Hoton Escrava Anastácia yana yin bayyanuwa da yawa a cikin zanga-zangar adawa da kulle-kulle da yawa a kwanan nan a duniya. Yadda aka yi amfani da kwatankwacin wannan baiwar mace 'yar Brazil da aka daure don misalta nau'o'i daban-daban na takunkumin hana kamuwa da cutar, musamman sanya abin rufe fuska na tilas, ya sha suka daga kafafen yada labarai daban-daban saboda fahimtar da suka yi na al'adu da rashin mutunta wahalhalun tarihi na bakar fata.
Wannan labarin yana wakiltar wata dama don magance wannan iƙirarin haɗin kai da kuma bayyana fa'idar haskaka iyakoki na kiwon lafiya na yanzu a matsayin ainihin nau'in bautar.
Rikicin juyin juya hali na masu adawa da ka'idoji na zalunci. Anastásia a pilories akan ƙaramin jerin Brazil na 1990 mai taken "Escrava Anastásia" kuma, a ƙasa, mai zanga-zangar adawa da kulle-kulle a Melbourne, Ostiraliya a kan 2020.
Anastásia yayi magana a cikin shiru bayan sallah, kamar dai ta hanyar waya. Ina tsammanin zan iya fitar da sautin wasu kalmomi… Shiru Anastácia ya ce: “Yi magana da ni!”
Escrava Anastácia wani waliyyi ne na jama'a da ake girmamawa a Brazil, tare da ɗimbin masu bauta a cikin masu aikin Umbanda. Har ila yau, yawancin baƙar fata Katolika na Brazil suna girmama ta, suna da wani muhimmin wurin ibada a cikin fitacciyar majami'ar Our Lady of the Rosary of Black People a Salvador da Bahia, duk da cewa Cocin Roman Katolika ba ta taɓa amincewa da ita ba.
Escrava Anastásia: Maganar Hoto, NW0191. Source: Jacques Arago, Souvenirs d'un aveugle. Voyage autour du monde par MJ Arago . . . (Paris, 1839-40), juzu'i. 1, fuskantar p. 119. Ciki: Mashin ƙarfe da kwala don azabtar da bayi, Brazil, 1817-1818 ″, Hotunan Bauta: Bayanan gani na Kasuwancin Bawan Afirka da Rayuwar Bauta a Afirka ta Farko,
Wata shahararriyar addu'a ga waliyyan jama'a tana karanta kamar haka:
Anastásiya, kai da ka sha wahala daga sharrin sarakunan shuka, kana ɗaya daga cikin shahidan bauta, Ka zama mai kyautatawa gare mu a lokacin wahala da baƙin ciki.
A cikin zukatanmu da ke fama da daci na mugun nufi da mugun bugu na kaddara.
Ya ku waɗanda rundunonin masu bauta suke bauta wa saboda abubuwan al'ajabinku.
Ka taimake ni a cikin wannan lokacin na yanke kauna, kunci da damuwa, ka fitar da ni daga wannan yanayi mara dadi da nake ciki yanzu.
Ka tuna rayuwarka ta ƙarshe ta duniya kuma za ku san yadda za ku ji tausayi da gane masifu na… Hana muku wannan Kyandir, alamar BANGASKIYAna da amanata, ku ba ni damar yin buƙatu; game da abubuwa ne masu zuwa: [Bayyana matsalar, lafiya, kuɗi, mummunan yanayi, rashin daidaituwar soyayya, da sauransu….] Idan kun kula da ni, na yi alkawarin tunawa da ku da dukkan girmamawa, girmamawa da ƙauna. Ina fata haka ne .
Don haka…..
A cikin ɓangarorin da suka gabata, zan iya saka masu zuwa:
Mai albarka Anastácia, Ta yaya 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki da 'yancin ilimi ke kare ni daga ramuwar gayya na hukuma sakamakon tambayar umarnin rufe fuska? Kai da ka zo da sauri don taimakon duk waɗanda suke magana da ƙarfin hali a fuskar cece-kuce da yin shiru, ka rufe ni!
Hagiography dinta ya haɗa da labarai da yawa waɗanda ke jaddada girman halayenta duk da maganganunta da ruɗewa ta jiki ta hanyar zalunci na tsarin bautar chattel. A cikin wasu labaran ita ce ɗan gauraye na wata gimbiya ƴar Afirka kuma ɗan kasuwan bawa da aka saka mata da lallausan ƙarfe don hana ta bayyana kafircin ɗan kasuwa da kuma fyaden da aka yi wa mahaifiyarta (Burdick 1998).
A cikin wasu labaran, Anastácia ita kanta an yi mata fyade, ko kuma aƙalla yunƙurin yi mata fyade, ta wani mai shuka bayi wanda kuma ya hukunta ta kuma ya yi shiru da ita tare da hana ta ƙarfe. A wasu nau'ikan labarin, uwar gidan shukar ta yi wa Anastásia lullube don ceton kanta daga duk wani abin kunya na jama'a da zai iya faruwa ta hanyar bayyana rashin amincin mijinta. A cikin sauran bambance-bambancen wannan labarin, dalilan da suka sa ta ƙulle-ƙulle sun haɗa da taimakon da ta ba wa bawa da ya gudu da kuma jagorancinta wajen shirya tawayen bawa.
A cikin duk wannan ruwayoyin mai muzurai na neman kashe mata kukan rashin adalci da muryar da ke kaiwa ga ’yanci. A matsayin wani nau'i na wulakanci na jama'a, yana aiki azaman hanawa ga bayin da ke cikin shuka waɗanda Anastásia zai iya yin wahayi. Shahadar ta na zuwa ne ko dai ta hanyar yunwa ko kuma ta tetanus da karfen ya samar yayin da ya yi tsatsa a bakinta. Ƙarfinta na yin abubuwan al'ajabi, ko da a rufe, ya haɗa da warkar da masu zalunta.
Wannan yana gabatar da sahihiyar shahada, juriya mai ban sha'awa gami da rashin daidaituwar ɗabi'a ga da nasara ta ƙarshe akan rage karfin zuciya na bauta. Tausayin da take yi wa masu tsananta mata da kuma yadda ake zargin cewa ta fito daga ƙabilu daban-daban na kallonta a matsayin alamar bege na sulhun launin fata a Brazil da kuma a duk ƙasashen da cinikin bayi ya shafa.
Shin kwatankwacin tilastawa rufe fuska na masu zanga-zangar adawa da kulle-kulle da murkushe bayin da aka tayar ba zai yiwu a yi ba? Shin kwatankwacin da ke tsakanin waɗannan ƴan tawayen biyu da aka rufe ba laifi bane?
Albarkacin Anastácia, abokan aiki na, malamai da ma'aikata sun kai ni ga Shugaban Sashen don ganina a wuraren gama gari ba tare da sanya abin rufe fuska ba! Ee, kasancewa mai kyau Pavlik Molozovs (Catriona 2005)! Ban taɓa samun irin wannan al'adar saɓo ba tun Cuban kwaminisanci! Damuwarsu ga "rayuwar wasu"(Henckel 2006) yana da ma'ana sosai game da dabarun Gabas ta Tsakiya na kula da zamantakewa don in ci gaba da hulɗa da su. Kai da mai ba da labari ya aiko a gonar, ka ji tausayinmu!
Bayyanar Anastásia a tarurrukan hana kulle-kulle yana wakiltar wata dama ta fahimtar zaluncin likitanci na yanzu a matsayin wani nau'in bautar da kuma samar da haɗin kai tsakanin al'ummomin da 'yancinsu ke fuskantar barazana a duk kungiyoyin kabilanci. Da'awar haɗin kai ya cancanci a buɗe shi don ingantaccen da'awar cin al'adu na iya aiki cikin sauƙi don yanke mahimman ƙawance a cikin tsarin raba-da-ci.
Duk da yake akwai takamaiman takamaiman ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun wahalhalun da ’yan Afirka ke fuskanta a ƙarƙashin tsarin bautar taɗi da kuma tauye yancin jama’a da yawancin ‘yan ƙasa suka sha a duniya a lokacin firgicin da ake fama da shi a halin yanzu, Anastásia yana tunatar da mu game da wasu sauye-sauye na tarihi a cikin aiwatar da ɓarnatar da jama’a da kuma tauye hakkin jama’a ta hanyar ƙulle-ƙulle da murɗe jikinsu don murkushe zanga-zangarsu.
Bari Anastásia yayi magana don 'yanci a yau!
Mai albarka Anastácia, Duk lokacin da na yi magana game da rashin hankali na masks na iya tace ƙwayoyin cuta, mutane suna rufe ni da sauri waɗanda ke gaya mani cewa ni ba likita ba ne don haka ba ni da ikon yin magana kan batun! Kai da ka fahimci yadda ikon zalunci da tilastawa ke aiki don rufe bakin masu adawa, ka karfafa ƙudirinmu na faɗar gaskiya da gaba gaɗi a tsakiyar ƙarya.
Duk da yake yana waje da iyakokin wannan yanki don tattaunawa dalla-dalla game da tasirin abin rufe fuska don hana kamuwa da cutar ta iska, Ina so in jaddada cewa bayanan sun nuna cewa amfani da su don wannan dalili yana da shakka. Ina so in jagoranci waɗanda ke da sha'awar "bin kimiyya" akan abin rufe fuska zuwa sabon binciken da WHO ta tallafa, wanda aka buga a cikin mujallar likitancin da aka yi bita, wanda ake samu akan gidan yanar gizon CDC yana tabbatar da cewa "masu rufe fuska ba su nuna kariya daga kamuwa da cutar da aka tabbatar da dakin gwaje-gwaje ba" (Xiao et al. 2020).
Rashin ingancin abin rufe fuska don ɗaukar cututtukan cututtuka na numfashi na sama shine manufofin hukuma na WHO da CDC kafin fargabar lafiya ta yanzu (Molteni da Rogers 2020) kuma ana ci gaba da tabbatar da ita ta hanyar bincike mai gudana (Guerra da Guerra 2021).
Fursunonin Guantanamo. Wadanda ba 'yan asalin Amurka ba da ake tsare da su a wasu wuraren tsare-tsare don dalilai na ketare dabarun tsarin mulkin Amurka, 'yancin walwala da 'yancin ɗan adam. Yi la'akari da yadda ƙulle-ƙulle ya zama wani abu mai jujjuya tarihi a cikin ɓarna mutanen da aka kama.
Albarkacin Anastácia, Na sami kaina na kasa shiga manyan kantuna saboda kin sanya abin rufe fuska. Kai, wanda abin rufe fuska ya hana ka ci, har ka mutu da yunwa, ka ji tausayinmu!
Yayin da tasirin likitanci na sanya abin rufe fuska a cikin yanayin al'adar bala'i na yanzu yana da shakku, abubuwan zamantakewa da na tunani na kulawa da abin rufe fuska na dole ya fi fitowa fili. Menene tasirin abin rufe fuska a kan ruhin waɗanda aka tilasta wa rayuwa ƙarƙashin zaluncin likita na yanzu? Cewa ka'idodin abin rufe fuska suna zuwa ba da yawa daga likitocin rigakafi ba amma daga abin da ke da alama an lalatar da masana ilimin halayyar ɗan adam kamar Susan Michie, wanda ke annabta cewa za mu sa abin rufe fuska har abada (Dutse 2021), ya tilasta mana muyi la'akari da cewa abubuwan rufe fuska ba su da ƙarfi ta hanyar dalilai na kiwon lafiya kuma ƙari ta hanyar rashin amfani da Pavlovian da mutunta ilimin zamantakewa da kuma lalata ilimin zamantakewa. haɗin kai na al'ummomi, yana mai da duka biyu mafi sauƙi ga magudi da sake tsarawa bisa ga ƙa'idodin da suka dace da nasu.
Yin amfani da abin rufe fuska na tilas a lokacin firgici na lafiyar jama'a a matsayin bayi. A matsayin alamomin bauta,
- Masks suna hana mu iskar oxygen. Suna haifar da hypoxia, wanda ya kai mu ga yanayin rauni na jiki da na tunani wanda yawancin jama'a suka fi dacewa da wanke kwakwalwar akida da rashin iya tantance girman da ake zalunta.
- Masks alamun ƙaddamarwa ne. Ayyukan aikin likitancin su yana da tambaya sosai, duk da haka ana tilasta wa mutane sanya su. An kafa despotism a cikin tilasta bin ka'idoji na sabani. Caligula ya shirya ya mai da dokinsa a matsayin jakadan don kawai zai iya.
- Masks sune lurid tayin iko. Ganin cewa abin rufe fuska yana da mahimmanci a cikin bauta da kuma wasan kwaikwayo na sado-masochism (BDSM), wanda aka saka hannun jari a cikin kuzarin bawa-bawa, shin ba za mu iya ganin mahimmin ɓangaren tunani mai ƙarfi na ƙasƙantar da kai da suke wakilta ga waɗanda aka tilasta musu sanya su ba? Shin za mu iya yin la’akari da muguwar jin daɗin da ganin masu sanya abin rufe fuska ke kawo wa masu tsara waɗannan manufofin?
- Tare da kullewa, abin rufe fuska yana tilasta ƙirƙirar al'adun carceral. Kalmomi da ƙayatarwa ana aro su ne daga gidajen yari, musamman waɗanda a cikin su akwai azabtarwa. Ka tuna da murfin kurkukun Abu Ghraib da aka azabtar da bakin da aka rufe a kan wadanda ke Guantánamo. Idan za mu iya yin la’akari da jujjuyawar shukar bayi a cikin kurkuku, za mu iya fahimtar ci gaba da ɓarna da ɓarna na al’ummar fursuna da bayi ta hanyar rufe fuska—dabarun mamaya da aka bayyana a cikin take da rubutu na Frantz Fanon Baƙar fata, Farin Masks.
- Tilas masking take kaiwa zuwa ga shafe mutum da kuma homogenization na talakawa. Sanye da abin rufe fuska da aka tara yana haifar da ingantacciyar daidaituwa wacce mutum ya keɓe hanya zuwa tarin mara suna a matsayin ɗan ƙasa na zamani.
- Masks na wasan kwaikwayo ne. An yi amfani da su na shekaru millennia don bincike da sake fasalin mutum. Kalmar nan “mutum” tana da tushen tushen asali a cikin sunan don abin rufe fuska da ’yan wasan kwaikwayo ke amfani da su a wasannin wasan kwaikwayo na tsohuwar Girka. Kamar yadda wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo, abin rufe fuska yana ɓoyewa kuma suna ɓoye ainihin mu, suna mai da mu baƙo ga wasu da kanmu.
- A ilimin ɗan adam, abin rufe fuska suna taka rawa wajen ƙirƙira abubuwan ƙima. Don haka, ba su cikin-da-kan-kansu, amma suna shirya mutum don sabon matsayinsu a cikin al'umma. Masks suna tsara abubuwan da mutane ke ciki. Ana iya cire su lokacin da sabbin mutanen da aka sake gyara suka haɗa shirin su. Ko da yake tsarin tsarin rufe fuska na yanzu zai iya zama na wucin gadi, dole ne jama'a su fuskanci cewa ana tilasta mana mu shiga wani tsari na yau da kullun, tsarin sake cudanya cikin sabon al'ada. Da zarar mun yarda cewa muna shiga cikin al'adar korarmu da bautar da mu ta hanyar sanya abin rufe fuska, da ƙarancin ikon yinsa.
- Abubuwan rufe fuska alamun jiha ne. Nuni ne a bayyane na amincewa ga tsarin sarrafa sarrafa fasaha na likitanci. Kamar dai yadda jajayen wuya na ƙungiyoyin gurguzu na matasa masu fafutuka a bainar jama'a suka bayyana biyayya ga jam'iyya ɗaya kuma mafi girman shugaba, abin rufe fuska alama ce ta riko da siyasa ga sabon al'ada, yana tabbatar da yarda da "tunanin gaskiya," à la Mao Zedung.
- Goge fuskar fuska yana hana sadarwar da ba ta magana ba wajibi ne don ƙungiyar zamantakewa wanda zai iya haifar da juyin juya hali. Abubuwan rufe fuska suna neman kashe karfin juyin juya halin mu.
- Murkushewar baki: Abubuwan rufe fuska suna rage fitar da baki gaba daya. Tare da aiwatar da nisantar da jama'a (anti) na zamantakewa, amfani da su yana haifar da keɓantawar mutum ɗaya da atomization (Arendt 1951) na al'umma zuwa 'yan tawayen da ba su da tasiri, ba za su iya haɗawa cikin ƙungiyoyi masu daidaituwa a ƙarƙashin magana ɗaya ko tuta ba.
- Ƙungiyoyin da ke alamta da abin rufe fuska a zahiri suna magana game da ɓata ɗan adam da zaman gida na yawan jama'a a ƙarƙashin waɗannan umarnin.
- Kamar dai yadda abin rufe fuska ke aiki azaman kayan tarihi na ƙayyadaddun ƙa'idodi a cikin shagulgulan biki da kuma wani ɓangare na horar da dabbobi, waɗannan mashin ɗin suna haifar da ƙarin kutse ga amincinmu. Sanya abin rufe fuska mataki daya ne kawai daga karbar alluran, sannan karbar fasfo din rigakafin da kuma hanyoyin da za a iya dasa su har sai wani cyborg ya binne ainihin mutumin. Masks ɗin suna aiki azaman gwajin yarda da ƙima don hasashen yarda da fasahar sarrafawa na gaba. A ina za ku ja layi?
- Masks suna haɓaka al'adar tsoro. Kowane abin rufe fuska allo allo ne na tallata dokar ta-baci, yana sanya mutane cikin tsarin juyayi akai-akai na fada ko jirgin sama wanda ke rage filin su na yuwuwar mayar da hankali kan barazanar kamuwa da cuta da ake zaton ta taba faruwa. A halin yanzu, tsarin mulki na oligarchical yana lalata 'yancin ɗan adam a duk faɗin duniya. Masks wani bangare ne na siyasa na takurawa ta hanyar tsoratarwa.
- Masks suna hana haɗin kai. Suna haɓaka fahimtar maƙwabcinku akai-akai a matsayin ƙwayar cuta mara suna maimakon abokin tarayya. Masks suna rarraba kuma suna cinyewa.
Shiru Anastácia yayi yana cewa: “Occupy!” Me wannan ke nufi, ina tambaya. "Ku mallaki sararin da aka ba ku." Shin hakan yana nufin yin amfani da matsayina na yanzu a fagen ilimi a matsayin dandalin da zan ƙalubalanci ruɗin gama gari na wannan firgita ta lafiyar siyasa? Anastácia cikin ban mamaki amma ta sake faɗin: "Kawai…"
Rahotonni na yau da kullun na kafofin watsa labarai sun soki tura ma'anar Anastásia a cikin gangamin kulle-kulle ta hanyar rarraba su a matsayin al'amuran al'adu (Villareal 2020, Da Costa 2020). A'a ba a ba da izinin yin amfani da hotunan bautar chattel don kwatanta matakan kulle-kulle ba tare da lalata su a matsayin wariyar launin fata ba, musamman idan fararen fata ne (Chesler 2021).
Shin zai iya zama iko ya azabtar da masu tambaya ko tauye ’yancin da muke yi a halin yanzu yana kama da bautar saboda akwai wani bangare na gaskiyar a cikin tambayar?
Wannan gardamar dacewa ta al'ada ta gabatar da Anastásia a matsayin wanda aka yi garkuwa da shi da kuma lalata shi ta hanyar manyan abubuwan zamantakewa waɗanda ba su da ruwa a cikin siyasarta na 'yanci na launin fata. Wadannan rahotanni sun mayar da hankali kan fararen masu zanga-zangar suna riƙe da hoton bawan baƙar fata a matsayin shaida na wani abu mara kyau wanda ke magana game da haɗin gwiwa da sata.
Duk da haka, babu ɗayan waɗannan rahotannin da ke kula da yin cikakken bayani game da hagiography na Anastásia zuwa wani zurfin zurfi ko don kwance nau'o'in alamar da aikin rayuwarta ya ƙunshi. Ga labaran da ke da'awar cewa sun damu sosai game da rashin amfani da rayuwar Afro-diasporic, waɗannan abubuwan da aka tsallake ba su da wata matsala. Maimakon yin amfani da waɗannan lokuttan don bincika abubuwan ban sha'awa na hotunan mabiya darikar Katolika na Brazil a cikin masana'antar masana'antu da kuma bincika nau'ikan nau'ikan da bautar za ta iya ɗauka, marubutan da gaske suna gabatar da masu zanga-zangar a matsayin masu wariyar launin fata don guje wa bayyana a fili tsakanin hukunce-hukuncen bautar taɗi da takunkumin kulle-kulle.
Ashe, bai kamata waɗanda suke ganin kwatankwacinsu ba ne ko kaɗan su yarda cewa dabarun yin shiru a cikin waɗannan tsare-tsare biyu na zalunci suna da kamanceceniya da juna ba? Domin kaucewa bayyanar da rashin dacewa na zalunci na likita na yanzu a matsayin sake duba tsarin kulawa da aka yi la'akari da shi a baya da kuma kawar da tunanin kanmu a matsayin bayi a karkashin wannan sabon tsarin, labaran sun koma wani dabara mai ban sha'awa: suna amfani da ad hominem harin da ya karyata madogararsa ta hanyar mai da hankali kan kabilanci na masu zanga-zangar yayin da ba a taba fuskantar jigon muhawarar da aka gabatar ba.
Cewa harin ya haifar da neman uzuri daga wata 'yar zanga-zangar 'yar California ta sa na zana alaƙa mai ƙarfi tsakanin Anastásia da ita a matsayin mata masu ƙasƙantattu, duk da bambancin launin fata. Bugu da ƙari ga rufe mutane, rufe fuska yana da tasirin jawowa da aiwatar da abin kunya da azabtarwa don cin zarafi na zamantakewa, bayyana a fili sakamakon hukuncin da aka yanke a matsayin hani ga wasu waɗanda za su iya yin adawa da yin shuru. Matsin lamba da mai zanga-zangar ya samu na neman afuwar ya yi daidai da umarnin sanya abin rufe fuska na covid da kuma bakin bayi. Duk suna da manufar yin shiru. Janye zargin shaida ce ta laifin.
Gidan kayan tarihi: Mashin ƙarfe a cikin tarin Michael & Ruby Doub.
Anastásia ta ce: “Ka ɗauke ni!” "A ina," in tambaya? "Zuwa zanga-zangar a dandalin Trafalgar? Kuna so ku yi tattaki zuwa titin Oxford tare da masu zanga-zangar a ranar Asabar?" "A cikin zuciyarka," in ji ta. "A cikin zuciyar ku..."
Tabbas, akwai "Covidian Cult" (Hopkins 2020). Ina so in ƙara zuwa tattaunawar da furucinsa mai tunzura ya yi ta hanyar tambayar rashin fahimta da ake zaton da ke da alaƙa da irin wannan addini. A cikin binciken addini, an mayar da "al'adun addini" da ƙima "sababbin addinai" don su kasance masu ra'ayin juna da rashin yanke hukunci, suna ruku'u mai yiwuwa ga abubuwan da suka dace na siyasa.
Hoton H: Effigy na Anastásia a cikin bagadinta na hukuma a wajen Cocin Our Lady of the Rosary of Black People a Salvador da Bahia, Brazil.
Ko da kuwa kalmar da muka zaɓa don amfani da ita, rawar al'ada, akida da bincike da kuma ƙwaƙƙwaran waɗanda, tambayar ƙa'idodin ƙa'idodi, suka aikata zunubin sabo, duk suna nuna motsi wanda ya dace da mafi girman ɓarna na addinai a cikin ƙarni. Duk da haka, da sanin ikon jawabin addini, za mu iya amfani da shi don cimma sakamako mai amfani? Shin za mu iya yin amfani da hukuncinmu don mu ƙara fahimtar amfaninmu da iyawarmu don tura hotunan addini zuwa ga manufa ta 'yanci?
Shin al'adar Anastásia za ta iya shawo kan al'adun Covidian? Ta hanyar yin waɗannan tambayoyi masu tayar da hankali ba na nufin mu sake haifar da yunƙurin 'yanci a matsayin sabon addini ba; a maimakon haka, Ina roƙon mu mu gane da gagarumin ikon cewa neo-addini yi, al'ada da kuma spectacle rike, da biyu-kaifi takobi da shi, namu incipient deployments na irin wannan iconographies da alama zuwa mu cikakken amfani da harshen ruhu, wanda synonym kuma 'yanci. Kuma ga wadanda daga cikin mu daga cikin 'yancin motsi tare da wani nau'i na ruhaniya yi, musamman ma wadanda ke da Kirista samuwar, da biographical da kuma na gani hoto na wadanda ba Canonical Anastásia iya taimakawa wajen kwatanta abin da da yawa daga cikin mu ji: cewa akwai metaphysical kashi a cikin dukan wannan, cewa in ba haka ba shi ne ya zama" musun aljani" (Curtin 2021) da kuma zama " musun aljani "(Curtin 6) da kuma kamar yadda yake kama da jini, amma ba kama da jini ba. gāba da ikoki, da masu mulkin duhun wannan duniya, da muguntar ruhi a cikin tuddai.” (Afisawa 12:XNUMX).
Anastásia ya ce lokacin da suka rufe ku, ikon yana gudana ta hannunku. Ikon ba a cikin kalmomi ba; yana cikin aikin-rashin aiki. Me take nufi da aiki da hannu ba tare da ta yi ba? Ba za a iya hana gaskiya ba. Zai goge dutsen. Zai sassaƙa babban kwarin gwiwa. Zai kwarara. Lokacin da aka yi shiru, mika hannuwanku…
Masu cin mutuncin wannan kwatankwacin da nake yi tsakanin hanyoyin bautar taɗi da ƙuntatawa kan ƴancin jama'a za su yi nuni ga takamaiman tsarin kowane tsarin mulki kuma su dogara da rashin daidaituwar da ke cikin kwatance don gabatar da shari'arsu.
Tsammanin irin waɗannan gardama, zan jaddada cewa bautar tana ɗaukar sifofi daban-daban a cikin yanayi daban-daban na sarari da na ɗan lokaci. Idan a zamanin masana'antu kafin masana'antu, ƙuƙumma, ƙwallon ƙafa da sarƙoƙi an yi su da ƙarfe, a cikin zamani na fasaha wanda ke da alamar watsa bayanai marar ganuwa a sararin samaniya, hanyoyin bautar sun zama mafi banƙyama, kamar bakin ciki kamar zaren, diaphanous kamar zane.
Masu nauyi kamar yadda abin rufe fuska na tiyata zai iya zama, ana iya jin nauyinsu akan ƙwararrun ƙwararru kamar nauyi kamar ɗan Bawan Anastásia. Tufafi na iya zama kamar lalatacce kamar ƙarfe mai tsatsa a fatar wanda aka tada wanda lamirinsa ya san abin da yake dannewa da tantacewa. Tabbas, bautar da aka yi da mutanen Afirka a farkon zamani ba daidai ba ne da iko a jikin mutane wanda sabon tsarin al'ada ke neman tilastawa. Amma idan muka kasa ganin ci gaba kuma muka ƙi ganin bayan bayyanar cututtuka da saman, mun ƙi kanmu ikon fahimtar canji da daidaitawa waɗanda bautar ke samu a kowane zamani.
Waɗanda suka ƙi ganin umarnin abin rufe fuska na yanzu a matsayin fasahar bautar ana yaudararsu ta hanyar kama-karya. Halin bauta irin na hawainiya ɗaya ce daga cikin dabarun rayuwa mai dorewa. Daban-daban nau'o'in bautar ne wanda babban masanin iliminsa yana jin zafi sosai wajen samar da ma'anar aiki. Don Orlando Patterson, a cikin Bautarsa a matsayin Mutuwar Jama'a, abin da ke sa bautar taɗi ta zama ɗaya shine manufar "mutuwar zamantakewa" wanda aka hana bayin haɗin gwiwa zuwa wurin asali da zuwa ga tsararraki masu tasowa da masu tasowa.
Bawan baƙar fata a cikin Amurkawa na Farko na zamani ɗan ƙanƙane ne, ɗan ƙanƙanta/mara/ ɗan adam ba tare da ɗan ƙasa ko dangi ba. Ga alama a bayyane yake cewa iyakancewar murya da mu'amala na gani na abin rufe fuska suna haifar da matattun batutuwan zamantakewa. Goge rabin fuskokinmu yana haifar da raguwar abubuwan da muke da su. Wani yunƙuri ne da ya saba wa halayenmu da na maƙwabtanmu, waɗanda ake sa ran za su yi la'akari da yiwuwar yin barazana ga lafiyarmu.
Shigar da wannan abin rufe fuska ga jama'a yana haifar da ɗaiɗaikun jama'a da ɗaiɗaikun jama'a, waɗanda ƙungiyoyin ba su zama na gani da doka ba kuma ba tarin mutane ba - don me kuma daidaikun mutane ne amma waɗanda suka zaɓi zaɓi?—amma a maimakon haka talakawan da ba a sani ba, ɗimbin ɗimbin yawa. Waɗanda aka rufe bayi ne saboda sun yi hasarar wani ɓangaren halayensu. Ya zama ruwan dare a tsakanin waɗannan bayi su ƙi ganin abin rufe fuska a matsayin rage girman kai ko kuma wani abu mai kama da bauta. Abin kunya ne ka ga kanka lokacin da ka rasa fuska. Duhun kan-jimina- firgita-cikin-rami ya fi dacewa. Babu makafi kamar waɗanda ba za su gani ba.
Yawancin mutanen da suka rayu ta zamanin Farkon Zamani a ɓangarorin biyu na Tekun Atlantika sun daidaita bautar a matsayin yanayin yanayi. Babban abin takaici shi ne, an cusa wannan akida a tsakanin bayi, wanda hakan ya sa mutane da yawa ‘yan asalin Afirka su karbi kanginsu a gonakin sabuwar duniya. Wannan ne ya sa ban yi mamakin ganin yadda akasarin al’ummar duniya suke ganin sun manta da mulkin da aka yi musu a zamanin mulkin da ake yi a yanzu ba.
Shakespeare yana ba mu wasan kwaikwayo na yadda wannan wankin kwakwalwa ke faruwa. A ciki The hadari (1611), Prospero ya bautar da Caliban ta hanyar kiransa. Prospero yana amfani da laya mai sihiri don rikitar da Aliban cewa tashar da ta dace ta bawa ce. Lokacin da Caliban ya buƙaci bayani mai ma'ana game da bautar da shi, Prospero laifin ya yi tafiya Caliban don yin imani cewa ya yi ƙoƙari ya yi wa Miranda, 'yar Prospero fyade.
Ana iya yin nazarin irin wannan nau'in nau'i na amfani da mugun ido na bayi a cikin Hegel's "Maganar ubangiji da bawa” (1807). Yayin da maigidan ya keɓe ran bawan a cikin yaƙin, sai ya tabbatar wa bawa cewa ransa ba nasa ba ne, cewa ya mutu don kansa kuma dole ne ya rayu domin ubangijin kawai. Matsayin da laifi ke takawa wajen murkushe sha'awar samun 'yanci na asali ana yin ta ne ta hanyoyi marasa adadi da tsarin mulki na yanzu na likitanci ke wanke kwakwalwar talakawa wajen karbar tsare-tsarensu da tsare-tsare marasa iyaka.
Sau nawa muka ji sabbin ka'idoji suna nuna rashin amincewa da wuce gona da iri na taron jama'a ba bisa ka'ida ba da kuma abin da ake kira super-spreader events a matsayin dalilin iyakancewa kan 'yancinmu na jama'a? A karkashin wannan furucin, jama'a sun cancanci kulle-kulle. Sun jawo wa kansu ne saboda sun kai ga jarabar cudanya da hadurran da ke tattare da dabi’a da kuma ’yan uwansu, da yanayin rana ya rude su suka taru a rairayin bakin teku da wuraren shakatawa da ake zargin sun kamu da cututtuka.
Shakespeare's Caliban da bawan Hegel ana amfani da su ta hanyar nadama saboda gazawarsu na halin kirki (yunkurin fyade, rauni mai ban tsoro) don yarda cewa suna da alhakin rage girman matsayinsu na yanzu don haka dole ne su jure da gazawar da suka kawo wa kansu. Mai ba da labari na Anastásia kuma mai cin amana ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin irin wannan bawa wanda, bayan ya shigar da akidar bautar, ya nuna kyawunta da biyayya ga tsarin ta hanyar mayar da ita don ta taimaka wa mai gudun hijira. Idan ta hanyar wannan kwatankwacin, sabbin ka'idoji suna aiki a matsayin bayin da aka wanke kwakwalwa, to, mu a cikin motsi na 'yanci na iya samun wahayi a cikin siffar Anastásia wanda ya nuna hanyar zuwa 'yanci, da kuma ganewa na ƙarshe a cikin adadi na maroon bawan gudu.
Shiga cikin zargi don wahalar da kansu shine mafi mahimmancin abubuwan makanta wanda ke hana yawancin mutanen zamaninmu fahimtar tauye 'yancin da tsarin mulki ya ba mu a matsayin bautar. Ikon rushewa da ƙin wannan ƙiren ƙarya na laifi shine ginshiƙin ƴancin mu. Ba a ba mu ’yancin faɗar albarkacin baki da taro da addininmu ba: ba za a iya raba su ba. Juyewar wannan laifi na makanta, mara tushe da tauyewa ya ta'allaka ne a cikin farkar da talakawan da ke barci a halin yanzu. Fahimtar abin da ke tsoratar da lafiyar yanzu a matsayin yaudara ta hanyar dabarun arha na Prospero, rashin ma'ana game da manufar kulle-kullen da aka samu daga kurkuku da kuma abin rufe fuska-social-somatic wanda ke ƙoƙarin rufe bakin waɗanda ke yin annabci game da zaluncin likita da duk zalunci shine ruhun Anastásia a yau, yana raye a cikinmu.
Da alama ya dace da yaren Sipaniya zai yi amfani da kalma ɗaya don nuni ga sabon bawan da ya shigo a matsayin abin rufe fuska. Kalmar nan "bozal" tana bayyana duka bawa da aka sauke kwanan nan, wanda aka haife shi a Afirka sabanin bayin "creole" da aka haifa a cikin sabon mulkin mallaka. Cewa ya kamata a yi amfani da wannan kalmar a matsayin wani nau'i na bawa da kuma bakin da dabbobin gida suke sawa kamar karnuka suna nuni ga tarihin amfani da waɗannan na'urori akan waɗannan bayi waɗanda suka ɗanɗana 'yanci, waɗanda suke da abubuwan tunawa da 'yanci a cikin ƙasa ta kakanni.
Waɗannan bayin bozal sun kasance mafi kusantar jagorantar tawaye, kamar yadda tatsuniyoyi da ke kewaye da Anastásia suka kwatanta. Ga masu magana da harshen da kalmar wani nau'i na bawa kuma a cikinsa ta nuna abin rufe baki, wannan ilimin kimiyyar ilimin kimiyya yana nuna cewa a wani matakin da ba a sani ba akwai fahimtar cewa abin rufe fuska na siyasa alama ce ta bautar su. Dariyarsu lokacin da suka fuskanci wannan daidaituwar harshe suna neman a karanta su azaman kawar da damuwa na tunani da rashin jin daɗi. Ko da yaren da za mu iya magana, da yawa daga cikinmu sun san kuma muna zargin cewa akwai wani abu mai aiki a cikin sanya abin rufe fuska, wanda ake tilasta mana mu shiga cikin wani abin rufe fuska. bal maski inda ake sake fasalin abubuwan da suka zama tushen mu ta hanyoyin da suka sabawa maslahar mu. Ko da kuwa yaren da kuke magana, saƙon Anastásia yana iya fahimtar ku a matsayin ɓangare na juriya mai hankali.
Kuna tuna cewa kun gudu cikin tsaunukan da na yi muku ishara a ƴan ƙarni da suka wuce, lokacin da muke zaune a Brazil, ko ba haka ba? A dalilina ka fara tuna wannan kyakkyawan mulkin mallaka na masu gudu, wato Palenque a cikin sanyi da kuma m na wurare masu zafi tsaunuka, ka taimaka wajen kafa, daga abin da ka kai farmaki da Portuguese ƙauyuka da kuma a karshe tabbatar da 'yancin m m 'yan'uwanmu? Ka tuna. A cikin shiru na, tuna. Kuna da 'yanci. Kai ne 'yanci!
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Roberto Strongman, Mataimakin Farfesa ne a Sashen Nazarin Baƙar fata a Jami'ar California, Santa Barbara. Ya samu Ph.D. a cikin Adabi daga Jami'ar California, San Diego a 2003. Tsarin tsaka-tsakin Dokta Strongman ya ƙunshi fannonin Addini, Tarihi, da Jima'i don ci gaba da babban fannin bincike da koyarwa: Kwatanta Nazarin Al'adun Caribbean.
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