Yayin da duniyar lafiyar jama'a ta mai da hankali kan ajanda na bala'i da daidaita tsarin gudanarwa, 'yan kaɗan ne ke fahimtar yadda ake ba da kuɗin kiwon lafiya da sauye-sauyen hanyoyin kasuwanci waɗanda suka haifar da hakan. Lafiya dole ne ya biya, idan duniyar kamfanoni za ta ba da gudummawa. Boye wannan a cikin sharuɗɗan kamar 'ƙaddamar da kuɗaɗen sabbin abubuwa' ya ba da damar siyar da irin waɗannan hanyoyin a matsayin nagarta maimakon kawai durƙusa ga ikon kamfani. Duniyar lafiyar jama'a tana buƙatar duba zurfi, maimakon biyayya ga kowane sha'awar kamfanoni masu zaman kansu a matsayin amfanin jama'a.
Menene Ƙirƙirar Kuɗi?
Ƙididdiga masu ƙima sun sami shahara “a matsayin hanyar samarwa ƙarin kudade don lafiyar duniya"Bayan taron kasa da kasa kan samar da kudade don ci gaba a Monterrey (Mexico) na 2002. Tun daga wannan lokacin, ya zama ɗan zance, samun shahara a abubuwan da suka faru kamar taron tattalin arzikin duniya (WEF) da kuma cikin tattaunawar kan yarjejeniyar annoba. m kudi an fahimci cewa ya ƙunshi ƙungiyoyi daban-daban na "hanyoyi da hanyoyin samar da kuɗi da mafita waɗanda ke tattarawa, gudanar da mulki, ko rarraba kudade fiye da ODA" (taimakon ci gaban ƙasashen waje), wanda masu fafutuka ke jayayya "ƙara ƙarar girma, inganci, da tasiri na tafiyar da kuɗi."
A harkokin kiwon lafiya na duniya, yunƙurin karya jin daɗin ɗan adam zuwa ƙayyadaddun kuɗaɗen kuɗi ya haifar da damuwa game da rawar da masu gudanar da harkokin kuɗi, dalilai, cibiyoyi, da kasuwanni ke takawa kan sarrafa albarkatu da aiki na tsarin kiwon lafiya da sakamako. Ana kiran wannan sau da yawa a matsayin 'kudin kuɗi na lafiya'. Ya haɗa da haɓaka haɗin gwiwar jama'a da masu zaman kansu (PPPs), yin amfani da haɗin gwiwa da kasuwannin daidaito don ba da kuɗaɗen kiwon lafiya, da wuce gona da iri kan samfuran kiwon lafiya, da 'kayyade lafiyar lafiya.'
Ƙarshen yana nufin sauya tsarin kiwon lafiya zuwa kadara mai ciniki da siyarwa ga masu zuba jari. Damuwa game da kuɗin kuɗin lafiyar duniya, da rawar da take takawa don rigakafin cutar, shirye-shirye, da mayar da martani (PPPR), shine yadda yake yin tasiri akan ayyukan kiwon lafiya da ake samu da kuma wanda zai iya samun damar su. Wannan tasirin na iya yin aiki sau da yawa a waje da ikon 'yan majalisa na gida da/ko kuma ana iya sanya shi ta hanyar hanyoyin hada-hadar kudi ta duniya da sharuddan su.
Anan, muna tayar da damuwa da yawa game da amfani da sabbin kuɗaɗe don shirye-shiryen annoba da kuma dalilin da ya sa za mu ci gaba da yin shakku game da ci gaba da tasirinsu da shiga cikin tsarin PPPR mai tasowa.
Haɗin Kuɗi a cikin Lafiya da Shirye-shiryen Cututtuka
MedAccess yana ɗaukar sabbin kuɗaɗen kuɗi a matsayin muhimmin mahimmanci ga bin diddigin ci gaban ci gaba mai dorewa (SDGs), saboda yana "taimakawa wajen cike giɓi a fannin samar da kuɗaɗen ci gaba, yana kawo ƙarin hanyoyin samun kuɗi da buɗe yuwuwar babban jarin da ke akwai don haɓakawa da haɓaka tasiri." Tun farkon shekarun 2000, sabbin kuɗaɗen kuɗi sun samo asali sosai ta hanyar "ko dai haɗa kayan aikin kuɗi na yanzu ko amfani da kayan aikin kuɗi na yanzu a cikin sababbin yanayi - sassa, ƙasashe, ko yankuna - da / ko gabatar da sababbin abokan tarayya," tare da ci gaba mai girma a cikin kewayon kayan aikin kuɗi da aka yi amfani da su da kuma 'yan wasan kwaikwayo da suka shiga cikin shekaru ashirin da suka gabata.
Ƙirƙirar Maganganun Kuɗi don Dilla Gap ɗin Kuɗi na PPPR
Kamar yadda WHO ta lura, kafin barkewar Covid-19, "kadan cibiyoyin hada-hadar kudi na kasa da kasa suna da takamaiman hanyoyin samar da kudade don PPPR," daga cikinsu akwai sabbin hanyoyin samar da kudade da aka fi sani da Fannin Tallafin Gaggawa na Cutar (PEF). Bankin Duniya ya kaddamar a shekarar 2016. Farashin PEF wani tsari ne na samar da kuɗaɗen inshora, wanda ke ba da lamuni ga kasuwanni masu zaman kansu, don tara jarin da aka ware don magance barkewar annoba. Babban mashawarcin PEF don cancantar biyan kuɗi a lokacin barkewar ta nufi cewa Wurin ya gaza don samar da kudade masu yawa don barkewar cutar Ebola guda biyu a cikin 2018 da 2019, da kuma samar da kudade na lokaci-lokaci don Covid-19, kodayake a ƙarshe an ware dala miliyan 195.4 a ƙarshen Afrilu 2020 don taimakawa ƙasashe 64 masu karamin karfi don yaƙi da barkewar. Rashin gazawar PEF, wanda aka danganta da rashin kyawun tsarinta, ya kai ga jami'anta ranar 30/2021/XNUMX. Har ya zuwa yau, ba a sake yin wani yunƙuri na ƙirƙirar wata sabuwar hanyar ba da tallafin kuɗi don magance cutar ba, kodayake wani sabon Tsarin Kuɗi don Yarjejeniyar Cutar Cutar da Dokokin Kiwon Lafiya ta Duniya yana da haƙƙin ɗaukar wannan rawar a nan gaba.
The Majalisar WHO akan Tattalin Arziki na Lafiya ga Duk da'awar cewa "ko da yake COVID-19 ba a ɗauka a matsayin gaggawa na lafiyar jama'a na duniya na damuwa na duniya, gibin saka hannun jari yana daɗe tsakanin yuwuwar buƙatu da tallafin yanzu." Don zama daidai, a cewar WHO da Bankin Duniya, wannan abin da ake buƙata na saka hannun jari ya kai dala biliyan 31.1 a kowace shekara, tare da ƙarin gibin kuɗi na duniya dala biliyan 10.5 a cikin ODA. Dangane da waɗannan buƙatun kuɗin kuɗi, an sami ƙarin sha'awa ga hanyoyin da ba na ODA ba, musamman sabbin kuɗaɗen kuɗi, don haɓaka ƙoƙarin samar da kuɗin PPPR. Musamman ma, da WEF ta bayar da shawarar "Babban yuwuwar da ba a iya amfani da shi ba" na sabbin kudade don ciyar da PPPR gaba ta hanyar "yin amfani da kudade cikin sauri da inganci don samar da ayyukan kiwon lafiya cikin sauri," don dakatar da barkewar cutar a cikin hanyoyinsu, da kuma ceton "rayuwa da rayuwa marasa adadi." Musamman, WEF ta ba da shawarar fadada iyakokin sabbin hanyoyin samar da kudade, kamar Cibiyar Kuɗi ta Duniya don Yin rigakafi (IFFIm), don haɗawa da PPPR.
Fadada zuwa Sabbin Yankuna
Buƙatar tallafin gaggawa don kawo ƙarshen cutar ta Covid-19, haɗe tare da fatan cewa sabbin hanyoyin samar da kudade na iya samar da mafita, ya haifar da fadada iyakokin hanyoyin da ake da su da kuma aiwatar da gwaje-gwajen sabbin kayan aikin samar da kudade a cikin sabon mahallin - annoba.
Misalin tsohon shine PRODUCT (JAN), wanda kuma aka fi sani da (RED), wani sabon shiri na samar da kudade wanda ke neman tara kudade daga kamfanoni masu zaman kansu da wayar da kan jama'a game da kokarin da Asusun Duniya na Yaki da Cutar Kanjamau, Tarin Fuka da Malaria (GFATM) na rage nauyin HIV/AIDS a Afirka. (NET) alama ce mai lasisi ga kamfanoni, gami da Apple, Nike, da Starbucks, ta yadda "kowane siyan samfurin (RED) mai alama yana kunna gudummawar kamfani ga Asusun Duniya." A farkon cutar ta Covid-19, Apple ya tura gudummawar sa (RED). zuwa Tsarin Ba da Amsa na GFATM na COVID-19 har zuwa ƙarshen Yuni 2021, don haka yana ba da gudummawa don rage tasirin Covid-19 akan al'ummomin da ke fama da cutar kanjamau da ƙarfafa tsarin kiwon lafiya a cikin barazana.
Apple kuma ya himmatu wajen ba da gudummawa "$ 1 ga kowane sayan da aka yi tare da Apple Pay akan apple.com, a cikin Apple Store app, ko a kantin Apple" a cikin makon farko na Disamba 2020. Duk da cewa fadada haɗin gwiwar Apple tare da (RED) don yaƙar HIV / AIDS da Covid-19 yana nuna yadda za a iya amfani da sabbin kuɗaɗen kuɗi don PPPR, a cikin wannan yanayin ta hanyar amfani da haɗin gwiwar kamfanoni masu zaman kansu tare da babban ma'auni na WHO ba ya nuna alamar kasuwanci mai mahimmanci a duniya. ana buƙatar PPPR ($ 10.5 biliyan kowace shekara). Ganin cewa har zuwa 2020 babban haɗin gwiwar Apple tare da (RED) yana da kawai ya tara dala miliyan 250 sama da shekaru 14, dogaro da wannan nau'i na sabbin hanyoyin samar da kudade don cike gibin dala biliyan 10.5 na shekara-shekara na PPPR bai da alkawari.
Duk da haka, (RED) shine mafi sauƙin tsarin samar da kuɗi, tare da ƙarin nau'ikan matsala suna ɓoye.
Misali, IFIm wata sabuwar hanyar samar da kudade ce wacce aka fadada ikonta tun 2020, don mai da hankali kan Covid-19 da nan gaba PPPR kudi. The IFFIm tsarin kuɗi, da aka sani da gabaɗaya, ya juya alkawurran gwamnati na dogon lokaci (yawanci ana biya sama da shekaru 20+) a cikin shaidun rigakafi, waɗanda ake bayarwa a kasuwannin babban birnin kasar don samar da kudade da aka yi alkawarin ba da su nan da nan don shirye-shiryen rigakafin Gavi (The Vaccine Alliance). Tun lokacin da aka ƙaddamar da shi a cikin 2006, Cibiyar ta yi iƙirarin samun an tara sama da dala biliyan 9.7 don tallafawa aikin rigakafin Gavi kuma yana ba da shawarar cewa yana da ya taimaka wajen yiwa yara sama da biliyan 1 allurar rigakafi da wuri fiye da yadda zai yiwu ta hanyar alƙawarin al'ada na masu bayarwa.
A lokacin barkewar cutar ta Covid-19 IFFIm ta sake suna kanta a matsayin "mafi kyawun abin hawa don tallafawa tallafin shirin rigakafin cutar nan gaba," yana ɗaukar kusan dala biliyan 1 don tallafawa Alƙawarin Kasuwar Ci gaba na Gavi COVAX (AMC) don allurar rigakafin Covid-19, da ba da gudummawar dala miliyan 272 ga CEPI's (Haɗin gwiwar Shirye-shiryen Cututtuka) Ofishin Kwanaki 100 don samar da sababbin alluran rigakafi. Hanyar ɗorawa ta gaba ta IFFIm ta kasance Rahoton da aka ƙayyade na WEF a matsayin hanyar “inganta shirye-shiryen balaguron bala'in duniya a yanzu [a cikin yanayin tattalin arzikin da ke fama da tashe-tashen hankula], tare da barin gwamnatocin masu ba da gudummawa su yada farashin” nan gaba.
A zahiri, babu ƙarancin da'awar taya murna da IFFIm da masu haɗin gwiwa (Gavi da WEF) suka yi, suna haɓaka nasarar Facility da yuwuwar zama kayan aiki na farko don tallafin PPPR. Duk da haka, idan aka yi la'akari da yadda tsarin ke cikin ciki da kuma yadda ake tafiyar da shi yana nuna damuwa da yawa.
Na farko, mai zurfi 'bi kudi' bincike na IFIm ya fallasa rashin gaskiya a kusa da "wanda ke amfana da nawa," wanda ke ɓoye yawan riba da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu ke kashewa ga masu ba da gudummawa da masu cin gajiyar. Wannan babbar alama ce ta ja wanda ke lalata da'awar tsarin na tasiri, 'darajar kuɗi,' da yuwuwar taka muhimmiyar rawa a tallafin PPPR. Na biyu, masu sukar Har ila yau, tambaya game da rashin haɗin kai a cikin mulkin IFFIm, tare da dabarun da aka tsara da kuma yanke shawara da aka yanke a London ta hanyar ayyukan bayar da lamuni da cibiyoyin kudi na Birtaniya ke gudanarwa, "yayin da 'yan wasan kwaikwayo na jihohi da shawarwarin fasaha daga kasashen da ya kamata su kasance masu cin gajiyar IFFIm ba su halarta ba."
Sake Ziyartar Gwaji da Gwaji
Baya ga faɗaɗa iyakokin sabbin kayan aikin da ake da su don ba da gudummawar martanin bala'i yayin Covid-19, an ƙaddamar da sabon tsarin ƙaddamar da kasuwa na gaba (AMC) don haɓaka haɓakar rigakafin Covid-19 - Gavi COVAX AMC. An ƙirƙira shi azaman abin ƙarfafawa na kuɗi don ƙarfafa masana'antun su saka hannun jari a cikin haɓakar alluran rigakafi, AMC ya yi fice lokacin da yake. fara aiki "don tallafawa allurar rigakafin pneumococcal wanda zai kare kariya daga nau'ikan cutar da ke faruwa a cikin LMICs [ƙasashe masu ƙarancin ƙarfi da matsakaici]."
Hakanan, Gavi COVAX AMC (2020-2023) ya nemi tabbatar da samun daidaiton yin amfani da alluran rigakafi ga ƙasashe mafi talauci a duniya ta hanyar ƙarfafa masana'antun alluran rigakafi don haɓaka da "hanzarta kera maganin COVID-19 akan sikelin da kuma rarraba shi gwargwadon buƙata, maimakon ikon biya." Duk da cewa an samar da allurar rigakafin Covid-19 kuma an ba da izini don amfani da gaggawa cikin saurin rikodi, wadatar maganin rigakafi ga LMICs ya ragu a baya bayan samar da alluran rigakafi ga HICs (kasashe masu tasowa). Duk da yake mutane da yawa za su gane cewa wannan ya yi daidai da ƙaramar buƙata, a cikin gazawar manufarsa, yana kuma nuna gazawar irin waɗannan abubuwan ƙarfafawa na kuɗi don lafiya.
Wannan gazawar Cibiyar COVAX don tabbatar da 'daidaitacce' ga ƙasashen da ba za su iya ba da kansu ba tare da amintattun alluran rigakafin ga al'ummarsu ba ana iya danganta su da haɗuwar abubuwa, gami da HIC's. fifita yarjejeniyoyin kasashen biyu tare da masana'anta"don tabbatar da samun fifiko ga alluran rigakafi na gaba” akan sayan allurai ta hanyar COVAX, da kuma rashin daidaiton kasashe masu arziki tara alluran rigakafi da sauran samfuran cututtukan cututtukan da ke haifar da ƙarancin isa ga ƙasashe masu ƙarancin albarkatu. Wadannan shingayen samun daidaiton adalci an fi mayar da abin da ake kira'rigakafin kishin kasa,' “ta yadda kasashe ke aiwatar da manufofin da suna ba da fifiko ga bukatun lafiyar jama'a a kashe wasu.” Wadannan al'amura sun zama babban cece-kuce a cikin tattaunawar kan batun Yarjejeniyar annoba kuma har yanzu ana son a sasanta.
Bugu da ƙari, an sami manyan damuwa game da farashin alluran rigakafi, araha, da kuma yadda ake kashe kudaden jama'a. Wannan yuwuwar 'farashin farashi' ya tayar da ƙararrawa game da sirrin da ke tattare da kwangila tare da masana'antun rigakafin sanya hannu a ƙarƙashin laima na COVAX. Wato, yana haifar da damuwa da yawa game da karuwar amfani da sabbin hanyoyin samar da kudade ga PPPR, tunda Gavi COVAX AMC ta rashin fayyace, kamar IFFIm, da aka zana sararin samaniya don cin riba mai yawa na masu zaman kansu a kashe masu biyan haraji da masu karamin karfi, mutanen da ya kamata su ci gajiyar tsarin.
Bayan Haɓaka Haɓaka Maganin Kuɗi na PPPR
Fadada hanyoyin samar da kudade na zamani tabbas ya ba da gudummawa ga barkewar cutar ta Covid-19 ta hanyar karkatar da kudaden kamfanoni zuwa PPPR. Duk da yake wannan tsarin ya nuna amfanin sa don samar da ƙarin tallafin kuɗi don mayar da martani ga barkewar aiki, yana zuwa da tsada mai tsada, wanda ke sa ya zama mai dorewa. Mayar da hanyoyin da ake da su da kuma karkatar da kuɗaɗen da waɗannan hanyoyin suka tara zuwa ga PPPR yana kawo a high damar kudin na karkatar da kuɗaɗen kuɗi daga sauran manyan cututtuka masu yaduwa da marasa yaɗuwa da kuma abubuwan da suka fi dacewa da kiwon lafiya da aka ba da su ta hanyoyi iri ɗaya. Ta fuskar macro, a cikin duniyar da ke da iyakacin albarkatun kiwon lafiya na duniya da kuma abubuwan da suka fi dacewa da kiwon lafiya, riban wani mutum shine asarar wani, a zahiri. Kamar yadda wasu Malaman Afirka Ya ce, "Yaɗuwar hanyoyin ba da kuɗi da yawa don annoba ba ta mayar da hankali ga ƙoƙarin amma tana karkatar da hankali da albarkatu."
Ban da PEF (wanda ya gaza sosai), sauran yunƙurin yin amfani da sabbin hanyoyin samar da kuɗi don PPPR an iyakance su sosai don ba da amsa ga barkewar cutar sankara tare da '' yuwuwar kamuwa da cuta' bayan sun bayyana. Aikace-aikacen su azaman samfurin amsawa ga fashewar da ta riga ta yi aiki tana ƙara ƙalubale da yawa mayar da hankali kan dabarun rigakafi don ciyar da PPPR gaba, kamar yadda aka tabbatar ta yunƙurin yin amfani da sabbin kuɗaɗen kuɗi yayin Covid-19, gami da Gavi COVAX AMC da IFIm. Don haka, yin amfani da sabbin hanyoyin ba da kuɗaɗen kuɗi suna ba da fifiko ga wuce gona da iri-nauyi mai nauyi da tsarin kula da cututtuka, wanda zai iya samun sakamakon manufofin kiwon lafiya mara kyau da tasiri.
Duk da mayar da hankali sosai kan ilimin halittu, sabbin hanyoyin samar da kuɗi sun gaza cika alƙawarin da suka yi na tasiri da 'darajar kuɗi'. A zahiri, don waɗannan hanyoyin su yi aiki, suna buƙatar ba da damar saka hannun jari masu ban sha'awa don tabbatar da sayan kamfanoni masu zaman kansu. Duk da haka, yunƙurin jawo hankalin masu zuba jari a kowane farashi ya kuma tabbatar da lalata darajar da suke tunanin bayarwa ga masu cin gajiyar shirin. Haɗin alluran rigakafi ya ƙunshi ƙarancin haɗari, damar saka hannun jari mai riba mai yawa ga ƴan wasan kwaikwayo masu zaman kansu, kawai saboda masu ba da tallafi na gwamnati da jama'a sun yi watsi da duk hadarin a kan dogon lokacin sadaukarwa.
Hakazalika, rashin bayyana gaskiya da masu sukar IFFIm da Gavi COVAX AMC suka nuna ya haifar da damuwa sosai cewa masu zuba jari masu zaman kansu da masu kera alluran rigakafi suna samun fa'ida mai yawa ta hanyar kashe masu ba da gudummawa da masu cin gajiyar. Sabanin alkawalin samar da sabbin hanyoyin samar da kudade don dacewa da inganci da ingantaccen amfani da kudaden kiwon lafiya na duniya, akwai kwararan hujjoji da ke nuna cewa wadannan hanyoyin ba su da kyau ga masu bayar da tallafi da masu cin gajiyar.
Har ila yau, ba a san yadda ya kamata wadannan tsare-tsare za su biya bukatun kasashe masu karamin karfi ba yayin da ba su samu kujera a teburin ba. Wato, waɗanda ke kan ƙarshen karɓar ba sa kasancewa lokacin da aka yanke shawarar kuɗi da dabaru game da fifikon kiwon lafiyar duniya da rarraba albarkatu, ko lokacin da aka tattauna farashin alluran rigakafi da kwangila tare da masana'antun. Don haka, tsarin mulki da tsarin yanke shawara da ke tattare cikin sabbin hanyoyin samar da kudade suna lalata ka'idojin kiwon lafiyar jama'a, wanda ake zargin an daidaita su cikin Yarjejeniyar Cutar. Musamman, don haɓaka daidaito a cikin samun damar kiwon lafiya da samfuran lafiya.
Baya ga rashin daidaituwa da wannan buri, sabbin kuɗaɗen har yanzu sun gaza samar da hanyoyin samar da kuɗaɗen da suka dace da cikakkiyar tsarin kula da lafiyar jama'a don haɓaka PPPR. Duk da yake sabbin dabarun samar da kudade kamar su (RED) suna da alama suna ba da alƙawari dangane da yin amfani da babban jari mai zaman kansa don ba da rancen PPPR da haɓaka ƙarin saka hannun jari daga abokan tarayya masu zaman kansu, ƙayyadaddun amfani da su na ɗan lokaci a cikin mahallin haɓaka PPPR da ƙaramin kuɗin da aka tara ya bar tambayoyi da yawa waɗanda ba a amsa ba game da tsammanin haɓaka irin waɗannan shirye-shiryen, kazalika da dorewarsu da manufofin gida na dogon lokaci.
A takaice dai, sabbin hanyoyin samar da kudade suna kama da tallan karya don sake fasalin tallafin kuɗaɗen kiwon lafiya na duniya, inda 'babban yuwuwar da ba a iya amfani da shi ba' ya ta'allaka ne da yadda za a ƙara haɓaka buƙatun da ba ta dace ba ta hanyar amfani da cikakkiyar lafiyar jama'a ta duniya.
-
REPPARE (Sake kimanta Shirye-shiryen Cutar Kwayar cuta Da Ajandar Amsa) ya ƙunshi ƙungiyar darussan da yawa da Jami'ar Leeds ta kira.
Garrett W. Brown
Garrett Wallace Brown shine Shugaban Manufofin Lafiya na Duniya a Jami'ar Leeds. Shi ne Co-Jagoran na Sashen Bincike na Lafiya na Duniya kuma zai zama Darakta na sabuwar Cibiyar Haɗin gwiwar WHO don Tsarin Lafiya da Tsaron Lafiya. Binciken nasa ya mayar da hankali kan gudanar da harkokin kiwon lafiya na duniya, ba da kuɗaɗen kiwon lafiya, ƙarfafa tsarin kiwon lafiya, daidaiton lafiya, da ƙiyasin farashi da yuwuwar bayar da tallafi na shirye-shiryen rigakafin cutar da martani. Ya gudanar da manufofi da haɗin gwiwar bincike a cikin lafiyar duniya fiye da shekaru 25 kuma ya yi aiki tare da kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu, gwamnatoci a Afirka, DHSC, FCDO, Ofishin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Birtaniya, WHO, G7, da G20.
David Bell
David Bell likita ne na asibiti da lafiyar jama'a tare da PhD a cikin lafiyar jama'a da asali a cikin likitancin ciki, ƙirar ƙira da cututtukan cututtukan cututtuka. A baya can, ya kasance Darakta na Fasahar Kiwon Lafiya ta Duniya a Asusun Intellectual Ventures Global Good Fund a Amurka, Shugaban Shirin Malaria da Cutar Cutar Kwalara a Gidauniyar Innovative New Diagnostics (FIND) a Geneva, kuma ya yi aiki a kan cututtuka masu yaduwa da daidaita dabarun gano cutar zazzabin cizon sauro a Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya. Ya yi aiki na tsawon shekaru 20 a fannin kimiyyar halittu da lafiyar jama'a na duniya, tare da wallafe-wallafe sama da 120. David yana zaune a Texas, Amurka.
Blagovesta Tacheva
Blagovesta Tacheva ƙwararren mai bincike ne na REPPARE a Makarantar Siyasa da Nazarin Duniya a Jami'ar Leeds. Tana da PhD a cikin Harkokin Ƙasashen Duniya tare da gwaninta a ƙirar cibiyoyi na duniya, dokokin kasa da kasa, 'yancin ɗan adam, da martanin jin kai. Kwanan nan, ta gudanar da bincike na hadin gwiwa na WHO game da shirye-shiryen cutar sankara da kiyasin farashin mayar da martani da yuwuwar samar da sabbin hanyoyin samar da kudade don saduwa da wani yanki na wannan kiyasin. Matsayinta a cikin ƙungiyar REPPARE shine ta bincika shirye-shiryen cibiyoyi na yanzu waɗanda ke da alaƙa da shirye-shiryen balaguron balaguro da ajandar mayar da martani da kuma tantance dacewarta ta la'akari da nauyin haɗari da aka gano, farashin dama da sadaukarwa ga wakilci / yanke shawara mai adalci.
Jean Merlin von Agris
Jean Merlin von Agris dalibi ne na REPPARE wanda ke samun tallafin PhD a Makarantar Siyasa da Nazarin Duniya a Jami'ar Leeds. Yana da digiri na biyu a fannin raya tattalin arziki tare da sha'awar ci gaban karkara na musamman. Kwanan nan, ya mai da hankali kan yin bincike kan iyaka da tasirin ayyukan da ba na magunguna ba yayin bala'in Covid-19. A cikin aikin REPPARE, Jean zai mai da hankali kan tantance zato da kuma ƙwaƙƙwaran tushen shaida da ke ƙunshe da shirye-shiryen balaguron bala'in duniya da ajandar mayar da martani, tare da mai da hankali musamman kan abubuwan da ke haifar da jin daɗi.
Duba dukkan posts
