Masanin tattalin arziki kuma masanin falsafa Murray Rothbard shine mashawarta kuma abokina. Ya rasu a shekara ta 1995 amma rubuce-rubucensa na ci gaba da sanar da duniya. Kamar sauran masu tunani irin wannan, tambaya a cikin babban rikici shine ko yaushe me zai yi tunani game da wannan?
Rikicin Covid ya haifar da rudani da shiru a cikin duniyar 'yanci, saboda dalilai na bayyana nan, amma ina da ɗan shakkar inda Murray zai tsaya. Ya kasance yana adawa da tura tashin hankalin jihohi don rage haɗarin da ke tattare da duniyar halitta kuma yana gaba da lokacinsa kan lamuran tilasta musu magani.
A gaskiya ma, ya rubuta dalla-dalla game da takaddama game da fluoridation. Bincikensa yana gwada lokaci. A karshe alkalin kotun tarayya ya yi sarauta, kashi uku cikin huɗu na ƙarni ya yi latti, wanda ya tilasta bunƙasa cikin ruwa ya kai "haɗari marar ma'ana" ga yara. Wannan shawarar na iya kawo karshen al'adar.
A cikin 1992, Murray Rothbard ya yi magana game da batun a baya lokacin da aka yi la'akari da yin haka kamar mahaukaci kuma mai ban tsoro. Yawanci shi, ba zai iya jure yin tono cikin wani batu da gabatar da shawararsa ba, ko da lokacin da suka yi adawa da al'adun siyasa masu tasowa. Nasa Labari yana da kyau sosai kuma yana gabatar da bincike mai zurfi game da abin da ya faru da "lafin lafiyar jama'a" a cikin shekarun baya.
Kada a yi shakka: Murray Rothbard ya nuna adawa da tura ikon gwamnati don guba jama'a da sunan lafiyar jama'a. Ya yi bayanin madogaran daidai kuma cikin fa'ida: "Ƙungiyar manyan runduna uku: Social Democrats na akida, masu fafutuka masu fa'ida, da manyan 'yan kasuwa masu neman gata daga Jiha."
Ana sake bugawa anan gaba daya.
Fluoridation Revisited
Murray Rothbard
Ee, na furta: Ni tsohon soja ne na anti-fluoridationist, don haka - ba a karon farko ba - yana yin kasadar sanya kaina a sansanin "masu kishi da masu tsattsauran ra'ayi." Koyaushe ya kasance wani ɗan asiri a gare ni dalilin da ya sa masana muhalli na hagu, waɗanda ke kukan tsoro a ɗan Alar akan apples, waɗanda ke kuka "ciwon daji!" ma fiye da wauta fiye da yaron ya yi kuka "Wolf!", waɗanda ke ƙin kowane sinadari da aka sani ga ɗan adam, har yanzu suna ba da amincewarsu ga fluoride, wani abu mai guba sosai kuma mai yiwuwa carcinogenic. Ba wai kawai suna barin hayakin fluoride daga ƙugiya ba, amma sun amince da yawa da kuma ci gaba da zubar da sinadarin fluoride cikin ruwan ƙasar.
Ribobi da Fursunoni
Da farko shari'ar gama-gari don da kuma adawa da fluoridation na ruwa. Shari'ar ta kusan kusan siriri ce, tana tafe har zuwa ga zargin raguwar raƙuman haƙori a cikin yara masu shekaru biyar zuwa tara. Lokaci. Babu wani fa'ida ga wanda ya girmi tara! Don haka dole ne a sha magani ga jama'ar balagaggu na yankin da ke da sinadarin fluoridated!
Shari'ar da ake yi da ita, ko da ban da takamaiman sharrin fluoride, yana da ƙarfi kuma yana da yawa. Magungunan dole na jama'a muni ne a likitance, da kuma zamantakewa. A bayyane yake cewa maɓalli ɗaya na kowane magani shine sarrafa kashi: Mutane daban-daban, a matakai daban-daban na haɗari, suna buƙatar allurai guda ɗaya wanda ya dace da bukatunsu. Kuma duk da haka tare da ruwa dole ne fluoridated, adadin ya shafi kowa da kowa, kuma dole ne ya yi daidai da adadin ruwan da mutum ya sha.
Menene hujjar likitanci ga mutumin da ya sha gilashin ruwa goma a rana yana karbar adadin fluoride sau goma na mutumin da ya sha gilashin daya kacal? Dukan tsarin yana da ban tsoro da kuma wawa.
Manya - a zahiri yara sama da tara - ba sa samun fa'ida daga magungunansu na tilas, duk da haka suna cika fluorides daidai da shan ruwansu.
Bugu da kari, bincike ya nuna cewa yayin da yara masu shekaru biyar zuwa tara na iya rage ramukan su ta hanyar fluoridation, yara guda masu shekaru tara zuwa 12 suna da karin kogo, ta yadda bayan shekaru 12 amfanin kogon ya bace. A mafi kyau, to, tambayar ta gangara zuwa: Shin za mu ba da kanmu ga yiwuwar hatsarori na fluoridation kawai don ceton likitocin haƙori daga fushin mu'amala da yara masu shekaru biyar zuwa tara?
Duk iyaye da suke son ba wa 'ya'yansu fa'idodin fluoride mai ban sha'awa na iya yin haka ta hanyar ba wa 'ya'yansu kwayoyin fluoride, tare da tsarin allurai maimakon rashin daidaituwa ga ƙishirwa na yaro. Ko kuma za su iya sa ƴaƴan su goge haƙora da man goge baki da aka ƙara fluoride. Yaya batun 'yancin zaɓin mutum ɗaya?
Kada mu ƙyale mai biyan haraji mai tsayin daka wanda zai biya dubban ɗaruruwan ton na fluoride da ake zubawa a cikin tsarin samar da ruwan sha na al'umma a kowace shekara. Kwanakin kamfanonin ruwa masu zaman kansu, da zarar sun bunkasa a Amurka, sun daɗe, duk da cewa kasuwa a cikin 'yan shekarun nan ya tashi a cikin nau'i na ruwan kwalabe masu zaman kansu (duk da cewa wannan zaɓi ya fi tsada fiye da ruwan kyauta na zamantakewa).
Babu shakka babu wani abu mai ban dariya ko kooky game da ɗayan waɗannan gardama, ko akwai? Don haka da yawa ga shari'ar gabaɗaya don kuma a kan fluoridation. Lokacin da muka isa ga takamaiman cututtuka na fluoridation, shari'ar da ake yi da ita ta zama mafi ƙarfi, da kuma grisly.
A cikin shekarun 1940s da 50s, lokacin da ake ci gaba da samun nasarar tura fluoridation, masu goyon bayan fluoridation sun yi la'akari da gwajin sarrafawa na Newburgh da Kingston, ƙananan garuruwan da ke makwabtaka da New York, tare da adadi iri ɗaya. Newburgh ya kasance mai fluoridated kuma Kingston ba shi da shi, kuma ƙaƙƙarfan tsarin samar da fluoridation ya yi ƙaƙƙarfan gaskiyar cewa shekaru goma bayan haka, ƙananan hakora a cikin yara masu shekaru biyar zuwa tara a Newburgh sun fi ƙasa da na Kingston (asali, ƙimar kowace cuta ta kasance iri ɗaya a wurare biyu).
Yayi, amma masu adawa da fluoride sun tayar da gaskiyar cewa, bayan shekaru goma, duka ciwon daji da cututtukan zuciya sun kasance mafi girma a Newburgh. Ta yaya Establishment ta bi da wannan suka? Ta hanyar watsi da shi a matsayin mara amfani, a matsayin kooky dabaru na tsoro.
Me ya sa aka yi watsi da waɗannan matsaloli da kuma daga baya kuma aka yi watsi da su, kuma me yasa gaggawar haifar da fluoridation ga Amurka? Wanene ke bayan wannan tuƙi, kuma ta yaya abokan adawar suka sami hoton "kook mai dama"?
Driver don Fluoridation
Motar ta hukuma ta fara ba zato ba tsammani kafin ƙarshen Yaƙin Duniya na II, wanda Ma'aikatar Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a ta Amurka ta tura, sannan a cikin Ma'aikatar Baitulmali. A cikin 1945, gwamnatin tarayya ta zaɓi biranen Michigan guda biyu don gudanar da binciken "15" na hukuma; wani birni, Grand Rapids, ya kasance mai haske, an bar wani birni mai kula da shi ba tare da ruwa ba. (Ina jin daɗin labarin sake dubawa na kwanan nan kan fluoridation na marubucin likita Joel Griffiths, a cikin mujallar muckraking na hagu. Bulletin Bayanin Aiki Covert.) Duk da haka, kafin shekaru biyar ya ƙare, gwamnati ta kashe nata "binciken kimiyya" ta hanyar yin amfani da ruwa a cikin birnin da ke Michigan. Me yasa? Ƙarƙashin uzurin cewa aikin nasa ya faru ne ta hanyar "buƙatun jama'a" na fluoridation. Kamar yadda za mu gani, gwamnati da kuma ita kanta Establishment ne suka samar da “buƙatun jama’a.” Haƙiƙa, tun a shekarar 1946, a ƙarƙashin yaƙin neman zaɓe na tarayya, biranen Amurka shida sun ba da ruwan sha, wasu 87 kuma sun shiga ƙungiyar ta 1950.
Wani mahimmin jigo a cikin nasarar tuƙi na fluoridation shine Oscar R. Ewing, wanda Shugaba Truman ya nada a 1947 don ya jagoranci Hukumar Tsaro ta Tarayya, wacce ta ƙunshi Sabis na Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a (PHS) wanda daga baya ya mamaye ofishin majalisar ministocinmu na Lafiya, Ilimi da walwala. Ɗayan dalili na goyon bayan Hagu na fluoridation - ban da kasancewar magungunan zamantakewa, a gare su mai kyau a kanta - shi ne cewa Ewing ya kasance mai ba da izini na Truman Fair Dealer da hagu, kuma mai ba da shawara ga magungunan zamantakewa. Har ila yau, ya kasance babban jami'i a cikin ƙwararrun Amurkawa don Democratic Action, ƙungiyar tsakiyar ƙasa ta "masu sassaucin ra'ayin gurguzu" (karanta: Social Democrats ko Mensheviks). Ewing ya tattara ba kawai Hagu masu daraja ba, har ma da Cibiyar Kafa. PHS ne ya jagoranci yunƙuri mai ƙarfi na dole fluoridation, wanda nan da nan ya tattara ƙungiyoyin kafa ƙungiyoyin likitocin haƙori da likitoci na ƙasar.
PR Drive
Tattaunawar, hargitsin kasa don yin fluoridation, da buga tambarin abokan adawar fluoridation da hoton kook na dama, duk wani mai hulda da jama'a ne da Oscar Ewing ya dauka don jagorantar tukin. Domin Ewing bai yi hayar kowa ba face Edward L. Bernays, wanda ya sami karramawar da ake kira "mahaifin hulda da jama'a." Bernays, ɗan wan Sigmund Freud, an kira shi "The Original Spin Doctor" a cikin wani labari mai ban sha'awa a cikin littafin. Washington Post a bikin cika shekaru 100 na tsohon ma'aikacin a ƙarshen 1991.
Kamar yadda wani labarin kimiyya na baya-bayan nan ya yi nuni game da motsin fluoridation, ɗaya daga cikin takaddun da aka rarraba ta yadu da aka jera a matsayin masu adawa da fluoridation "a cikin tsarin haruffa masu daraja masana kimiyya, waɗanda aka yanke wa hukunci, masu faɗuwar abinci, ƙungiyoyin kimiyya, da Ku Klux Klan." A cikin littafinsa na 1928 furofaganda, Bernays ya bayyana na'urorin da zai yi amfani da su. Da yake magana game da "na'urar da ke sarrafa tunanin jama'a," wanda mutane kamar kansa za su iya yin amfani da su, Bernays ya bayyana, "Waɗanda suke sarrafa tsarin al'umma da ba a gani ba sun zama gwamnati marar ganuwa wacce ita ce ainihin ikon mulkin ƙasarmu. Kuma tsarin sarrafa shugabannin kungiyoyi, "ko dai tare da ko ba tare da haɗin kai ba," zai "yi tasiri kai tsaye" membobin irin waɗannan ƙungiyoyi.
A cikin kwatanta ayyukansa a matsayin mutumin PR don Beech-Nut Bacon, Bernays ya ba da labarin yadda zai ba da shawara ga likitoci su faɗi a fili cewa "yana da kyau a ci naman alade." Don, Bernays ya kara da cewa, "ya sani a matsayin tabbacin ilimin lissafi cewa adadi mai yawa na mutane za su bi shawarar likitocin su saboda shi [mutumin PR] ya fahimci dangantakar tunani na dogaro da maza ga likitocin su." Ƙara "likitocin haƙori" zuwa lissafin, kuma musanya "fluoride" don "naman alade," kuma muna da ainihin kamfen na farfagandar Bernays.
Kafin yakin Bernays, fluoride ya kasance sananne a cikin tunanin jama'a a matsayin babban sinadari na bug da guba na bera; bayan yakin neman zabe, an yaba da shi a matsayin mai samar da lafiyayyen hakora da murmushi masu kyalli.
Bayan shekarun 1950, duk abin ya tashi - sojojin fluoridation sun yi nasara, kuma kashi biyu cikin uku na tafkunan kasar sun kasance masu haske. Har yanzu akwai sauran wuraren da ba a san su ba na ƙasar, duk da haka (California ba ta da kashi 16 cikin ɗari) kuma burin gwamnatin tarayya da PHS ɗin ta ya kasance “haɓaka fluorid na duniya.”
Shakku Ya Taru
Duk da nasarar blitzkrieg, duk da haka, shakku sun bayyana kuma sun taru a cikin al'ummar kimiyya. Fluoride wani abu ne wanda ba zai yiwu ba, wanda, a cikin mutane, yana tarawa a cikin hakora da kashi - watakila yana ƙarfafa hakoran yara; amma kasusuwan mutane fa? Matsalolin kashi biyu masu mahimmanci na fluorides - gatsewa da kansa - sun fara bayyana a cikin binciken, kawai hukumomin gwamnati sun toshe su ta tsari. A farkon 1956, wani binciken tarayya ya gano kusan sau biyu na rashin lahani na ƙashi a cikin samari maza a Newburgh kamar yadda yake a cikin Kingston mara lafiya; amma an yi watsi da wannan binciken da sauri a matsayin "marasa kyau."
Abin ban mamaki, duk da binciken 1956 da shaidar cututtukan da ke fitowa tun daga shekarun 1940, gwamnatin tarayya ba ta taɓa yin gwajin cutar kansa na dabba akan fluorides ba. A ƙarshe, a cikin 1975, masanin kimiyyar halittu John Yiamouyiannis da Dean Berk, jami'in gwamnatin tarayya mai ritaya na Cibiyar Ciwon daji ta kasa (NCI), sun gabatar da takarda gabanin taron shekara-shekara na Ƙungiyar Masanan Kimiyyar Halittu ta Amurka. Jaridar ta ba da rahoton karuwar kashi biyar zuwa goma cikin dari na yawan masu fama da cutar daji a wadannan biranen Amurka wadanda suka gurbata ruwansu. An yi ta cece-ku-ce kan sakamakon binciken, amma ya janyo zaman majalisar bayan shekaru biyu, inda gwamnati ta bayyanawa ‘yan majalisar da suka firgita cewa ba ta taba gwada sinadarin fluoride na kamuwa da cutar kansa ba. Majalisa ta umarci NCI ta gudanar da irin wadannan gwaje-gwaje.
Abin mamaki, ya ɗauki NCI shekaru 12 don kammala gwaje-gwajensa, gano "shaida daidai" cewa fluoride yana haifar da kansar kashi a cikin berayen maza. A karkashin jagorancin Majalisa, NCI ta yi nazarin yanayin ciwon daji a Amurka, kuma ta sami shaidun kasa da kasa na "haɓakar kashi da ciwon daji a kowane zamani," musamman a cikin matasa, a cikin kananan hukumomin da suka yi amfani da ruwa, amma ba a ga irin wannan tashin ba a cikin yankunan "marasa fluoridated".
A cikin ƙarin cikakkun bayanai, na yankunan jihar Washington da Iowa, NCI ta gano cewa daga 1970s zuwa 1980s ciwon daji na kashi ga maza a karkashin 20 ya karu da kashi 70 cikin XNUMX a yankunan da ke da fluoridad na wadannan jihohin, amma ya ragu da kashi hudu a cikin wuraren da ba su da ruwa. Duk wannan yana da kyau kammalawa, amma NCI ta saita wasu ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙididdiga don yin aiki akan bayanan, waɗanda suka yanke shawarar cewa waɗannan binciken, suma, “maras kyau ne.” Takaddama kan wannan rahoto ya kori gwamnatin tarayya zuwa daya daga cikin dabarun da ta fi so a kusan kowane fanni: hukumar da ake zargin kwararre ne, mai bangaranci, “kwanciyar hankali”.
Sharhin "Duniya-Aji".
Gwamnati ta riga ta yi aikin hukumar a cikin 1983, lokacin da bincike mai ban tsoro game da fluoridation ya kori tsohon abokinmu PHS don kafa kwamiti na "ƙwararrun masana a duniya" don duba bayanan aminci kan fluoride a cikin ruwa. Abin sha'awa, kwamitin ya gano cikin tsananin damuwarsa cewa da kyar akasarin bayanan da ake zargin na kare lafiyar fluoride. Kwamitin na 1983 ya ba da shawarar yin taka tsantsan kan fluoridation, musamman ga bayyanar fluoride ga yara. Wani abin sha'awa, kwamitin ya ba da shawarar sosai cewa abun da ke cikin sinadarin fluoride na ruwan sha bai wuce kashi biyu a kowace miliyan ga yara har zuwa tara ba, saboda damuwa game da tasirin fluoride akan kwarangwal na yara, da yiwuwar lalacewar zuciya.
Shugaban kwamitin, Jay R. Shapiro na Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Kasa, ya gargadi mambobin, duk da haka, cewa PHS na iya "gyara" sakamakon binciken, tun da "rahoton ya shafi batutuwan siyasa masu mahimmanci." Tabbas, lokacin da Likita Janar Everett Koop ya fitar da rahoton hukuma wata daya bayan haka, gwamnatin tarayya ta yi watsi da mafi mahimmancin shawarwari da shawarwarin kwamitin ba tare da tuntubar kwamitin ba. Lallai, kwamitin bai taɓa samun kwafin ƙarshe, ƙwararru, sigar ba. Canje-canjen da gwamnati ta yi duk sun kasance a cikin hanyar samar da sinadarin fluoride, suna da'awar cewa babu "takardun kimiyya" na kowace matsala a matakan fluoride da ke ƙasa da kashi takwas a kowace miliyan.
Baya ga nazarin ciwon daji na kashi na ƙarshen 1980s, shaidu suna tattarawa cewa fluorides suna haifar da ƙarar kashi. A cikin shekaru biyu da suka gabata, ba a kasa da bincike na annoba guda takwas ba ya nuna cewa fluoridation ya kara yawan karayar kashi a cikin maza da mata na kowane zamani. Hakika, tun daga shekara ta 1957 yawan karyewar kashi a tsakanin matasa maza ya karu sosai a Amurka, kuma yawan karayar hanjin Amurka yanzu ya zama mafi girma a duniya. A gaskiya ma, bincike a cikin al'ada pro-fluoride Journal of Amirka Medical Association (JAMA), Agusta 12, 1992, ya gano cewa ko da "ƙananan matakan fluoride na iya ƙara haɗarin karaya a cikin tsofaffi." JAMA ta kammala da cewa "yanzu ya dace a sake duba batun samar da ruwa."
Ƙarshen Hasashen
A bayyane yake, lokaci ya yi da za a sake yin wani kwamitin tarayya. A lokacin 1990-91, wani sabon kwamiti, wanda tsohon jami'in PHS kuma tsohon mai fafutukar kare fluoridation Frank E. Young ke jagoranta, ya yi hasashen cewa "babu wata shaida" da aka samu tana danganta fluoride da kansa. A kan karayar kashi, hukumar ta fada cikin rashin kunya cewa "ana bukatar karin karatu." Amma ba a buƙatar ƙarin bincike ko binciken rai don ƙarshe: "Ya kamata Ma'aikatar Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a ta Amurka ta ci gaba da tallafawa ingantacciyar ƙwayar ruwa ta ruwan sha." Mai yiwuwa, ba su yanke cewa "mafi kyawun" yana nufin sifili ba.
Duk da Matasa farar fata, shakku na taruwa hatta a cikin gwamnatin tarayya. James Huff, darektan Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiyar Muhalli ta Amurka, ya kammala a cikin 1992 cewa dabbobi a cikin binciken gwamnati sun kamu da cutar kansa, musamman kansar kashi, saboda ana ba su fluoride - kuma babu wani “daidai” game da ƙarshensa.
Masana kimiyya daban-daban na Hukumar Kare Muhalli (EPA) sun juya anti-fluoridation, masanin kimiyyar guba William Marcus ya yi gargadin cewa fluoride yana haifar da ba kawai ciwon daji ba, har ma da karayar kashi, arthritis, da sauran cututtuka. Marcus ya kuma ambata cewa, wani binciken da Ma'aikatar Kiwon Lafiya ta New Jersey ta yi ba a sake shi ba (jihar da kawai kashi 15 cikin XNUMX na yawan jama'a ke da fluoridated) ya nuna cewa yawan ciwon daji na kashi tsakanin samari maza bai fi sau shida girma a cikin fluoridated fiye da wuraren da ba su da ruwa.
Ko da abin da ya zo cikin tambaya shi ne tsattsarkan ra'ayi na dogon lokaci wanda ya ƙunshi ruwa aƙalla yana rage kogo a cikin yara masu shekaru biyar zuwa tara. Daban-daban manyan pro-fluoridationists sosai touted saboda gwaninta da aka yi ba zato ba tsammani da kuma haushi lokacin da ƙarin binciken ya kai su ga ƙarshe cewa amfanin hakori ne da gaske sakaci.
A farkon shekarun 1980, fitaccen masanin ilimin fluoridation na New Zealand shine babban jami'in kula da hakora na kasar, Dr. John Colquhoun. A matsayinsa na shugaban kwamitin inganta fluoridation, Colquhoun ya yanke shawarar tattara kididdiga don nunawa masu shakku babban fa'idar fluoridation. Ga mamakinsa, ya gano cewa yawan yaran da ba su da lalata haƙori sun fi girma a ɓangaren da ba shi da sinadarin fluoridated fiye da na yankin New Zealand. Ma'aikatar lafiya ta kasa ta ki yarda Colquhoun ya buga wadannan binciken, kuma ta kore shi a matsayin daraktan kula da hakora. Hakazalika, wani babban masani a fannin samar da sinadarin fluoridation a British Columbia, Richard G. Foulkes, ya kammala da cewa, sinadarin fluoridation ba kawai hadari ba ne, amma ba ya da tasiri wajen rage rubewar hakora. Tsofaffin abokan aikin sun yi tir da Foulkes a matsayin mai yada farfagandar "inda ke inganta ta'addanci na masu maganin fluoridation."
Me yasa Driver Fluoridation?
Tun da shari'ar dole na fluoridation yana da rauni sosai, kuma shari'ar da ake yi na da yawa, mataki na ƙarshe shine a tambayi: Me yasa? Me yasa Ma'aikatar Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a ta shiga tun farko? Ta yaya wannan abu ya fara? Anan dole ne mu sanya ido kan muhimmin littafin Oscar R. Ewing, domin Ewing ya wuce dila kawai na Social Democrat.
Fluoride an daɗe ana gane shi a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin abubuwa masu guba da ake samu a cikin ɓawon ƙasa. Fluorides samfurori ne na masana'antu da yawa, ana fitar da su a cikin iska da ruwa, kuma mai yiwuwa babban tushen wannan samfurin shine masana'antar aluminum. A cikin 1920s da 1930s, fluoride yana ƙara fuskantar ƙararraki da ƙa'idodi. Musamman, ta hanyar 1938 muhimmin, sabon masana'antar aluminium an sanya shi a kan matakan yaƙi. Me za a yi idan babban abin da ke haifar da shi shine guba mai haɗari?
Lokaci ya yi da za a magance lalacewa, ko ma a sauya tunanin jama'a na wannan abu mai ban tsoro. Ma'aikatar Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a, ku tuna, tana ƙarƙashin ikon Ma'aikatar Baitulmali, da Sakatariyar Baitulmali a lokacin 1920s kuma har zuwa 1931 ba wani bane face billionaire Andrew J. Mellon, shugaban masu buƙatun Mellon mai ƙarfi, kuma wanda ya kafa kuma shugaban kama-da-wane na Kamfanin Aluminum Corporation of America (ALCOA), babban kamfani a cikin masana'antar aluminum.
A cikin 1931, PHS ta aika da likitan haƙori mai suna H. Trendley Dean zuwa Yamma don nazarin tasirin yawan ruwa mai ƙorafi a kan haƙoran mutane. Dean ya gano cewa garuruwan da ke da sinadarin fluoride na halitta kamar suna da ƙarancin kogo. Wannan labari ya sa masana kimiyyar Mellon daban-daban suka shiga aiki. Musamman ma, Cibiyar Mellon, Cibiyar bincike ta ALCOA a Pittsburgh, ta dauki nauyin binciken wanda masanin kimiyyar halittu Gerald J. Cox ya yi amfani da wasu berayen lab, ya yanke shawarar cewa an rage raguwa a cikin berayen, kuma nan da nan ya kammala cewa "al'amarin [cewa fluoride yana rage cavities] ya kamata a dauki shi kamar yadda aka tabbatar."
A shekara ta gaba, 1939, Cox, masanin kimiyyar ALCOA da ke aiki ga wani kamfani da ke fama da da'awar lalacewar fluoride, ya ba da shawara ta farko ta jama'a game da tilascin fluorid na ruwa. Cox ya ci gaba da tuntuɓar ƙasar yana buƙatar fluoridation. A halin da ake ciki, wasu masana kimiyyar da ALCOA ke tallafawa sun yi kakkausar suka game da zargin kare lafiyar fluorides, musamman dakin gwaje-gwaje na Kettering na Jami'ar Cincinnati.
A lokacin yakin duniya na biyu, an taru da'awar lalacewa na hayakin fluoride kamar yadda aka zata, gwargwadon girman fadada samar da aluminium yayin yakin. Amma an karkatar da hankali daga waɗannan ikirari lokacin, kafin ƙarshen yaƙin, PHS ta fara matsawa da ƙarfi don tilastawa ruwa. Don haka yunƙurin fitar da ruwa na tilas ya cim ma burin biyu a cikin harbi ɗaya: Ya canza siffar fluoride daga la'ana zuwa albarkar da za ta ƙarfafa haƙoran kowane yaro, kuma ya ba da ƙwaƙƙwarar kuɗi mai mahimmanci na buƙatar fluoride don zubar da ruwa a kowace shekara zuwa cikin ruwan al'umma.
Haɗin da ake tuhuma
Wani bayani mai ban sha'awa ga wannan labarin shi ne, yayin da fluorine a cikin ruwa na halitta yana zuwa a cikin nau'i na calcium fluoride, abin da aka zubar a kowace yanki maimakon sodium fluoride. Kariyar Kafa cewa "Fluoride shine fluoride" ya zama rashin gamsuwa idan muka yi la'akari da maki biyu: (a) calcium yana da kyau ga ƙasusuwa da hakora, don haka tasirin anti-cavity a cikin ruwa mai fluoride na halitta zai iya zama saboda calcium ba fluorine ba; da (b) sodium fluoride ya faru shine babban abin da ake samarwa na aluminum.
Wanda ya kawo mu ga Oscar R. Ewing. Ewing ya isa Washington a 1946, jim kadan bayan fara tura PHS na farko, ya isa can a matsayin mai ba da shawara na dogon lokaci, yanzu babban mashawarci, ga ALCOA, yana yin abin da ya kasance kudin shari'a na astronomical na $ 750,000 a shekara (wani abu kamar $ 7,000,000 a shekara a cikin dala na yanzu.) Bayan shekara guda, Ewing ya dauki nauyin Hukumar Tsaro ta Tarayya, kuma ya jagoranci Hukumar Tsaro ta Tarayya. fluoridation. Bayan wasu 'yan shekaru, da ya yi nasara a yakin neman zabensa, Ewing ya yi murabus daga aikin gwamnati, ya koma rayuwa ta sirri, gami da babban mashawarcinsa na Kamfanin Aluminum Corporation na Amurka.
Akwai darasi mai ilmantarwa a cikin wannan ɗan ƙaramin darasin, darasi na yadda da kuma dalilin da ya sa Ƙasar Jihadi ta shigo Amurka. Ya zo a matsayin ƙawance na manyan runduna uku: Social Democrats akida, manyan jami'an fasaha, da Manyan 'yan kasuwa masu neman gata daga Jiha. A cikin saga na fluoridation, za mu iya kiran dukan tsari "ALCOA Socialism." Jihar Jindadin Jama'a ba ta sake komawa ga jin daɗin yawancin al'umma ba, amma na waɗannan ƙungiyoyin ƙwararrun ƙwararru da masu amfani.
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Jeffrey Tucker shine Wanda ya kafa, Mawallafi, kuma Shugaban Kasa a Cibiyar Brownstone. Shi ne kuma babban masanin tattalin arziki na Epoch Times, marubucin littattafai 10, ciki har da Rayuwa Bayan Kulle, da dubunnan labarai da yawa a cikin jaridu masu ilimi da shahararru. Yana magana da yawa akan batutuwan tattalin arziki, fasaha, falsafar zamantakewa, da al'adu.
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