Tun kafin Freud ya bayyana rikice-rikice, ko kuma mafi kyawun tashin hankali tsakanin masu dorewa - don haka al'adu - sojojin Eros (rai-drive) da Thanatos (mutuwa), masanin falsafar Girka kafin Socratic, Wasikarwa, ya ba da hanya don wannan ta hanyar gabatar da madaidaitan dabaru guda biyu masu cin karo da juna, Ƙauna (Filipiya) da kuma Tashin hankali (Eris) ko Kiyayya (neiko). A cewar Empedocles waɗannan dakarun suna aiki ne akan abubuwa huɗu - wuta, ƙasa, iska, da ruwa - don ginawa da lalata, a madadin, sararin samaniya ko duniya kamar yadda muka sani.
Ga Helenawa na da, cosmos ya kasance kishiyar hargitsi, don haka mutum zai iya tunanin cewa, idan aka yi la'akari da dangantakar da ke tsakanin Soyayya da Hukunce-hukunce, duniyar sararin samaniya ba a taɓa yin umarni da gaba ɗaya ba, amma ko da yaushe al'umma ce ta waɗannan kishiyoyin kishiyoyi guda biyu, tare da yanzu ɗaya, yanzu ɗayan, rinjaye. K. Scarlett Kingsley da Richard Parry (2020) sharhi kamar haka a kan nassi inda Empedocles ya bayyana wannan tsari:
Nan da nan mutum ya sami cikakkiyar ma'anar wannan makirci. Da alama yana magana game da zuwa-zuwa da shudewa, haihuwa da mutuwa, kuma yana yin haka tare da ma'auni mai kyau. Saiwoyin nan guda hudu suka taru suka gauraya, karkashin hukumar Soyayya, sai Strife ya raba su. A lokaci guda kuma, abubuwa suna da tasiri mai ƙarfi zuwa ga haɗin kai a kan babban [sic] na kusanci… Yayin da wannan nassi ya bayyana lokutan da ɗayan dakarun ke da rinjaye, yana kuma bayyana zagayowar. Ƙarfi ɗaya ba ta ƙarshe ta yi nasara a kan ɗayan; a maimakon haka, lokutan mulkinsu suna cin nasara ga juna a ci gaba da sabawa juna.
Kamancen da ke tsakanin wannan bayanin da na Freud kan alakar Eros da Thanatos (wanda aka nakalto a labarin da aka danganta a sama) yana da ban sha'awa, kuma yana shaida dawwamammiyar wayar da kan 'yan Adam cewa soyayya da ƙiyayya ba kawai abubuwan da ke faruwa tsakanin mutane ba ne, amma sun zarce wannan matakin don rungumar sararin samaniya gabaɗaya dangane da tsarin cyclical na halitta da halaka.
Saboda haka, aikin Ubangiji na 'halitta daga kome' (halitta ex nihilo; Fassarar aikin halittar Allah a hukumance da Ikklisiya ta yi) wanda aka kwatanta a farkon Farawa, ana iya ganinsa a matsayin aikin ƙauna na Allah. Sanannen nassi a cikin 1 Korinthiyawa 13:13, wato ‘To yanzu bangaskiya, da bege da kauna suna dawwama, waɗannan ukun; amma mafi girma daga cikin waɗannan ita ce ƙauna' ana iya gani kuma ta wannan yanayin. Me yasa? Domin idan ƙauna ita ce ‘mafi girma,’ yana nufin cewa dole ne sauran biyun su ɗauka a matsayin halitta, ikon halitta wanda idan ba tare da bangaskiya ko bege ba ba zai yi ma’ana ba.
A kan wannan yanayin, mutum na iya yin mamakin abin da ake nufi da taken wannan labarin: 'Ƙauna ita ce kawai abin da kuke buƙata…', tare da kururuwar sanannun sanannun. Waƙar Beatles, 'Duk abin da kuke buƙata shine soyayya…' Abin da ya tuna min kwanan nan shine lokacin da ni da abokiyar zamata muka sake kallon ɗayan fina-finan da muka fi so - Julie Taymor's Fadin Universe (2007); wani nau'in asynchronous abokin yanki zuwa Milos Forman's anti-Vietnam war music, Hair, na 1979 - wanda ya ƙare inda jaruman (masu) suke yin waƙar.
Kamar yadda wannan ya nuna, labarin na Fadin Universe (wanda kuma shine lakabin waƙar da John Lennon ya rubuta) an haɗa shi tare da kiɗa na Beatles (aiki a matsayin nau'i na mawaƙa da ke yin sharhi game da abubuwan da suka faru), amma 'yan wasan kwaikwayo a cikin fim din sun rera su, musamman Evan Rachel Wood (Lucy), Jim Sturgess (Jude), Joe Anderson (Max) da TV Carpio (Prudence).
Kamar yadda lamarin yake Hair, shi ne wani anti-yaki m tare da Vietnam War a matsayin baya. Kamar duk yaƙe-yaƙe, Yaƙin Vietnam a cikin waɗannan fina-finai guda biyu suna wakiltar ƙarfin halakar Thanatos, ko Strife / Hatred, yayin da alaƙar Claude da Sheila (a cikin Hair) da kuma tsakanin Lucy da Jude (in Fadin Universe), bi da bi, nan take Eros ko Ƙauna. Gaskiyar cewa Fadin Universe Ya ƙare da Jude yana raira waƙa 'Duk abin da kuke buƙata shine soyayya… Love shine duk abin da kuke buƙata' ga Lucy a kan ginin bene a New York, bayan ɗan taƙaitaccen rabuwa, ya ba da damar cin nasara na ɗan lokaci na Eros / Ƙaunar Thanatos / Strife - wucin gadi, da aka ba da yanayin cyclical na madaidaicin ikon ɗayan akan ɗayan. Wannan ya shafi dangantakar soyayya da nasu, wanda rabuwar ɗan lokaci ta rigaya a yi sulhu ta ƙauna, amma kuma yana nuna ƙarshen rikicin Vietnam.
Wasu daga cikin kiɗan Beatles a cikin wannan fim ɗin suna cike da alamun soyayya; ba kawai na ƙarshe 'Abin da kuke bukata shi ne soyayya…', amma waƙoƙi irin su 'Dukkan ƙaunataccena,' 'Idan na ƙaunace ku…,' 'Ina son riƙe hannun ku' (TV Carpio ya rera a cikin muryarta mai ban sha'awa), 'Oh! Darling,' 'Bari ya kasance,' da 'Hey Jude' (wanda, a iya faɗi, ya ƙunshi halin Yahuda).
Sake kallon fim ɗin, ya tuna min lokacin da na yi a Jami'ar Wales da ke Cardiff a matsayin ɗan bincike, inda na sami damar halartar ƙungiyar Orchestra na Cardiff Symphony na kiɗan Beatles. Ka yi tunanin ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta philharmonic tana yin waƙoƙi kamar 'Jiya' da 'Norway Wood' a cikin zauren wasan kwaikwayo, sannan za ku sami ra'ayi na girman abubuwan da ke cikin Beatles, da kuma zaren Eros/Love a ciki.
Kafin zamana a Cardiff, lokacin da nake Yale a matsayin abokin karatun digiri na biyu, na ga dukkan fina-finai na Beatles - daga Dare Mai Wuya (1964) zuwa Bari kawai (1970) - a gidan fina-finai na 24/7 a harabar Yale, gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Lincoln, har ma a lokacin, a lokacin yakin Falklands tsakanin Birtaniya da Argentina, waɗannan abubuwan ban sha'awa na kiɗa a gare ni suna nuna alamar zargi ga ƙungiyoyi masu rikici.
Ya kamata a yanzu masu karatu su kama ni, kamar haka; Abin da nake tuki shine gaskiyar cewa, a halin yanzu, muna rayuwa a wani yanayi mai tsanani wanda ke nuna ikon Thanatos / Strife, wanda ke buƙatar sake kunna wutar lantarki daidai da sojojin Eros / Ƙauna, don samun damar kayar da fasahar fasaha da neo-fascist da ke gudana a cikin duniyar duniyar (aƙalla na ɗan lokaci). Akwai hanyoyi da yawa don yin hakan, kuma muddin mutum ya tsaya tsayin daka a ransa cewa ƙauna tana da bayyanar cututtuka daban-daban, wannan bai kamata ya yi wahala ba.
Tsohon Helenawa sun gane da yawa; sun bambanta a cikin akalla soyayya iri hudu, don sanin, Eros, Philia, Agapé, (sadaka) da Storge (kuma wanda zai iya ƙara Philautia ko son kai), wanda ya nuna (bi da bi) ƙauna mai ban sha'awa, ƙauna ta 'yan'uwa, ko abota, ƙauna ta Allah (ƙaunar Allah amma kuma na Allah ga mutane, da ƙaunar abin da yake allahntaka a cikin kowane mutum), da kuma ƙaunar iyali. Ta hanyar haɓaka irin waɗannan nau'ikan soyayya a cikin wannan lokaci na duhu, da tuni mutum ya kasance yana fuskantar mummunan rauni a kan masu fasahar duniya. Ka tuna kuma, ƙauna tana buƙatar aiwatar da aiki, kamar dai, ko yana da kyau ga ɗan adam, ko kuma (na ɗanɗano) yaƙar cabal a matakai daban-daban da manufa ta ƙarshe na maido da ƙauna a duniya.
Jerin talabijin na baya-bayan nan yana haskaka batu na ƙarshe, a sama. Yana da take Duk Hasken da Ba Mu Gani ba (dangane da littafin Anthony Doerr) kuma an saita shi a cikin mahallin karshe na yakin duniya na 2 a wani gari na bakin teku na Faransa da ake kira Saint-Malo, inda wata yarinya Faransa makaho (Marie-Laure) da mahaifinta, waɗanda suka kasance suna kula da tarin kayan ado masu daraja a cikin gidan kayan gargajiya na Paris, sun fake da kawun na karshen da 'yar uwarsa. Marie tana sauraron wani abin ƙarfafawa wanda ta san shi a matsayin 'Farfesa' a tashar rediyon gajeriyar raƙuman ruwa, kuma ba tare da saninta ba wani matashin sojan Jamus mai hazaka da ke aiki a matsayin ma'aikacin rediyo yana sauraron hikimar ' farfesa' kuma - wanda ke magana da masu sauraronsa game da 'dukkan hasken da ba za mu iya gani ba.'
A takaice labarin, jauhari mafi daraja da mahaifinta ke gadi - lu'u-lu'u da ake kira 'tekun wuta' - yana ɓoye a cikin ɗakin da suke tare da kawun nata da 'yar uwarsa, waɗanda suka zama 'yan gwagwarmaya. Wani jami'in Gestapo da ke fama da rashin lafiya, Von Rumpel, yana bayan wannan jauhari saboda ya yi imanin cewa in ba haka ba wannan 'la'ananne' yana da ikon magancewa. A cikin kashi na ƙarshe na Werner, Marie-Laure, da Von Rumpel sun zo 'fuska da fuska' a cikin ɗakin - duk da kasancewar makanta, Marie tana da ikon ji da taɓawa mai ban mamaki - a cikin ɗakin, kuma tsakanin su biyun matasa sun yi nasara akan abokan gaba.
Labarin fim ɗin labarin soyayya ne, amma ba a cikin ma'anar da aka saba ba, wanda kawai ake kunna shi a ƙarshen ruwayar - farawa mai ban sha'awa, lokacin da labarin ƙiyayya (Thanatos) da wahala, tare da soyayya (Eros) tsakanin mutane ya ƙare. Abin da ya fi burge mutum shi ne yadda ƙauna ke haɗa waɗanda suka yi hamayya da ’yan Nazi su ci gaba, duk da rashin waɗanda suke ƙauna a hanya.
Don guje wa ɓata jerin abubuwan ga kowa, ya isa a faɗi cewa sadaukarwar rayuwar manyan jigo a cikin labarin, don kare rayuka (wani babban jigo a fasaha da al'adun Yammacin Turai, ma'anar mutuwar Kristi), babban furci ne na ƙauna mai tattare da mamaye wannan zane-zane na fina-finai.
Wannan ya dace da Forman's Hair, Inda dan wasan hippie, Berger, ya sadaukar da rayuwarsa don Claude ta hanyar aika shi ba zato ba tsammani zuwa Vietnam a wurin Claude lokacin da ya tsaya don na ƙarshe don ba da damar (Claude's) ta farko ta saduwa da mace, kafin a tura shi zuwa yaƙi. Juxtaposition na yaki (Strife, Thanatos) da kuma soyayya (Eros) ba zai iya zama bayyananne fiye da daya daga cikin wadannan biyu cinematic ayyukan.
Zan iya ci gaba da ci gaba, a tsawon lokaci, game da ɗimbin zane-zane da wallafe-wallafe na gwagwarmayar har abada tsakanin ƙauna da ƙiyayya - ko, a cikin mafi ƙarancin tsari, tsakanin ayyukan al'adu na ƙirƙira da masu lalata. Amma watakila ya kamata a yi nazarin ɗan taƙaitaccen bayani game da alakar da ke tsakanin waɗannan runduna masu adawa da juna biyu da wasu ikoki biyu da ba za a iya sharewa ba a cikin al'ummar ɗan adam don sanya abubuwa cikin fage mai faɗi. Ina tunanin alakar soyayya da kiyayya, a daya bangaren, da hankali da tunani, a daya bangaren. Kuma inda ya fi kyau in juya fiye da Bard, wanda ko da yaushe yana hannun mai son Shakespeare kamar ni.
Daga cikin wasanninsa masu yawa da suka shafi soyayya (kuma ta hanyar maƙiyinta na mutuwa, ƙiyayya), wanda ya yi fice a wannan fanni shi ne. A midsummer Night ta Dream (kimanin 1596) - sanannen labari na Athens da gandun daji na sarki Oberon, Sarauniyarsa, Titania da kuma Puck mai ban tsoro (wanda ake kira Robin Goodfellow), wanda ke zubar da ruwan 'ya'yan itacen furanni a idanun mutane da sauran halittu.
Athens tana wakiltar hankali, yayin da daji ke tsaye ga hasashe, kuma Shakespeare ya nuna mamakinsa na fahimtar alakar da ke tsakanin su biyu ta hanyar sanya wasu matasa ’yan Athens guda hudu, masu sha’awar soyayya, sun shiga cikin dajin cikin damuwa saboda mahaifin daya daga cikin matan biyu ya yanke hukuncin cewa ta auri mutumin da ba ta so. Ba lallai ba ne a ce - wannan wasan kwaikwayo ne na soyayya, bayan haka - duk abin da ke aiki a cikin ban dariya (amma kuma mai mahimmanci) a ƙarshe, tare da Puck yana tabbatar da cewa mace mai kyau ta sami namiji a lokuta biyu kafin ta dawo cikin babban dalili.
Tashin hankali? Kimanin shekaru dari da tamanin kafin Immanuel Kant ya juya al'adar falsafa a kai a cikin nasa. Sukar Dalili Tsabta ta hanyar nuna cewa hankali da tunani ba abokan gaba ba ne masu kisa (kamar yadda aka koyar da su a falsafa), amma abokan gaba na al'ada a maimakon haka, Shakespeare ya yi tsammanin wannan taron tunani na zamani. Ya yi haka ne ta hanyar zayyana hanyoyin da ba makawa mutum zai bi don samun damar zama balagagge, masu hankali: dole ne mutum ya bi ta cikin daji mai ban sha'awa na tunani kafin ya koma mazaunin hankali (Athens) mai hankali.
Akasin haka: fasaha da adabi ba makiyan hankali ba ne – abokan tarayya ne a cikin neman ilimi. kuma a cikin neman hikima da soyayya, mutum zai iya ƙarawa. Wannan fahimtar tana da kima a daidai lokacin da ya kamata a sanya tunani da hankali a cikin gwagwarmayar da mulkin zalunci.
Ba wai rashin fahimtar juna ba ne ke faruwa a wannan bangaren. An kwatanta wannan da kyau a cikin Peter Weir's Matattu Poets Society na 1989, wanda wuraren A midsummer Night ta Dream a cikin tsarin wani labari mai ban tausayi da aka kafa a wata babbar makarantar sakandare ta New England. Ko da yake Mista Keating, malamin wakokin turanci mai zaburarwa, yana yunƙurin jawo ɗalibansa su fahimci darajar hasashe, ba kowa ba ne ya fahimci cewa ba ya nufin hakan ya kasance da tsadar hankali. Ba batun zabar tsakanin su biyu ba ne; tambaya ce ta sanya waɗannan ikon tunani a cikin mai ba da rai rungumi.
Abin baƙin ciki shine ɗaya daga cikin ɗaliban tauraruwar Keating, wanda mahaifinsa azzalumin ya ƙi yarda da ɗansa yana wasa Puck a cikin samar da makarantar. A midsummer Night ta Dream, ya yi barazanar tura shi makarantar soji, kuma rashin begen dan ya sa shi kashe kansa – tare da hasashen sakamakon da Mista Keating zai yi a makarantar. Halin ƙarshe a cikin fim ɗin ya ba da tabbacin gaskiyar cewa koyarwarsa ba ta kasance a banza ba, duk da haka.
Wannan hadadden fim din yana hada zare daban-daban kamar wasan barkwanci, bala'i, hasashe, tunani, kiyayya, da soyayya, amma masu kallo ne kawai da karbuwar wakilcinsa na rayuwa a dukkan daukakar sa daban-daban. Na tuna wani abokin aikina daga Sashen Turanci na jami'ar da nake koyarwa ya kore shi a matsayin 'sharar soyayya'. Ba ya amfani da 'romantic' a cikin sanannen ma'anar litattafan soyayya masu zubar da hawaye, amma a cikin ma'anar adabin tarihi da fasaha, wanda ya kalubalanci kunkuntar ra'ayi na gaskiya, wanda wani lokaci yakan ci karo da samfuran al'adu na 18th karni.
An kwatanta wannan a hoto a zanen satirical na William Blake, Newton. Zanen ya nuna masanin kimiyyar a cikin wani yanayi na rashin jin daɗi, inda yake tsugunne, tsirara da yin amfani da kwamfutoci guda biyu don zana siffar geometric akan gungurawa. A bayyane yake, Blake bai yarda ba.
Ba dole ba ne mutum ya ƙi kimiyya don goyon bayan fasaha, duk da haka. Koyarwar Mista Keating a Weir's Matattu Poets Society Ya ƙunshi fahimtar cewa duka waɗannan fasahohin suna da matsayinsu a rayuwa, alal misali inda ya gaya wa ɗalibai cikin sha'awar cewa fannoni kamar injiniyanci suna da mahimmanci saboda suna kiyaye rayuwa da al'umma, amma ba 'abin da muke rayuwa ba ne!'
Abin da muke rayuwa domin shi, shi ne ƙauna. Kamar Shakespeare da Kant, wanda ya kasance babban tushen ci gaban soyayya, Keating ya yi imanin cewa ya kamata mu ƙyale tunani da tunani su kasance tare, amma wannan ƙauna (a cikin ma'anar ma'anar) ita ce kawai abin da ke sa rayuwa ta cancanci rayuwa. Idan muna so mu kayar da cabal - wanda a fili bai fahimci abu na farko game da soyayya ba (sai dai cewa suna buƙatar halaka shi, don kada su rasa yakin) - kada mu ɓata duk wata dama don tabbatar da Eros a cikin duk girman girmansa.
Abin da kuke buƙatar shine soyayya
Abin da kuke buƙatar shine soyayya
Duk abin da kuke buƙata shine ƙauna, ƙauna
Soyayya shi ne duk abun da ake bukata…
John Lennon
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Bert Olivier yana aiki a Sashen Falsafa, Jami'ar Jihar Kyauta. Bert yayi bincike a cikin Psychoanalysis, poststructuralism, falsafar muhalli da falsafar fasaha, adabi, cinema, gine-gine da Aesthetics. Ayyukansa na yanzu shine 'Fahimtar batun dangane da girman mulkin neoliberalism.'
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