Tambayi mutane yadda suka ji a cikin Maris 2020 kuma tabbas za su gaya muku cewa sun tsorata. Mijina ya tsorata. Juyawa na ya tsorata. Abokina marubuci daga filayen Manitoba da iska ke kadawa ya tsorata. Dan uwana na New York da dariya mai yaduwa da babban gashi ya tsorata. "Na yi tsammanin dukanmu za mu mutu," in ji ta daga baya.
[Wannan wani yanki ne daga sabon littafin marubucin Makafi shine 2020, Brownstone ne ya buga.]
Wasu ƴan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa, kamar Laura Dodsworth, ba su ji tsoro ba. Wata 'yar jarida ta Burtaniya, mai daukar hoto da mai shirya fina-finai, Dodsworth a baya ta bambanta kanta ta hanyar littattafanta game da maza, mata, da sassan jiki. Ɗaya daga cikin littattafanta ya zaburar da wani Documentary, Farji 100, wanda wani mai bita ya bayyana a matsayin "wani ban mamaki da ƙarfafa yada ƙafafu."
Lokacin da Covid-19 ya zo, Dodsworth ya firgita - ba game da kwayar cutar ba, amma saboda fargabar da ke kewaye da ita. Ta kalli tsoro ya girma kafafu da fuka-fuki yana lullube kan kasarta. Abin da ya fi damun ta shi ne yadda gwamnatinta, wanda tarihi ya dora mata alhakin kwantar da hankulan mutane a lokutan rikici, da alama tana kara fargabar. Kafofin yada labarai, wadanda ta yi tsammanin za su ja da baya a kan umarnin gwamnati, sun baiwa jirgin tsoro wani karin gudu. Duk abin da ya faru don "ku kwantar da hankalinku ku ci gaba?"
Dodsworth ya fahimci dalilin da ya sa gwamnati za ta so ta sa mutane su ji tsoro a wannan lokacin: jama'ar da ke da tsoro za su yi farin ciki da bin hane-hane na Covid, wanda mai yiwuwa zai kiyaye kowa da kowa. Don amfanin jama'a ne. Amma ya dace a yi amfani da tsoro ta wannan hanyar?
A cikin littafinta Yanayin Tsoro, wanda aka buga a cikin 2021, Dodsworth yayi jayayya cewa ba haka bane.
Yana da wuya a cece ta cewa gwamnatin Burtaniya da kafofin watsa labarai sun zaɓi tsoro fiye da ƙarfin hali. Ta ba da misali bayan misali a cikin littafinta, farawa da maraice na Maris 23, 2020, wanda ta kira "dare mai tsoro." A wannan maraice, Firayim Minista na lokacin Boris Johnson ya bayyana coronavirus a matsayin "babban barazanar da kasar nan ta fuskanta tsawon shekaru," ya kara da cewa "a duk duniya muna ganin mummunan tasirin wannan kisa da ba a iya gani." Kwana guda bayan haka, BBC ta ayyana Burtaniya a kan "tushen yaki" da kwayar cutar. "Rashin zuciya yayin da mai shekaru 21 mai lafiya ya mutu daga coronavirus - ba kwayar cuta ba ce kawai," in ji shi Daily Express a ranar bayan haka. Lokacin da Johnson da kansa ya kama Covid, the maraice Standard ya ba da rahoto game da "girgizar da yanayinsa" na majalisar ministocin yayin da yake yaƙar cutar "mai firgita da gaske".
Bai kamata ya kasance haka ba. A cikin jawabinsa ga al'ummar kasar, Johnson na iya cewa wani abu kamar, "muna daukar wannan kwayar cutar da mahimmanci kuma muna son kiyaye kowa da kowa gwargwadon iko. Amma kwayar cutar ba ta yin barazana ga kowa da kowa, kuma yawancinmu ba mu da dalilin firgita." Rahoton game da mutuwar dan shekaru 21 - ko da yaushe wani bala'i - na iya bayyana cewa "abin bakin ciki, wani matashi ya kamu da kwayar cutar, amma duk abin da muka sani ya zuwa yanzu yana nuna cewa wannan ba kasafai ba ne." Kuma yakin Boris na kansa da kwayar cutar ana iya gabatar da shi a matsayin "yakin da Firayim Minista ya yi nasara da godiya kuma alama ce ta bege ga kasar." Amma tsoro ya mamaye ranar, yana haifar da dannawa da sake sakewa da ƙarin tsoro.
Kasidar mai ba da tsoro ta Dodsworth a cikin ƙasarta ta sami amsa a duk faɗin duniya. Dan Andrews, firaministan jihar Victoria ta Australiya, ya ɗaga tsoro zuwa wani sabon matsayi a cikin wani jawabi na Yuli 2020: "Babu iyali, babu abokai, babu riƙon hannu. Babu bankwana. Ya ƙaryata lokacin shiru na ƙarshe da mu duka muke fata. Wannan shine yadda wannan cuta ke da haɗari da kamuwa da cuta." Idan hakan bai isar da saƙon ba, ya ƙara da cewa: "Ya kamata ku ji tsoron wannan. Ina jin tsoron wannan, ya kamata mu kasance duka." (Yana lura da cewa ba cutar ba ce, amma manufofin gwamnati ne suka sa mutane su mutu su kaɗai.)
Anthony Fauci, masanin kimiyyar likitanci wanda ya shawarci Amurka kan sarrafa Covid-19 a lokacin gwamnatocin Trump da na Biden, ya ayyana kwayar cutar a matsayin "mafi munin mafarki" a cikin watsa shirye-shiryen CNN na Yuni 2020. (A cikin ɗan ɗan ban haushi, Fauci ya yi kira ga Amurkawa saboda fargabar fargabar barkewar annoba a cikin 2017.) A ƙoƙarin samun ƙarin Jamusawa a yi wa alurar riga kafi a cikin 2021, shugabar gwamnatin Angela Merkel ta yi gargaɗin mazabarta cewa a ƙarshen lokacin sanyi, "duk wanda ke Jamus za a yi masa allurar rigakafi, warke ko ya mutu."
A wasu lokatai, shela masu ban tsoro sun ketare iyaka tsakanin zazzafan zato da kuma karya. A cikin watsa shirye-shiryen jama'a a ranar 17 ga Maris, 2020, Michael Gove ya bayyana cewa "wannan kwayar cutar ba ta nuna wariya," duk da binciken da aka yi bayan binciken da ke nuna alamar hadarin da ke bin diddigin shekaru da sauran abubuwan da ke haifar da rudani. Da aka zana daga littafin wasa guda, Kamal Khera, dan majalisar dokokin Kanada mai shekaru 31 wanda ya yi kwangila kuma ya murmure daga Covid, ya gargadi mutanen Kanada cewa coronavirus ba ya nuna wariya dangane da shekaru ko matsayin lafiya, ya kara da cewa "wannan kwayar cutar a zahiri tana ko'ina."
Wasu tsoro sun zama kamar gaske ga Dodsworth. Amma ba duka ba. Yayin da take kallon Johnson yana gabatar da jawabinsa na “dare mai ban tsoro”, “wani abu kamar ya kashe” kuma hakan ya jawo kararrawa. Shawarwari da masana lafiyar kwakwalwa guda biyu ya ƙarfafa mata hankali cewa Johnson bai yarda da nasa maganar ba.
Babu wata hanya ta tabbatar da hakan, ba shakka. Dodsworth ta kawo nata son zuciya a teburin, kamar yadda mu duka muke yi, kuma tana neman tabbatarwa. Amma yayin da makonni da watanni ke tafe kuma shugabannin siyasa a duk faɗin duniya suka fara yin watsi da nasu ƙa’idodin, ya zama da wuya a guje wa ra’ayin cewa, a zahiri, ba sa kallon duniya a wajen gidajensu a matsayin haɗari na mutuwa.
Dukkanmu mun tuna faretin munafunci na annoba ta 2020: magajin garin Chicago Lori Lightfoot yana yin aski a watan Afrilu, lokacin da aka rufe masu aski da masu salo; Gwamnan New York na lokacin Andrew Cuomo ya tsallake zuwa Georgia a watan Yuli, duk da tsauraran ka'idoji don kasancewa kusa da gida; 'Yar majalisar dattijai ta California Dianne Feinstein ta nuna ba ta da abin rufe fuska a filin jirgin sama duk da kiran da a yi wa dokar rufe fuska… Rod Phillips, ministan kudi na Ontario a lokacin, ba wai kawai ya tashi zuwa Caribbean ba yayin kulle-kullen na biyu na Ontario, amma ya watsar da jerin sakonnin kafofin watsa labarun da ke nuna cewa yana yin lokaci a gida.
Wani faifan bidiyo da aka buga a jajibirin Kirsimeti ya same shi zaune kusa da murhun dakinsa, da gilashin kwai a hannu da kuma gidan gingerbread a baya. A gaskiya ma, yana kama haskoki a St. Barts a ranar kuma ya yi rikodin bidiyo a gaba. Kuma mafi girman tashin hankali: a cikin 2022, binciken da ake kira Partygate ya nuna cewa ƙungiyoyin manyan jami'an gwamnatin Burtaniya, ciki har da Boris Johnson da kansa, sun kasance suna rayuwa a 10 Downing Street da sauran wurare yayin da dokar hana lafiyar jama'a ta hana yawancin taro.
Hasashen, waɗannan ayyukan sun jawo fushi da kuka daga jama'a. Babban abin ji shine, "Yaya ku? Dokokin na kowa ne, ba na talakawan da ba a wanke ba." Maganar gaskiya, na sami munafunci ya fi ban sha'awa fiye da ban tsoro. Da ƙyar ba zan iya zargin ’yan siyasa ba don bin ƙa’idodin da ba su taɓa yin daidai ba tun da farko—Ina fata su ba da yawa iri ɗaya ga waɗanda suka zabe su.
Dodsworth ta keɓe wani babi na littafinta don "ƙaddamar da ka'idar" -amfani da ilimin halin ɗan adam don jagorantar ɗabi'a ta hanyar da aka bayar. Majagaba a cikin amfani da nudging, Biritaniya ta ƙaddamar da Ƙungiyar Halayyar Halayyar (wanda aka fi sani da Nudge Unit) a cikin 2010 kuma ta fitar da samfurin zuwa wasu ƙasashe da yawa. A lokacin Covid, Dodsworth ya koya daga masu ciki, nudging ya ɗauki nau'in "saƙonni masu zafi" don haɓaka ma'anar barazanar da za ta sa mutane su bi umarnin.
Wasu mutane suna kallon nud a matsayin kayan aiki da ake yarda da su, har ma abin yabo, a cikin sabis na kare rayuwa da lafiya. Ba Dodsworth ba. Ta kwatanta shi da kulle kukis a cikin tulu, dabarar da iyayen yara za su iya amfani da su a hankali amma bai kamata gwamnati ba. Dabarar za ta iya shiga cikin sauƙi cikin “ƙarya mai-kyau”—kalmomi na yaudara waɗanda aka yi niyya don kawo sakamakon da ake so. Amma wa zai iya bayyana menene sakamakon da ake so? Kuma a ina aka fara da kawo karshen wajabcin fadin gaskiya?
Yawancin mutane za su yarda cewa “babu Yahudawa da ke ɓoye a cikin wannan gidan” ƙarya ce “mai kyau”, ba tare da lahani ba. Amma gaya wa matasa masu lafiya cewa suna cikin haɗari na mutuwa daga Covid-19 yana cika su da damuwar da ba dole ba kuma yana hana su ikon yanke shawara. Kuma da zarar sun gano cewa cibiyoyin da suka amince sun batar da su, sai su rasa wannan amana. Lokacin da igiyar ruwa ta gaba ko bambance-bambancen na gaba ko annoba ta gaba ta zo, ba za su ɗauki gargaɗin faɗuwar sama da mahimmanci ba. Aƙalla, Dodsworth ya kiyaye, dabarun nudge da aka yi amfani da su yayin Covid sun cancanci isar da jama'a.
Dodsworth kuma yana so ya ga masu satar tsoro a yi la'akari da su. Wannan ya faru aƙalla sau ɗaya: a cikin Mayu 2021, gungun mutane da ƙungiyoyi sun shigar da ƙarar laifuka a kan Martin Ackerman, shugaban Hukumar Task Force-19 Science Task Force na Switzerland, don da gangan da nasarar tsoratar da jama'a bisa ga Art. 258 na Criminal Code. Jerin korafe-korafen sun haɗa da sake buga labaran ban tsoro na Covid, magudin tsari na bayanan gado na ICU, da maganganun karya game da asibiti da mace-mace. Idan ba wani abu ba, barazanar irin waɗannan tuhume-tuhumen na iya ba wa sauran masu fargabar tsoro - cikakkiyar azabar karmic, idan kun tambaye ni.
Duk da withering review daga The Times, Yanayin Tsoro da sauri ya tashi ta cikin sigogi kuma ya zama mai siyarwa. A bayyane yake, ba ni da Dodsworth ba mutane biyu ne kaɗai muka ƙware wajen yin amfani da tsoro don cimma burin zamantakewa ba. Mai bita ya yi watsi da damuwar Dodsworth a matsayin magana na makirci, wanda ya gaya mini bai samu ba. Dodsworth bai taɓa ɗaukar wani babban shiri mai ban tsoro ba wanda miyagu miyagu ke da gashin baki. Sai kawai ta yi jayayya cewa ƙarshen (biyayya) bai tabbatar da hanyar (tsoron) ba.
Ta sa ni a gefenta daga farkon shafukan littafinta, lokacin da ta bayyana cewa tana tsoron mulkin kama karya fiye da mutuwa, magudi fiye da rashin lafiya. A ranar da Johnson ya ba da sanarwar dakatar da Burtaniya, ta "daskare a kan kujera." Ba kwayar cutar ba ce ta ji tsoro, amma fatan sanya kasa baki daya a tsare a gida.
Mutane da yawa sun tambaye ni dalilin da ya sa, kamar Dodsworth, ban taba damuwa da abin da kwayar cutar za ta iya yi min ba. Amsa a takaice: bayanai masu gamsarwa. (Tsarin Amsa: Yi magana da raguwar Zuƙowa na. Har yanzu muna ƙoƙarin gano shi. Ina nufin, firgita a fili take yaɗuwa, to me yasa ban kama shi ba?) A farkon cutar, na shiga mahimman ƙididdiga na cikin QCovid.® lissafin hadarin don gano damara ta mutuwa ta Covid idan na kama shi. Ɗaya daga cikin 6,500 - waɗannan su ne rashin daidaituwa. Hakika, ba ni da wata matsala ta rashin lafiya, amma ina ɗan shekara 63. Don jin ta daga kanun labarai, na yi kasada da rai da gaɓoɓin jikina ta hanyar ɗaukar jakar pretzels a kantin sayar da kayayyaki. Daya cikin 6,500? Zan iya rayuwa da wannan.
Nazarin farko na John Ioannidis ya kara tabbatar min da hakan. Masanin ilimin cututtukan dabbobi a Jami'ar Stanford, Ioannidis yayi nazarin bayanan duniya daga Maris da Afrilu 2020 kuma ya yanke shawarar cewa mace-mace a cikin mutane 'yan kasa da shekaru 65 ba tare da ƙarin abubuwan haɗari ba "abin ban mamaki ba ne," har ma a cikin wuraren barkewar cutar. "Abin ban mamaki ba a sani ba" ya yi min kyau, musamman fitowa daga ƙwararren likitan da ke da shaidar shaida wanda ya ƙidaya a cikin mafi yawan masana kimiyya a duniya.
Ga rikodin, Ni ba bakon damuwa ba ne. Duk lokacin da manyan yarana suka shiga mota, nakan cutar da mijina: Me yasa har yanzu basu kira ba? Idan komai yayi daidai, da yanzu sun kira waya. Kuna ganin ba su da lafiya? Coronavirus bai taɓa kai ni wurin ba—watakila saboda sauran duniya suna ɗauke da tsoro da yawa ya rage mini kaɗan.
Hankalina na dangi da Dodsworth ya yi ƙarfi lokacin da ta yarda, ƴan surori a cikin littafin, cewa ba ta taɓa son shirin Clap for Careers, wani shiri na makonni 10 wanda ya fitar da kowa daga gidajensu a yammacin ranar Alhamis don tafawa ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya da ke kula da marasa lafiya na Covid. "Ba wai kawai ni ba ne kawai, amma wani abu game da al'ada na mako-mako na ji aiki, tilastawa, kuma, da kyau, ɗan Stalinist," in ji ta. Ranar Alhamis-daren tukunyar da aka yi a Kanada bai taba zama da ni ba, ko dai. Wani lokaci mijina ya rinjaye ni na shiga shi, amma ina jin taurin hannuna, da karyar murmushina, yayin da na bugi gefen tukunyar da cokali na katako. Ba na yaudarar kowa ba, aƙalla ni kaina.
Dodsworth ya kira ƙoƙarin "ƙarar da hankali" kuma ya yi mamakin ko 'yan wasan gwamnati sun shiga hannu, suna yin amfani da maganganun haɗin kai a bayan fage. Duk da yake ban raba wannan zato ba, mu-masu-adalci aura da ke kewaye da bugun tukunyar ya bar ni da irin wannan rashin jin daɗi. Hakanan ya kasance kamar yadda aka amince da manufofin gwamnati: Ga mu, duk a cikin wannan tare, muna yin iyakar ƙoƙarinmu don magance yanayin da ba za a iya kaucewa ba. Yi murmushi a ci gaba da bugawa. Mutanen da suke tukwane tare ba sa tambayar manufofin tare.
Dodsworth ya ci gaba da rubutu game da martanin cutar. A cikin wata makala mai suna "The Collective and Self," ta yi nazari game da tashin hankali tsakanin bukatun mutum da na kungiya.17 Tare da fa'idar hangen nesa, labarin ya ba da lissafin asarar da aka taru a cikin shekaru biyu da suka gabata. Abubuwan da suka ɓace, kasuwancin da suka ɓace. Shagunan inna-da-pop da suka bace bayan shekaru goma na daidaiton gumi. Darussan lissafi da suka ɓace, sun rasa haduwar ninkaya, rasa abokantaka. Matan da suka haihu su kadai. Mutanen da suka mutu kadai. Rushewar kulle-kulle a cikin ƙasashe masu tasowa, yana yin barazana ga ikon mutane na sanya abinci a kan tebur. "Yawancin wannan bai zama dole ba, kuma ba a saka shi cikin tsare-tsaren cutar da suka gabata saboda kyakkyawan dalili," in ji Dodsworth.
A yayin bala'in cutar, ta yi nuni da cewa, mutane suna da kwarin gwiwa don neman jagororin jihar kan yadda ake hali da ma abin da za su yi tunani. Gwamnatoci sun ƙarfafa wannan ɗabi'a, suna bayyana cewa dole ne mutane su "yi aiki ɗaya" don doke ƙwayar cuta cikin biyayya. Individuality ya zama "kalmar ƙazanta lokacin da aka ɗaukaka alheri da haɗin kai."
A ganin Dodsworth, bai kamata mutum ya yi asara ba, ko da a cikin annoba. Lokacin da gama kai ya karɓi mulki, halin yanzu na tunanin rukuni ya zama mai ƙarfi don yin yaƙi. Mutane suna yin watsi da basirarsu kuma suna iya rasa ainihin ɗan adam, kamar ma'aikaciyar jinya da aka bayar da rahoton ta ƙi barin wani mutum ya zauna da matarsa da ke mutuwa "don mafi alheri." Rikicin rukuni na iya taimakawa wajen bayyana dalilin da yasa al'ummomin mutum-mutumi irin su Netherlands, Bhutan da Amurka ke samar da mutane masu son kai fiye da takwarorinsu na gama gari, kamar yadda aka gano a cikin nazarin al'adun tunani na 2021 na duniya. Don sanya shi a sauƙaƙe, ruku'u ga gama gari baya daidaita da kulawa.
Sihiri na tunanin rukuni yana hana mutane yarda da duk wani nau'in cin zarafi na gwamnati akan rayuwarsu, kuma gwamnatocin duk suna jin daɗin tilastawa. Kamar yadda Milton Friedman ya ce, "babu wani abu da ke dawwama a matsayin shirin gwamnati na wucin gadi." Wannan ba gaskiya bane, ba shakka. A lokacin barkewar cutar, gwamnatoci da an ɗaga hane-hane da yawa, bit by bit. Amma samfurin cibiyoyi don kullewa yanzu ya wanzu. Abin da ke sa mutane kamar Dodsworth su farka da dare.
Dodsworth ya kira martanin cutar "mafari" zuwa ga mulkin kama-karya, idan ba cikakken Monty ba. Har yanzu tana mamakin yadda al'umma ke musayar 'yanci cikin sauri don tsaro - wanda ba a taɓa tabbatar da shi ba tun farko - ta gargaɗe mu da mu yi tunani kan labarin Covid da idanu mai mahimmanci. “Murmurewa da waraka kamata ku kasance tare da rashin jin daɗi game da abin da muka yi, da lamiri da sha’awar yin abin da ya fi kyau.”
Yi mafi kyau? Lokacin da duniya ta rufe, mutane da yawa sun ɗauki dabarun a matsayin mafi kyau-kaɗai-tafarki mai yiwuwa. Mutane kamar Dodsworth da ni muna fada ne kawai, in ji su. Na tuna da farkon lokacin, lokacin da abokaina ke gwada sabon girke-girke na burodi kuma mijina yana goge kayan abincinmu yayin da nake tafiya a kicin kamar dabbar da aka kulle, ina cewa "wannan bai dace ba." A zahiri ina da duk abin da nake buƙata don fuskantar kulle-kullen da kyau: gida mai dumi, gari da yisti, miji mai haƙuri mai albarka. Amma kashina yace a'a. Kamar Dodsworth, na zaɓi in bincika wannan "a'a" - sannan na rubuta littafi game da shi.
Dodsworth ta kammala littafinta ta hanyar tunatar da mu cewa cikakkiyar aminci ba ta taɓa wanzuwa ba kuma ba za ta taɓa wanzuwa ba, gaskiyar rayuwa a duniya wanda Covid ya sa mutane su manta. Idan ba mu yarda da wannan gaskiyar ba, za mu kafa matakin “manufofin tsoro da ke mamaye ’yan Adam.” Ta gayyaci masu karatu su taimaka mata ta “rubutu ƙarshen labarin”—ƙarshen daidaitawa da gaba gaɗi.
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Gabrielle Bauer marubuciya ce ta kiwon lafiya da likita ta Toronto wacce ta sami lambobin yabo na kasa guda shida don aikin jarida. Ta rubuta litattafai guda uku: Tokyo, My Everest, wanda ya ci kyautar Littafin Kanada-Japan, Waltzing The Tango, wanda ya zo na karshe a lambar yabo ta Edna Staebler, kuma mafi kwanan nan, littafin annoba BLINDSIGHT IS 2020, wanda Cibiyar Brownstone ta buga a 2023.
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