare da lafiyarsa ko mutum wanda zai yiwu ya fito daga sa hannu cikin gwajin.
An ƙara haɓaka wannan ƙa'idar a cikin Sanarwar Helsinki na Ƙungiyar Likitoci ta Duniya, Rahoton Belmont wanda Gwamnatin Tarayya ta Amurka ta ba da izini a cikin 1970s, kuma daga baya aka tsara ta ƙarƙashin Dokar Dokokin Tarayya ta Amurka a cikin "Dokar gama-gari," dokar da ke gudanar da bincike kan batutuwan ɗan adam a Amurka.
Saurin ci gaba zuwa 2020. A cikin fuskar novel coronavirus, da kuma fargabar da farfagandar kafofin watsa labarai ta haifar, an sake yin watsi da ka'idar yarda da sanarwa ta kyauta. Mafi muni, amma ba wai kawai ba, misali shine umarnin rigakafin da aka aiwatar yayin da har yanzu allurar ke ƙarƙashin ikon amfani da gaggawa, kuma, don haka, ta ma'anar gwamnatinmu ta tarayya, "gwaji."
Ta yaya kuma me yasa aka yi watsi da katangar da'a na likitanci na ƙarni na 20 da sauri, kuma tare da ɗan adawa kaɗan daga cibiyar kiwon lafiya da kimiyya? Menene sakamakon nan da nan? Menene zai kasance na dogon lokaci, sakamakon koma-bayan da aka yi zuwa ga babban ɗabi'ar amfani da kimiyya, magani, da lafiyar jama'a yayin bala'i?
An sake bugawa daga marubucin Mayarwa
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Aaron Kheriaty, Babban mashawarcin Cibiyar Brownstone, masani ne a Cibiyar Da'a da Harkokin Jama'a, DC. Shi tsohon farfesa ne na ilimin hauka a Jami'ar California a Makarantar Magunguna ta Irvine, inda ya kasance darektan da'a na likitanci.
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