An haɗa wannan labarin tare da Heather Ray.
"Shirye-shiryen Cutar Kwayar cuta," da kuma binciken da aka samu na aikin da ke tattare da shi, yana aiki a ƙarƙashin babbar yaudara, babban ƙarya.
The Taron Kayayyakin Tarihi, wanda kowace babbar al'umma ta sanya hannu, "hana ci gaba, samarwa, saye, canja wuri, tarawa da kuma amfani da makamai masu guba da masu guba." A sakamakon haka, bincike-binciken riba - tsarin ɗaukar ƙwayoyin cuta da sauran ƙwayoyin cuta da aka samo a cikin yanayi da yin su Kara m kuma mai haɗari a cikin mutane - dole ne a barata ta hanyar ayyana shi a matsayin wani abu dabam da ainihin abin da yake - wato, ƙirƙirar makaman halittu da matakan kariya ga waɗannan makaman.
Babban yaudara - babbar karya - ta kasance tabbatar da binciken riba-na-aiki ya tafi wani abu kamar haka: "Muna buƙatar musanya ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin lab don tsammanin maye gurbin da zai iya faruwa a yanayi, da haɓaka samar da alluran rigakafi don kare ɗan adam daga waɗannan superbugs."
A gaskiya, babu wani dalili na halal don ƙirƙirar superbugs a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje. Mutum baya ceton Tokyo ta hanyar ƙirƙirar Godzilla. Abin takaici, kimiyya na iya zama duka mai rikitarwa da rudani, musamman ma lokacin da "masana" ba su da gangan. Wannan babbar yaudara don haka ta yi aiki shekaru da yawa, kuma babbar kasuwa, mai riba, da kuma masana'antar shirye-shiryen bala'i ta zahiri da ta shafi gwamnatoci, kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu, Big Pharma, da jami'o'i sun girma a sakamakon haka.
Domin fallasa da kuma bata sunan wata babbar karya da ta dade tana dadewa, wani lokacin ana bukatar "bindigar shan taba" - wato, wata hujja bayyananniya kuma a fili cewa jigon da aka dade ana yi karya ne. A game da babbar ƙaryar da ke tattare da bincike-bincike-na-aiki da masana'antar shirye-shiryen annoba, cutar sankarau tana aiki da rawar shan taba.
Kwayar cutar ta Monkeypox ta dawo cikin labarai a cikin 2024, a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan ƴan takarar masana'antu na annoba don abin da ake kira "Cutar X" wanda Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya ta yi ta ƙararrawar sa. (Hakika, wannan shine karo na biyu da ake bullar cutar sankarau a shekarun baya bayan nan 2022 cutar sankarau na tsoron yakin batsa a cikin Amurka wanda a ƙarshe ya ɓace.)
Da zarar mutum ya sami cikakkiyar fahimta game da tarihin cutar sankarau na biri a Amurka, da kuma halayen kwayar cutar, mutum zai iya gani cikin sauki ta hanyar babbar yaudara - babbar karya - wacce ake amfani da ita don tabbatar da gudanar da bincike-bincike da duk masana'antar "tsarin kamuwa da cutar".
Cutar Monkey ta zo Amurka
a 2003, ta hanyar shigo da dabbobi masu ban mamaki, an tabbatar da cewa mutane 35 a cikin jihohi shida na Amurka sun kamu da cutar sankarau ta clade II. Mutanen sun kamu da cutar daga karnukan farar fata da suka kamu da cutar, wadanda aka ajiye su a matsayin dabbobin gida, wadanda da kansu an fallasa su ga gurbatattun dabbobin da aka shigo da su ko wasu mutanen da suka kamu da cutar. Duk lamuran ɗan adam sun sami cikakkiyar farfadowa ba tare da tasiri mai dorewa ba.
Wannan fashewa wani abu ne mai ban mamaki, mai iyakanta kansa, kuma gabaɗayan faruwar abin da ba kasafai ba kuma a zahiri kwayar cutar mara kisa gano hanyar zuwa Amurka ta takamaiman yanayi da kuma iya hanawa. A cikin duniyar ma'ana da ayyukan kiwon lafiyar jama'a, yakamata wannan taron ya haifar da amsa mai ma'ana, daidai gwargwado, kamar ƙarin taka tsantsan game da cinikin dabbobi masu ban mamaki.
A maimakon haka, wannan lamarin ya bude kofa ga bincike mai hatsarin gaske da masana kimiyya suka yi, wadanda suka nemi gano wani nau'in cutar kyandar biri da ke iya kasancewa cikin sauki. An ba da shi ga mutane ta hanyar isar da iska.
A shekarar 2009, Christina Hutson da tawagarta a CDC sun yi aiki tare Jorge Osorio a Jami'ar Wisconsin don bincikar kamuwa da cutar kyandar biri. Bugu da ƙari, a cikin 2012, Hutson ya haɗu da sauran jami'o'i don gwadawa da kwatanta saurin kamuwa da kwayar cutar kyandar biri a cikin rodents, a ƙarshe an ƙaddara a cikin waɗannan gwaje-gwajen cewa " watsa ƙwayoyin cuta daga kowane nau'in MPXV ya kasance kaɗan ta hanyar watsawar numfashi."
Bugu da ƙari, a cikin duniya mai hankali da ɗabi'a, waɗannan binciken ƙila sun rufe kofa ga bincike mara kyau game da cutar sankarau. Kamar yadda za mu gani, ba haka lamarin yake ba.
Monkeypox: Gwargwadon ƙwayar cuta
Kwayar cutar sankarau da kanta baƙon ɗan takara ce da gaske don ƙoƙarin sarrafa ta yadda Hutson da Osorio suka nema. Ba kamar ƙanana, masu sauƙi, ƙwayoyin cuta na numfashi na RNA masu saurin canzawa kamar ƙwayoyin cuta na mura ko coronaviruses ba, cutar sankarau ita ce, a cikin duniyar ƙwayar cuta, mai saurin motsi, ƙaton katako.
Mafi kyawun 'nasara' bioweapon a cikin tarihin ɗan adam shine SARS CoV-2 coronavirus wanda ke haifar da Covid. Yana ɓoye sunadaran sunadaran 29 ne kawai a cikin madaidaitan sa guda ɗaya, RNA genome, wanda yayi daidai da ƙanƙanta - kaɗan kaɗan. 30,000 tushe tsawon. Tare da saukin kwayoyin halittarsa da kwayar halittar halittarsa ta RNA mai madauri daya, yana canzawa da sauri. Ita kanta kwayar cutar karama ce - kusan nanometer 100 ne kawai a diamita kuma tana auna kusan 1 femtogram (ko 0.000000000000001 gram).
Kamar yadda mutum zai yi tsammani, wannan kwayar cutar tana yaduwa cikin sauri ta hanyar iska.
Kwayar cuta ta Monkeypox, ta bambanta, tana ɗaya daga cikin mafi girma kuma mafi hadaddun ƙwayoyin cuta a wanzuwa. Zai iya kaiwa tsayin nm 450 da faɗin nm 260, kuma kwayar halittar DNA ɗin sa mai ɗaure biyu tana da kusan nau'ikan tushe guda 200,000. Tare da wannan tsayin, hadadden kwayoyin halitta, wanda aka sanya shi cikin kwanciyar hankali, DNA mai madauri biyu, yana canzawa a hankali. Wannan babbar ƙwayar cuta - ƙaƙƙarfan, ta ma'auni na hoto - ba ya yada ta hanyar aerosol. Maimakon haka, ana yada shi ta hanyar kusanci, ciki har da jima'i (kamar yadda ya zama sananne a lokacin 2022 cutar sankarar biri), da kuma farauta, yanka, da cin naman daji.
Yi la'akari kuma cewa cutar kyandar biri ba ta da yawa sosai ga mutane fiye da masu tsara bala'in cutar da fargabar masu batsa suna talla. Tuni dai hukumar ta WHO ta bayar da rahoto kan cutar sankarau ta duniya fashewa wanda ya faru a shekarar 2022. Ya zuwa watan Janairun 2023, adadin wadanda aka tabbatar sun kai 84,716, inda 80 suka mutu. Don haka, adadin wadanda suka mutu a lokacin barkewar bai kai mutun daya ba a cikin kowane mutum dubu. 100 sau ƙasa fiye da adadin da aka ambata akai-akai-kashi na 10%.
A taƙaice magana, da akai-akai ana ambaton kashi 10% na yawan mace-mace yana nufin kawai kamuwa da cutar sankarau ta I. Koyaya, hukumomi da yawa sun ɗauki mummunar ɗabi'a na yin ɓarna game da adadi na 10% ba tare da nuna bambanci ba. Bugu da ƙari, ko da tare da clade I, wannan ƙimar ya bayyana a matsayin a gagarumin karin gishiri.
Misali, akan ta shashen yanar gizo Dangane da kamuwa da cutar kyandar biri a Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo, CDC ta ce "Tun daga ranar 1 ga Janairu, 2024, Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo (DRC) ta ba da rahoton fiye da 31,000 da ake zargi da kamuwa da cutar mpox da kusan mutuwar 1,000." Waɗannan lambobin suna haifar da adadin kisa da kusan kashi 3%.
Koyaya, a ranar 13 ga Oktoba, 2024, WHO ta fitar da sabuntawa "rahoton halin da ake ciki” akan Monkeypox wanda ke nuna adadin masu mutuwa a halin yanzu tabbatar kamuwa da cutar sankarau ya zama ƙasa da ƙasa har yanzu. A cewar wannan rahoto, daga ranar 1 ga watan Janairu zuwa 31 ga watan Agusta, 2024 an samu mutane 106,310 da aka tabbatar sun kamu da cutar a duniya inda 234 kacal aka tabbatar sun mutu. Wannan ya yi daidai da adadin-mutuwar 0.0022 - 0.22% kawai, ko mutuwa 1 a cikin kowane lokuta 454.
Ko a Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo (DRC), inda aka ba da rahoton cewa cutar ta Clade I ta fi mutuwa, WHO ta ba da rahoton mutane 6,169 da aka tabbatar sun kamu da cutar sankarau a cikin 2024 tare da mutuwar mutane 25 kawai, wanda ya haifar da adadin masu mutuwa da kashi 0.4%. Wannan kusan tsari ne na girma ƙasa da adadin kisa na shari'o'in 'da ake zargi'.
A ƙarshe, WHO ta ba da rahoton cewa ba a tabbatar da mutuwar cutar sankarau ba daga cikin 2,243 da aka tabbatar sun kamu da cutar a Afirka (mafi yawa a cikin DRC) a cikin makonni 6 da suka gabata. Babu mutuwa.
A taƙaice, rahoton na hukumar ta WHO kai tsaye ya ci karo da batsa na tsoron cutar kyandar biri da ake yaɗawa a duk duniya, kuma ya sanya ayar tambaya kan bayanan da ake zargi.
Akwai sauran barazana da yawa ga lafiyar ɗan adam waɗanda suka fi dacewa da lokaci, kuɗi, da ƙoƙari. Misali, a Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo, inda cutar sankarau ke yaduwa, game da sau tamanin karin mutane mutu da zazzabin cizon sauro fiye da cutar sankarau. Zazzaɓin cizon sauro duka biyun ana iya karewa kuma ana iya warkewa tare da ingantaccen ganewar asali da samun magunguna marasa tsada. Wannan muguwar adadin mutuwar zazzabin cizon sauro ya kwatanta yadda ake watsi da cututtuka na gama-gari, masu mutuwa, amma marasa fa'ida daga ƙungiyoyin agaji kamar WHO.
Madadin haka, suna haɓaka babban yaudarar shirye-shiryen annoba da bincike-na-sani.
Idan aka yi la’akari da girman ƙwayar cutar kyandar biri, da rikitarwa, ƙarancin maye gurbi, ingantaccen tsarin halittar DNA, da rashin kwanciyar hankali lokacin da aka fallasa shi da iskar oxygen, yuwuwar ta taɓa canzawa ta halitta zuwa ƙwayar cuta ta iska tana da nisa. Babu wani dalili na halal na biri da kwayoyin halittarsa a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje (pun niyya).
Ƙara zuwa ga haɗewar iyakantaccen watsawarsa da ƙarancin mace-mace (musamman ga clade II), kuma duk wani masanin kimiyya mai gaskiya kuma ƙwararren masanin kimiyya da gaske yana neman bautar ɗan adam zai gane cewa cutar kyandar biri tana da ƙarancin fifikon lafiyar jama'a da ɗan takara mafi kyawun rigakafin - musamman ga yawan jama'ar duniya gabaɗaya.
Amma Anthony Fauci da abokansa a NIAID sun ga abubuwa daban.
Fauci da abokai, a It Again
A cikin 2015, Cibiyar Nazarin Allergy da Cututtuka ta Anthony Fauci (NIAID) ta amince da gwajin aiki mai haɗari mai haɗari wanda zai iya sarrafa kwayar cutar kyandar biri don ƙirƙirar ƙwayar cuta mai saurin kamuwa da cuta wanda zai iya haifar da babbar barazana ga ɗan adam.
Maimakon tayar da ƙararrawa game da wannan shawara na haifar da ƙwayar cuta mai saurin kisa, Ma'aikatar Lafiya da Ayyukan Jama'a (HHS), Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Kasa (NIH), da ita kanta NIAID. yaudara ya ɓoye amincewar aikin daga kulawar da Kwamitin Majalisa kan Makamashi da Kasuwanci, ta hanyar binne kudade don gwaji a cikin wani madadin kyauta.
An gabatar da aikin Dr. Bernard Moss, Aboki na dogon lokaci kuma abokin aikin Fauci a NIAID. Moss, wanda ya tara haƙƙin mallaka na Amurka da yawa masu alaƙa da cutar sankarau, wanda aka yi niyya don shigar da ƙwayoyin cuta daga mafi tsananin nau'in cutar kyandar biri, clade I (Kongo Basin clad), a cikin "kashin baya" na kwayar cutar kyandar biri, clade II (Afirka ta Yamma). Wannan aikin zai haifar da nau'in cutar sankarau mai hatsarin gaske tare da virulence na clade I da watsawar clade II. Wannan nau'in cutar sankarau na biri ba zai samo asali daga yanayi ba, saboda nau'ikan ƙwayoyin cuta na DNA ba sa haifar da kwayoyin halitta.
Ba a sani ba ko an kammala wannan aikin mara kyau, mai haɗari, da yaudarar da aka amince da shi. An gano hannun Fauci da Moss a cikin 2022, wanda ya haifar da binciken Majalisa na watanni bakwai. Rahoton Kwamitin Majalisar (shafi na 6) ya bayyana cewa "HHS, NIH, da NIAID sun ci gaba da nace GOFROC (binciken riba-na aiki na damuwa) gwajin canja wurin kayan aiki daga clade I zuwa clade II ba a taɓa gudanar da shi ba, duk da an amince da shi na tsawon shekaru 8. Duk da haka, HHS ya ƙi samar da kowane takardun da ke tabbatar da wannan da'awar."
Shin akwai nau'in cutar kyandar biri da ke da makami? Idan haka ne, Fauci, Moss, da abokai ba sa faɗa.
Abin da aka sani shi ne, babu wani dalili na halal na yin irin waɗannan gwaje-gwajen, kuma waɗanda ke da hannu a ciki sun san hakan, yayin da suke ɓoye aikin ga masu kula da su. Zato kawai na ma'ana game da manufar binciken shine don ƙirƙirar nau'in kamuwa da cuta na biri.
The Ƙarshen kwamitin majalisar akan NIAID na Fauci gabaɗaya suna da lahani:
Babban abin da aka kammala a wannan lokaci a cikin binciken shine cewa NIAID ba za a amince da ita don kula da bincikenta na kwayoyin cuta cikin gaskiya ba. Ba za a iya amincewa da ƙayyadaddun ko gwaji kan yuwuwar kamuwa da cutar sankara ko ingantacciyar ƙwayar cuta ta haifar da haɗarin biosafety wanda ba za a yarda da shi ba ko kuma babbar barazanar lafiyar jama'a. A ƙarshe, ba za a iya amincewa da NIAID don yin magana da gaskiya tare da Majalisa da jama'a game da gwaje-gwajen GOFROC masu rikitarwa. (shafi na 8)
NIAID ba za a iya amincewa da Covid ba.
Ba za a iya amincewa da su game da cutar sankarau ba, ko dai.
A cewar Kwamitin Majalisar kan Makamashi da Kasuwanci, ba za a iya amincewa da su ba, lokaci.
A taƙaice: a yanayi, cutar kyandar biri ita ce in mun gwada da wuya, yawanci rashin lafiya mai saurin kamuwa da cuta ana kamuwa da ita ta hanyar gyare-gyaren halaye na kusantar juna kamar jima'i da farauta da cin naman daji. Wakilin kamuwa da cuta shine a manya-manya, kwayar cutar DNA mai rikitarwa cewa yana watsa talauci daga mutum zuwa mutum kuma shi ne ƙasa da kusantar maye gurbin fiye da yawancin ƙwayoyin cuta.
Da zarar mutum ya fahimci wannan duka, ya zama abin ƙyama a zahiri don ƙoƙarin tabbatar da bincike-binciken fa'ida akan irin wannan cuta ta kowace hanya ta halal. Dalili kawai tabbatacce na yin irin wannan bincike akan cutar sankarau shine ƙirƙirar bioweapon - ƙwayar cuta da ke makami - da kuma ƙirƙira da riba daga matakan rigakafinta - rigakafin mallaka.
Shirye-shiryen annoba babbar yaudara ce, babbar ƙarya. Haukacin cutar kyandar biri ya nuna hakan, kamar yadda ake yi kamar bindigar shan taba a wurin kisan kai. Dole ne mu kawo karshen duk wani bincike na fa'idar aiki da kuma uzurin shirye-shiryen rigakafin cutar bogi don binciken haramtacciyar binciken kwayoyin halitta.
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CJ Baker, MD, 2025 Brownstone Fellow, likita ne na likitancin ciki tare da karni na kwata a aikin asibiti. Ya gudanar da alƙawura na likita da yawa, kuma aikinsa ya bayyana a cikin mujallu da yawa, ciki har da Journal of the American Medical Association da New England Journal of Medicine. Daga 2012 zuwa 2018 ya kasance Mataimakin Farfesa na Clinical Associate of Medical Humanities da Bioethics a Jami'ar Rochester.
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Brian S. Hooker, Ph.D., shine Babban Jami'in Kimiyya na Kimiyya da Bincike a Tsaron Kiwon Lafiyar Yara, ƙungiyar da ta himmatu ga mafi kyawun lafiya ga yara a Amurka da duniya. Haka kuma tsohon Farfesa ne a fannin ilmin halitta a Jami’ar Simpson da ke Redding California inda ya kware a fannin ilmin halitta da fasahar kere-kere. Dokta Hooker ya ba da haɗin kai, tare da Robert F. Kennedy Jr, littafin New York Times mafi kyawun sayar da "Vax-Unvax: Let the Science Speak."
A cikin 1985, Dokta Hooker ya sami digirinsa na digiri a fannin injiniyan sinadarai, daga Jami'ar Polytechnic University, Pomona, California. Ya sami digirinsa na Masters na Kimiyya a 1988 sannan ya sami digirin digirgir a 1990, duka a fannin injiniyan halittu, daga Jami'ar Jihar Washington, a Pullman, Washington.
Brian Hooker yana da nasarori da yawa ga darajarsa waɗanda suka haɗa da: mai ƙirƙira don haƙƙin mallaka guda biyar, wanda ya karɓi lambar yabo ta Kasuwancin Battelle a 2001, da lambar yabo ta Ƙungiyar Lantarki ta Tarayya a cikin 1999, don aikinsa akan "Sarrafa Saƙo a cikin 3-Dimensions." An buga faɗin abubuwan Hooker sama da 75 na kimiyya da takaddun injiniya a cikin mujallun mujallu na bita na duniya.
Dokta Hooker ya kasance mai aiki a cikin amincin maganin rigakafi tun 2001 kuma yana da ɗa mai shekaru 25 tare da Autism. A cikin 2013 da 2014, Dokta Hooker ya yi aiki tare da CDC Whistleblower, Dokta William Thompson, don fallasa zamba da cin hanci da rashawa a cikin binciken kare lafiyar alurar riga kafi a cikin CDC wanda ya haifar da sakin fiye da shafuka 10,000 na takardu.
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