Haɓaka ƙaddamarwa yana nufin ɗabi'ar masu yanke shawara na dagewa ko ma ƙara haɓaka darussan aiki (Sleesman, Lennard, McNamara, Conlon, 2018). A cikin yanayin haɓakawa na yau da kullun, an fara saka hannun jari mai yawa, amma duk da waɗannan kashe kuɗi, aikin yana cikin haɗarin gazawa.
A wannan lokaci, mai yanke shawara dole ne ya yanke shawara ko zai ci gaba ta hanyar samun ƙarin kuɗi ko yin watsi da shi ta hanyar dakatar da aikin, ko bincika wasu hanyoyin aiki (Moser, Wolff, Kraft, 2013). Sai kawai a lokacin, mai yanke shawara ya sanya hannun jari sosai a cikin aikin har sai an tura shi don kara tsananta matakan da aka dauka, da kuma zuba jari mai yawa.
Haɓaka sadaukar da kai ga aikin da ya gabata ba kawai tarko masu yanke shawara bane amma yana tura su don yin halayen da suka saba wa son rai, da na mutanen da suke wakilta - wani lokaci tare da mummunan sakamako (Bazerman da Neale, 1992).
A cikin wata takarda kwanan nan, Hafsi da Baba (2022) sun nuna yadda fargabar lafiya ta gama gari, waɗanda jagoranci masu tsoron siyasa ke ciyar da su, suka haifar da ɓarna, ɓoyayyiyar ƙarar martani a yawancin ƙasashe. Hakazalika Muller (2021) ya nuna yadda tarkon abin da ta kira "kimiyya mai aiki" ya haifar da tsarin yanke shawara wanda ke asirce, uba da watsi da ra'ayoyin da ba su dace ba. Wannan ya haifar da dogaro da yawa ga, da amincewa, hasashen bala'i wanda ya sanar da aiwatar da tsauraran matakan kulle-kulle da manufofin rigakafin ba tare da la'akari da illar da suke da shi ga lafiyar jama'a da amana ba.
Ina bayar da hujjar cewa bin irin wannan sadaukarwar da gwamnatoci suka yi ta hanyar shawo kan cutar ta Corona a matsayin "rashin tabbas" - wanda ba a san yuwuwar da ya isa ya magance ba, don haka yana buƙatar hangen nesa na musamman game da gaba, da kuma na yanzu. Bambancin sa yana da ban mamaki wanda ya ba da garanti da kuma halatta sabbin nau'ikan sa ido na jama'a, tsarewa, da ƙuntatawa (Samimian-Darash, 2013).
A farkon Maris 2021, dokar Isra'ila ta buƙaci gabatar da takardar shedar Green Pass a matsayin sharadi don shigar da wasu kasuwanci da wuraren jama'a. An ba da haƙƙin Green Pass ga Isra'ilawa waɗanda aka yi musu alluran rigakafin COVID-19 guda biyu, waɗanda suka murmure daga COVID-19, ko kuma waɗanda ke cikin gwajin asibiti don haɓaka rigakafi a Isra'ila.
Green Pass ya sami barata a bainar jama'a azaman muhimmin ma'auni don kiyaye 'yancin motsi na mutane na rigakafi da kuma haɓaka sha'awar jama'a don sake buɗe fannonin tattalin arziki, ilimi, da al'adu na ayyuka (Kamin-Friedman da Peled Raz, 2021). Kamin-Friedman da Peled-Raz har ma sun yi iƙirarin cewa "ko da yake Green Pass na iya ba da alaƙa da ginin dogara ko haɓaka haɗin kai, yana da mahimmanci a la'akari da aikace-aikacen sa a ƙarƙashin yanayin Isra'ila" (2021: 3).
Duk da haka, a cikin watan Agusta da Satumba 2021, duk da manufofin, adadin shari'o'in na ci gaba da hauhawa, inda aka ba da rahoton sabbin maganganu sama da 7,000 kowace rana kuma kusan mutane 600 suna kwance a asibiti cikin mawuyacin hali tare da cutar. Wannan ya kasance duk da cewa sama da kashi 57% na 'yan ƙasar miliyan 9.3 sun karɓi allurai biyu na rigakafin Pfizer/BioNTech, kuma sama da miliyan 3 na mutanen Isra'ila miliyan 9.3 sun sami harbi na uku. Dangane da mayar da martani, gwamnatin Isra'ila ta fadada ikonta na cin zarafi a kusan dukkanin bangarorin rayuwa.
A ranar 8 ga watan Agusta an ƙaddamar da manufar Green Pass zuwa makarantu, Ilimi, kuma ƙungiyoyi daban-daban a cikin jama'a da masu zaman kansu sun karɓe da son rai (har da asibitoci). Masu ɗaukan ma'aikata cikin sauri sun yi amfani da haƙƙinsu don hana ma'aikatan da ba a yi musu alluran rigakafin zuwa wurin aiki ba, kuma a wasu lokuta ma su daina aikinsu.
Zuwa ranar 30 ga Satumba, an umurci masu riƙe fasfo ɗin rigakafin Isra'ila don samun kashi na uku na rigakafin Pfizer -BioNTech, ko rasa Green Pass ɗin su wanda ya ba su yanci masu mahimmanci da asali. A cikin watan Satumba na 2021, Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta Isra'ila ta tabbatar da cewa al'amura suna faruwa a cikin mutanen da aka yi wa alurar riga kafi da wadanda ba a yi musu allurar ba. Binciken na Isra'ila ya kuma tabbatar da cewa ikon rigakafin Pfizer na rigakafin cututtuka masu tsanani da kuma asibiti yana raguwa a kan lokaci - kamar yadda kariya ta harbi daga cututtuka masu laushi da matsakaici.
Duk da haka, sai a ranar 11 ga Fabrairuth Shin Firayim Minista Naftali Bennett ya sanar da kawo karshen shirin, abin mamaki yayin da sabbin cututtukan COVID-19 ke ci gaba da karuwa.
Fotaki and Hyde (2015) ya gano cewa haɓaka ƙaddamarwa yana iya kasancewa tare da hanyoyin kare kai guda uku: manufa, tsagawa, da zargi. Haƙiƙa yana faruwa ne lokacin da masu yanke shawara suka tsara manufofin da ba su dace ba ko tsammanin haifar da munanan manufofin (watau gurɓataccen abu, doke Delta, ko kaiwa ga garken garken rigakafi ta hanyar rigakafi).
Rarraba yana nufin wani hali na raba duniya zuwa "mai kyau" da "mugunta" (An ambaci Firayim Minista Bennett yana cewa: "Ya ku 'yan ƙasa, waɗanda suka ƙi maganin rigakafi suna jefa mu 'yancin yin aiki, 'yancin 'ya'yanmu don koyo da 'yancin yin bukukuwa tare da iyali"). Laifi ya haɗa da ƙaddamar da sassan da ba a so na yanayin da ba a so a kan waɗanda aka kwatanta da "mara kyau" ko "mugunta." Ta wannan hanyar ana ɗora alhakin gazawar akan ƙungiyar da aka kwatanta da "mugunta," maimakon haifar da aiki mai ma'ana don magance matsaloli.
Manufar Green Pass ta ɗauka cewa tunda mutane sun guje wa hasara, tsoron ƙuntatawa mai nauyi, jin daɗin jama'a, da yuwuwar asarar kuɗin shiga zai tura su yin rigakafin. Hakanan yana da kyau yana zana wanda ya dace da laifin da za a zarga da rashin nasarar dabarun.
Duk da haka, ƙin asara kuma yana nufin waɗanda ke cikin sabuwar ƙungiyar masu gata za su dage su ci gaba da riƙe gatansu ko da an tabbatar da cewa waɗannan gatancin na iya jefa wasu cikin haɗarin kamuwa da cuta. Wannan rukunin masu gata kuma na iya haɓaka tunanin rigakafi na ƙarya, yana sa su daina matakan kariya kamar sanya abin rufe fuska, da nisantar da jama'a, yana jefa su cikin haɗarin yada cutar ba tare da sun sani ba.
Don haka, ƙiyayyar asara na iya haifar da rashin ganganci irin halayen da masu tsara manufofin ke son hanawa. Mafi mahimmanci, yana da haɗari yana ba da damar wannan ƙungiya ta ci gaba da yin tunanin gama kai cewa dabarar ta cimma burinta. Ka yi tunanin bacin ransu da gano cewa “yunwansu da yin kasada saboda manufar ci gaban alurar riga kafi” ba shi da amfani sosai, kuma mafi muni yana jefa su cikin haɗarin kamuwa da cutar ko kuma fuskantar illar rigakafin.
Amma shin manufar Green Pass tana da tasiri wajen tura masu adawa da allurar rigakafi? Wani bincike da Dror (Imri) Aloni Centre for Health Informatics ta gudanar a watan Yuli-Agusta 2021 ya nuna cewa sama da kashi 58% na mahalarta binciken 600 sun ce tsoro daga takunkumi shine babban dalilin da suka yanke shawarar yin rigakafin. Kashi XNUMX cikin XNUMX na mahalarta taron da aka yi musu cikakkiyar allurar sun yi tunanin cewa manufar Green Pass gabaɗaya ita ce matsawa mutane yin allurar.
Duk da haka, 44% daga cikinsu sun goyi bayan aikace-aikacen sa. Duk da haka, kashi 73% na mahalarta taron da ba a yi musu allurar ba sun yi iƙirarin cewa manufar Green Pass mataki ne na tilastawa kuma sun ba da rahoton cewa matakan da aka ɗauka na ƙarfafa rigakafi sun damu sosai. Har ila yau binciken ya nuna raguwar amana ga gwamnati da kuma cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya na wadanda suka ki yin allurar.
Mafi girman rashin yarda, mafi girman tsoron takunkumi. Amma yayin da ake yawan fargabar takunkumi, yawan wadanda ke adawa da yin allurar sun dage kan kada su yi allurar. Rushewar amana da aka samu a cikin wannan binciken ya yi daidai da wasu bincike da ke nuni da cewa Isra'ilawa sun rasa amincewa da cibiyoyin gwamnati, inda fiye da rabin suka ce dimokuradiyyar kasar na cikin hadari (Plesner, Y da T, Helman, 2020).
Wani bincike na baya-bayan nan da ke binciken jinkirin rigakafin COVID-19 ta amfani da samfuran wakilai na ƙasa na mutane 1,000 daga ƙasashe 23 ya nuna cewa a duk ƙasashe, shakkun rigakafin yana da alaƙa da rashin dogaro ga amincin rigakafin COVID-19, da kuma shakku game da ingancin sa. Masu amsa allurar-jinkirin kuma suna da juriya sosai ga shaidar da ake buƙata na allurar; 31.7%, 20%, 15%, da 14.8% sun amince da buƙatarsa don samun damar zuwa balaguron ƙasa, ayyukan cikin gida, aikin yi, da makarantun jama'a, bi da bi (Li'azaru, Wyka, White, Picchio, Rabin, Ratzan, El-Mohandes, 2022).
A ƙarshe, ba wai kawai manufar Green Pass ta gaza cimma manufofinta na kiwon lafiyar jama'a ba, har ma tana ƙara zubar da amincin jama'a ga gwamnati da cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya, kuma cikin haɗari yana ɗaure masu yanke shawara kan hanyar da za ta haifar da lahani.
Ta fuskar dabaru, irin wannan tsokaci na siyasa a yayin yanayi na gaggawa na tura gwamnatoci zuwa ga ci gaba, da neman karin tsauraran matakai don aiwatar da manufar tare da dakile karuwar adawar jama'a. Don haka an yunƙura don amfani da dabaru iri-iri da kuma dabarun murkushewa, gami da ja da baya da takaddun da ke nuni ga matsalolin tsaro na rigakafi, hana kuɗaɗen bincike, kira zuwa sauraron shari'a, har ma da dakatar da lasisin likita, duk da fatan murkushe juriya (Guetzkow, Shir-Raz, Ronel, 2022).
Sannu a hankali makasudin ya zama aiwatar da manufofin maimakon kare lafiyar jama'a da sarrafa yanayin lafiya yadda ya kamata.
References
- Bazerman, M., & Neale, M. (1992). Haɓaka sadaukarwa a cikin shawarwari. Jaridar Gudanar da Turai, 10 (2), 163-168.
- Fotaki, M., & Hyde, P. (2015). Makafi na ƙungiya: Rarraba, zargi da manufa a cikin Ma'aikatar Kiwon Lafiya ta Ƙasa. Hulda da Mutane, 68 (3), 441-462.
- Hafsi, T., & Baba, S. (2022). Bincika Tsarin Manufofin Manufa: Hukunce-hukuncen Kullewar COVID-19. Jaridar Binciken Gudanarwa, 10564926221082494.
- Kamin-Friedman, S., & Peled Raz, M. (2021). Darussa daga shirin COVID-19 Green Pass na Isra'ila. Jaridar Isra'ila na Binciken Manufofin Lafiya, 10 (1), 1-6.
- Leigh, JP, Moss, SJ, White, TM, Picchio, CA, Rabin, KH, Ratzan, SC, … & Lazarus, JV (2022). Abubuwan da ke shafar shakkun rigakafin COVID-19 tsakanin masu ba da lafiya a cikin ƙasashe 23. Alurar riga kafi.
- Moser, K., Wolff, HG, & Kraft, A. (2013). Ƙaddamar da ƙaddamarwa: Ƙididdigar ƙididdiga da matakan fahimta. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 43 (2), 363-376.
- Muller, SM (2021). Hatsarin ilimin kimiya na aiki azaman madadin aiwatar da manufofin kimiya na kimiya: Mahimmanci, ƙima na farko na martanin Covid-19 na Afirka ta Kudu da sakamakonsa.. Ci gaban Duniya, 140, 105290.
- Plesner, Y da T, Helman, 2020, Ma'aunin Dimokuradiyya na Isra'ila. Cibiyar Dimokuradiyya ta Isra'ila, Jerusalem.
- Samimian-Darash, L. (2013). Gudanar da yuwuwar barazanar rayuwa na gaba: Zuwa ilimin halin ɗan adam na rashin tabbas. Anthropology na yanzu, 54 (1), 1-22.
Sleesman, DJ, Lennard, AC, McNamara, G., & Conlon, DE (2018). Sanya haɓaka ƙaddamarwa a cikin mahallin: bita da nazari da yawa. Cibiyar Nazarin Gudanarwa, 12 (1), 178-207.
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Shirly Bar-Lev ta sami digiri na uku daga Jami'ar Bar-Ilan. Ita ce Shugabar Dror (Imri) Aloni Center for Health Informatics, a Ruppin Academic Center. Bukatun bincikenta sun haɗa da: aiwatar da fasahohin kiwon lafiya, sarrafa ilimi, siyasar ƙungiya, ba da kyauta, da alaƙar amincewar ƙungiya. Ita mamba ce a babban taron PECC.
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