Mutumin da ke cikin Ladubban Likitan Zamani
Ka'idodin kiwon lafiyar jama'a, tare da asali dokar kare hakkin dan adam, sun dogara ne a kusa da fifiko na 'yancin zaɓi, in ba haka ba ana la'akari da wajibcin yarda da sanarwa. Yayin da aka tabo fitattun hujjoji adawa da cin gashin kai na jiki a cikin 'yan shekarun da suka gabata, akwai dalilai masu kyau da ya sa aka gudanar da iko a cikin magani don kasancewa tare da mutum mai haƙuri maimakon mai aiki.
Na farko, idan aka bai wa mutane iko a kan wasu, yawanci suna amfani da shi ta hanyar da ba ta dace ba. Wannan ya bayyana a karkashin Turawa farkisanci da eugenics hanyoyin gama gari a Amurka da sauran wurare a farkon rabin 20th karni. Na biyu, gwaje-gwaje na tunani sun nuna akai-akai cewa talakawa na iya komawa cikin masu cin zarafi inda “hankalin ’yan iska” ke tasowa. Na uku, idan aka yi la’akari da dukan mutane daidai da kima, to ba zai yuwu ba mutum ɗaya ya mallaki jikin wasu kuma ya yanke shawara a kan yarda da imaninsu da ɗabi’unsu.
Yawancin al'adu sun dogara ne akan rashin daidaito, kamar tsarin kabilanci da waɗanda ke ba da izinin bauta. Hujjoji na mulkin mallaka sun ginu ne a kan wannan fage, kamar yadda aka saba yakin neman zabe a kasashe da dama. Don haka, bai kamata mu kalli irin waɗannan hanyoyin ba a baya ko a ka'ida - duniya ta ci gaba da ganin tashin hankali da yaƙe-yaƙe na kabilanci, da rarrabuwar kawuna bisa halaye irin su kabilanci, addini, ko launin fata. Ma'aikatan kiwon lafiyar jama'a suna da tarihi kasance masu aiwatar da aiki na irin wannan motsi. Ya kamata mu yi tsammanin cewa irin wannan tunanin har yanzu yana wanzuwa a yau.
Kishiyar akidun masu mulki ko na farkisanci shine son kai, wanda shine babban jigo a tarihin tunanin siyasa, inda tsarkin ‘yan adam ya kasance “ya ƙare a cikin kansu” yana buƙatar sadaukarwa mai zurfi na metaphysical ga mutunta ɗan adam, cin gashin kai, yanci, da ƙimar ɗabi'a. Ba tare da kimanta ɗabi'a ba, zaɓin da aka sani ba shi da ma'ana. Karkashin bayan yakin duniya na biyu likita xa'a, mutum yana da hakkin ya yanke shawarar maganin kansa, a cikin nasu mahallin.
Banbance na faruwa a wurare uku. Na farko, inda mutum yana da matsananciyar tabin hankali ko wani babban gazawar da ke kawo cikas ga yanke shawara. Kamar yadda yake a sama, duk shawarar da wasu suka yanke na iya yin la'akari da bukatunsu kawai. Na biyu, inda mutum yake niyyar aikata laifi, kamar ya raunata wani da gangan. Na uku, kamar yadda ka'idar Siracusa ta faɗi, inda za a iya iyakance wasu haƙƙoƙi don magance wata babbar barazana ga lafiyar jama'a (Ka'idodin Siracusa, Mataki na ashirin da biyar).
Waɗannan keɓancewar a fili suna daɗa ɗaki don cin zarafi. A cikin annobar cutar Covid-19 ta baya-bayan nan, Jaridar Ƙungiyar Likitoci ta Amirka (JAMA) gudu wata kasida wanda zai dace sosai da fasiyyar Turai kafin WWII ko eugenics na Arewacin Amurka. Ya ba da shawarar cewa likitocin da suka riƙe “aƙidar ƙarya game da martanin Covid-19 (misali bayar da shawarar rashin ingancin abin rufe fuska da amincin allurar rigakafi) suna nuna cututtukan jijiyoyi don haka ya kamata a sarrafa su yayin da mutane ba za su iya yin zaɓi na gaskiya ba.
Saƙon cewa "Dukkanmu muna cikin wannan tare," "Babu wanda ke da aminci har sai kowa ya tsira," da kuma irin wannan magana game da wannan batu. Duk da yake ra'ayin yin hidima mafi girma, ko yin abin da ya fi dacewa ga yawancin, ra'ayi ne da ake da shi sosai kuma ana iya fahimta, yayin amsawar Covid ya ba da damar manyan hanyoyin sadarwa aljanu yara don sanya manya cikin haɗari.
Wannan yana haifar da tada jijiyar wuya tsakanin abin da aka shelanta a bainar jama'a (mutum ya yanke shawarar a takaita wasu don amfanin jama'a) da zabin daidaikun mutane ('yancin yanke hukunci kan yadda mutum ya aikata), ko da (kamar yadda yake a mafi yawan al'amura na rayuwa) wasu sun shiga hannu. A cikin ƙasashen Yamma tun daga WWII, an fi mayar da hankali kan zaɓin mutum ɗaya. A cikin mulkin kwaminisanci da sauran gwamnatocin kama-karya, an ba da fifiko kan kyakkyawan shelar gama gari. Waɗannan su ne ainihin direbobi daban-daban don yadda yakamata al'umma suyi aiki a cikin matsalar lafiya.
Kalmomi na baya-bayan nan masu alaƙa da rigakafin cutar amai da gudawa, shirye-shirye, da martani (PPPR) na Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (PPPR) suna ba da shawarar ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun yunƙurin raina haƙƙoƙin mutum ɗaya (cin kai na jiki ko “ƙaddamar da mutum ɗaya”). Mun ba da a nan jerin misalai a cikin sababbin takardun duniya da yawa game da shirye-shiryen annoba, waɗanda suka dace da sababbin kalmomi da aka ƙara zuwa daftarin Yarjejeniyar Cutar da aka yi niyya don jefa ƙuri'a a Majalisar Lafiya ta Duniya ta 78 a watan Mayu 2025. Misalan da alama suna da alaƙa, suna ba da shawarar gabatar da wannan jigon da gangan.
Muna tambaya a nan ko ana aiwatar da canjin teku a cikin ka'idodin kiwon lafiyar jama'a na duniya, da kuma ko an haɓaka ɗabi'un likitanci don magance hanyoyin farkisanci na Turai da mulkin mallaka da gangan ake lalata su don haɓaka sabon tsarin mulkin tsakiya.
Hukumar Kula da Cututtuka ta Duniya (GPMB) Rahoton Shekara-shekara na 2024
Hukumar Kula da Cututtuka ta Duniya (GPMB) ta samar da ta rahoton shekara-shekara a ƙarshen 2024, yana ba da shawara mai ƙarfi ga mahimman sassan shawarwarin WHO PPPR. WHO da Bankin Duniya ne suka hada GPMB amma da alama mai zaman kansa, kamar yadda yake wasu irin wannan bangarori. Rahoton shekara-shekara, wanda aka inganta musamman ta WHO a Babban Taron Lafiya na Duniya a watan Oktoba 2024, ya lissafa manyan abubuwan da ke haifar da haɗarin kamuwa da cutar da kuma shawarar matakan magance su. A karon farko muna sane a cikin rahoton da ke da alaƙa da WHO, 'Ƙaunar Mutum' musamman an gano shi a matsayin babban haɗarin kamuwa da cutar.
Hada da individualism kamar yadda babban direban haɗarin kamuwa da cuta yana goyan bayan magana ɗaya kawai. Wannan binciken ne Huang et al. wanda aka buga a mujallar Nature Ilimin Dan Adam da Sadarwar Kimiyyar Jama'a a 2022. Mun tattauna wannan takarda daki-daki a kasa.
Don haka, GPMB, wanda WHO ta amince da shi, ya ɗaga ɗaiɗaikun ɗabi'a (wataƙila ƴancin kai ko kuma yancin kai na mutum ɗaya) a matsayin mai cutar da al'ummar duniya, da alama ya sabawa ƙa'idodin ƙasashen duniya da suka gabata kamar su. Universal Declaration of Human Rights, da Yarjejeniyar Geneva da ka'idojin tushen haƙƙoƙi masu alaƙa, Da Lambobin Nuremberg, don suna kaɗan. Wannan ya haifar da damuwa ba kawai ta fuskar ɗabi'a da siyasa ba har ma ta hanyar rashin shaidar da aka bayar don ko da mayar da muhawarar, kamar yadda muka nuna a kasa game da binciken Huang.
Dattawa
Dattawan, ƙungiyar da membobi sun mamaye GPMB kuma suna ba da shawara ga ajandar cutar ta WHO, sun buga wata sanarwa. matsayin takarda Farashin PPPR shine 30th Janairu 2025. Yayin da yake nuna maganganun magana na rahotannin da suka gabata (misali Rahoton kwamitin mai zaman kansa na 2021) kuma an sassauta kamar haka game da samar da shaida don goyan bayan da'awar ta na barazanar wanzuwa, yana kuma ɗaga jigon ɗabi'a. Wannan da alama ba zai yi karo da juna ba, musamman yadda marubutan suka yi karo da GPMB.
Duk da yake ba a zahiri bayar da ambaton ba, iƙirarin sa na barazanar son kai ga sakamakon Covid yana kama da daga Huang et al. (2022), tushen guda ɗaya da GPMB: “Wani bincike da aka gudanar a shekarar 2021 ya gano cewa idan kasar ta fi son kai, yawan yaduwar cutar COVID-19 da adadin wadanda suka mutu, kuma da wuya mutanenta su bi matakan rigakafin..” Kamar yadda aka ambata a ƙasa, wannan babban ɓarna ne na binciken, kodayake ba ƙarshe ba, na Huang da mawallafa, Al'ummar da ke da tarihin gama gari, yayin da suke da ingantattun sakamakon Covid-19, suma sun sami ƙarancin ɗaukar allurar rigakafi.
Daga nan sai dattawan suka yi magana mai kama da sabani amma mai ban sha'awa a cikin yanayin annoba; "Shugabannin masu mulki na iya amfani da al'adun son kai don kara raba kan mutane don karfafa ikonsu. Wajibi ne ga shugabannin masu mulki (ya kasance) su samar da karfi kuma ta haka ne su nuna rashin gamsuwa yayin COVID-19." Wannan yana nuna cewa mulkin kama-karya yana inganta cin gashin kai na daidaikun mutane, yayin da rufewa da wa'adin sun kasance alamar shugabanci mara izini.
Idan aka yi la’akari da rawar da take takawa a cikin dukkan rahotannin biyu, ya zama dole a bugu da binciken Huang et al. don ƙarin fahimtar iƙirarin sa, ƙarfinsa, da ikon da ya kamata a ba shi.
HUANG et al. 2022; Ƙirƙirar Shaidar don Tallafawa Labari?
Kungiyar malaman jami'o'in kasar Sin hudu sun buga wani bincike takarda in Ilimin Dan Adam da Sadarwar Kimiyyar Jama'a a 2022. Mutunci da yaƙi da COVID-19 ya zama tushen tushen da aka ambata a matsayin shaida cewa ɗaiɗaicin ɗabi'a shine babban abin da ke haifar da haɗarin annoba a cikin Rahoton GPMB WHO ta inganta, kuma daga baya na Dattawa. Huang da mawallafa sun kammala:
"Shaidu tare suna nuna cewa rashin son juna tsakanin mutane a cikin al'adun mutum-mutumi don bin manufofin yakar kwayar cutar yana haifar da mummunan yanayin lafiyar jama'a a cikin annoba."
Ta hanyar mutum-mutumi, suna nufin:
"Rashin ɗaiɗaikun ɗaiɗaikun jama'a yana ɗaukar gwargwadon yadda mutane a cikin al'umma ke da hankali da kuma ba su ikon yin nasu zaɓi (Hofstede 1980)."
Cibiyoyin ilimi na kasar Sin ne suka ba da tallafin, binciken ya kwatanta kasashe a sakamakon Covid-19 da suka yi kan matakan son kai. Wannan matakin ya haɗa da adadin waɗanda suka sami lambar yabo ta Nobel don adabi da zaman lafiya da suka samar; waɗanda marubutan suka yi la’akari da su a matsayin alama ta ɗabi'ar ƙasa don ɗabi'a.
Kamar yadda suke cewa:
"Amfani da adadin waɗanda suka ci lambar yabo ta Nobel don yin amfani da ɗabi'a, muna nuna cewa ƙasashen da ke nuna fifiko kan ɗabi'a gabaɗaya suna da mummunan yanayin COVID-19."
Daga waɗannan tushe na ra'ayi, binciken ya kwatanta lardunan Yamma da Gabashin Jamus daga 2020 zuwa 2021, la'akari da cewa "sun gaji [halayen ra'ayin jama'a-jama'a] daga mabanbantan manufofinsu na siyasa kafin sake hadewar Jamus a 1990. Yayin da lardunan gabas suna da mafi girma na Covid-19 da kuma matsakaicin shekaru 2021 na yawan mace-mace a cikin shekaru XNUMX a cikin shekaru XNUMX na binciken. ya kammala cewa lardunan gabas sun sami ɗan ƙaramin lahani na Covid a cikin shekaru biyu.
Wani sha'awa ta musamman game da sashin binciken na Jamusanci, masu binciken sun lura cewa lardunan gabas suma suna da ƙarancin allurar rigakafin Covid da ke da alaƙa da ingantattun sakamakonsu. Amma duk da haka, maimakon kammalawa (kamar yadda suka yi tare da tarihin tattarawa na baya) cewa wannan direba ne don ƙarancin mace-mace, sun bayyana cewa "ƙungiyoyin dama suna ba da "shakkun rigakafin rigakafi" da gangan.
Marubutan kuma da alama sun yi watsi da yuwuwar cewa ƙananan adadin allurar rigakafin Covid a Gabashin Jamus (da kuma a Tsakiya da Gabashin Turai gabaɗaya) na iya zama da kansu sakamakon ƙarancin dogaro ga cibiyoyin da aka gada daga zamanin Kwaminisanci. Sakamakon haka, suna nuna cewa rashin ɗabi'a ya rage yawan Covid, amma yawan ɗabi'a ya rage adadin allurar rigakafi (wanda ya kamata ya rage yawan Covid). Sabanin ciki a nan na iya tserewa daga Nature masu dubawa da GPMB.
Bayanin marubutan dalilin da yasa tattarawa ya fi son kai yana magana da yawa game da maida hankali kan yarda da yawan jama'a a cikin manufofin keɓaɓɓun martani na Covid-19. Don nakalto shi gaba daya:
"Mawallafin The Communist Manifesto, Karl Marx, a farkon rubuce-rubucensa, ya soki ra'ayi na haƙƙoƙin halitta da aka samo a cikin "Sanarwa na 'Yancin Dan Adam" (1791) daga juyin juya halin Faransa kamar yadda yake nuna kawai ɓangaren girman kai na yanayin ɗan adam, ba tare da amincewa da ɓangaren al'umma na al'umma ba. koyarwa ta ƙungiyoyin wuraren aiki, ta hanyar ilimin siyasa da kuma ta hanyar kula da kafofin watsa labarai ta hukumomi (Wallace, 1997)”.
Yana da alaƙa ta fuskar haƙƙin ɗan adam cewa wannan takarda ta Huang et al., tana haɓaka martanin kwaminisanci ga matsalolin gaggawa na kiwon lafiya, ta zama shaida ɗaya tilo da GPMB ke tunanin ya zama dole don goyi bayan ikirarinsu na son kai barazana ce ga lafiya. Bayan inganta sakamakon binciken na GPMB, sakatariyar WHO a yanzu ta kara wani layi mai ban sha'awa ga daftarin Yarjejeniyar Cutar Kwayar cuta, da alama tana neman daidaita wannan damuwa a manufofin cutar ta gaba.
Daftarin Yarjejeniyar Cutar Kwalara
Daftarin Yarjejeniyar annoba ta inda WHO da wasu ƙasashe membobin ke fatan magance ƙarin buƙatun kudade da gudanar da mulkin PPPR na ci gaba da kasancewa tattaunawa a Geneva. Bayan shekaru uku, har yanzu ana takun saka tsakanin kasashe dangane da batun mallakar samfuran kwayoyin halitta, raba ribar da aka samu daga alluran rigakafi da sauran matakan da suka dace na likitanci, da kuma kula da mallakar fasaha. Manufar ita ce sanya daftarin kuri'a a Majalisar Lafiya ta Duniya na Mayu 2025. Yayin da wani daftarin da aka fitar kwanan nan ya mayar da hankali kan ragowar batutuwan jayayya, ya kuma ƙara sabon sakin layi gaba ɗaya kan wani batu da ake ganin ba shi da alaƙa, yana ci gaba da jigon ɗaiɗaiɗi da zama barazana ga lafiyar jama'a.
Baya ga rubutun da aka amince da shi a cikin Mataki na 1 na daftarin Yarjejeniyar Cutar Kwayar cuta, "Gane da cewa Jihohi ne ke da alhakin kula da lafiya da jin dadin jama'arsu," Kungiyar Tattaunawar Duniya ta Duniya. sabuwar shawara don daftarin Yarjejeniyar na 15 Nuwamba 2025 ya haɗa da sakin layi na gaba, wanda ke ƙayyade alhakin daidaikun mutane a yayin bala'in annoba:
"[1bis. Sanin cewa mutane, suna da ayyuka ga wasu mutane da kuma al'ummar da suke ciki, da kuma cewa masu ruwa da tsaki, suna da alhakin yin ƙoƙari don kiyaye manufar yarjejeniyar yanzu,"
Maƙallan murabba'in suna nuna cewa "akwai ra'ayoyi mabambanta" dangane da rubutun da aka tsara. Rashin daidaituwa tsakanin kasashe membobin WHO yana magana da rashin fahimtarsu na son buɗe gwangwanin tsutsotsi ta hanyar amincewa da wani ɗan adam alhakin kiwon lafiya da jin daɗin rayuwa, kuma wataƙila suna shakkar cewa wurin da za a yi irin wannan ikirari ya kamata ya zama yarjejeniya ta ƙasa da ƙasa bisa doka. Rashin fayyace babu makawa ya haifar da ƙayatattun tambayoyi game da abin da waɗannan ayyuka guda ɗaya suka kunsa; ko ana ganin su a matsayin masu bin doka ko kuma su zama abin tunatarwa game da ayyukanmu na ɗabi'a da ɗabi'a ga wasu, da kuma yadda za a sauke su da aiwatar da su a kan ƴan ƙasa (idan an bi doka) lokacin da wata hukuma ta ƙasa da ƙasa ta ba da izini.
Pre-Covid-19 Shawarwari na WHO kan cutar mura haɓaka tsarin gamayya na al'umma don shirye-shiryen rigakafin cutar daki-daki dalla-dalla "muhimman ayyuka" na mutane da iyalai yayin bala'in. Yayin da take amincewa da jihar a matsayin "shugaban halitta don haɗin kai da sadarwa baki ɗaya [PPPR]," WHO na kallon PPPR na ƙasa a matsayin 'alhakin al'umma gaba ɗaya.' Saboda haka, WHO ta yi la'akari da cewa mutane suna da alhakin da ke gaba don magance yaduwar cututtuka: "Ɗaukar matakan mutum da na gida kamar su rufe tari da atishawa, wanke hannu, da keɓe masu cutar numfashi da son rai na iya hana ƙarin kamuwa da cuta."
Wannan takaddar jagora ta kuma nuna mahimmancin gidaje da iyalai wajen tabbatar da samun “amintattun bayanai” (watau daga WHO, ƙananan hukumomi da na ƙasa) daidai da samun abinci, ruwa, da magunguna. Dangane da nauyin da ya rataya a wuyan mutum ga al'ummar mutum ga wadanda suka murmure daga cutar, WHO ta ba da shawarar yin la'akari da zabin sa kai tare da kungiyoyin al'umma don taimakawa wasu.
Koyaya, iyakar wannan alhakin na mutum yana iya faɗaɗawa tun bayan barkewar cutar ta Covid-19. Takarda 2024 by Davies da Savulescu ya binciko wannan, yana mai nuni da cewa "idan babu matsananciyar matsananciyar tilastawa" daidaikun mutane suna da "hakin bin jagora mai ma'ana da kyakkyawar sadarwa" don hana yaduwar cutar. Wannan shawarar ta kasance gabaɗaya cikin kiyaye ƙa'idodin WHO da aka rigaya amma tana jadada matsalar tantance menene "jagora mai ma'ana." Bambance-bambancen samun damar samun “amintaccen bayani” da kuma ikon fahimtarsu daga shawarwari marasa ma'ana, waɗanda aka yi amfani da su ga mahallin nasu, suna da mahimmanci don yin zaɓin da aka sani.
Marubutan sun ci gaba da bayyana cewa wannan alhakin na kashin kansa ya ƙunshi bin matakan matakan kariya da magunguna (NPIs), gami da abin rufe fuska da umarnin alluran rigakafi, nisantar da jama'a, ware kai, da raba bayanai tare da jami'an kiwon lafiyar jama'a. Wannan yana tayar da matsalar da yawancin alamomin suka canza yayin Covid-19 ba tare da tabbataccen tushe na shaida ba.
Kuma wasu canje-canje, irin su abin rufe fuska, sun saba wa juna Haɗin gwiwar Cochrane meta-bincike na inganci da dai sauransu goyon bayan wallafa karatu. A wannan yanayin, roko shine ra'ayin hukumomi (misali WHO) maimakon shaida, yin kimanta jagorar 'ma'ana' mai matukar matsala.
Dangane da yanayin wadannan ayyuka. Davies da Savilescu yi jayayya da wani alhaki na ɗabi'a amma kar ku yi la'akari da cewa wannan yana bawa gwamnatoci damar "tilasta allurar rigakafi bisa doka." Bugu da ari, sun fahimci cewa mutane masu rauni na kuɗi na iya ba za su iya samun damar ware kansu da rasa aiki ba, suna ba da shawarar cewa akwai keɓanta ga ƙa'idar. Wani na iya ƙara da cewa wasu kuma na iya gane cewa lahani na dogon lokaci na al'umma kamar su ya karu talauci da kuma katsewa ga ilimi Sakamakon martanin Covid na iya sanya bin irin waɗannan shawarwarin na ɗan gajeren lokaci bai dace ba.
Hakanan akwai "yanayin ilimi" akan alhakin, kamar yadda mutane zasu iya samun dalilai masu ma'ana don ƙin shiga tsakani saboda rashin tabbas, fallasa ga rashin fahimta, da ingantaccen tushe a cikin cibiyoyi, gami da kimanta shaidar farashi da fa'idodi a cikin mahallin nasu.
Yana da wuya a yi tunanin yadda za a iya cimma matsaya a kan irin wannan sarkakiyar al’amura masu sarkakiya a cikin tattaunawar da aka kulla a kan annobar cutar, balle a ce an tsara su su zama doka. Waɗannan misalan suna ba da ɗan ƙaramin haske ne kawai cikin jerin tambayoyin da haɗa sakin layi akan alhakin mutum ɗaya a cikin Yarjejeniyar Cutar za ta ɗaga. Irin wannan shubuha yana buɗe tsammanin cin zarafi da tabbatar da matakan ban mamaki waɗanda ke lalata haƙƙoƙin mutum da ƴancin kai.
Wataƙila mafi mahimmancin damuwa shine ko Yarjejeniyar Cutar Kwayar cuta na iya zama lasisi don umarnin tilasta yin allurar rigakafi, sauran hanyoyin magance magunguna, da sassan magunguna, ko kuma zai ci gaba da kasancewa cikin yanayin ɗabi'a da ɗabi'a waɗanda mutane suka haifa. Za a iya karkatar da na ƙarshe don tabbatar da wani mataki na tilastawa da tauye haƙƙoƙi da ƴanci. Wannan yana nuna doguwar muhawara a cikin ka'idar siyasa, inda dalilai na ɗabi'a "don tilasta mutum ya zama 'yanci" don haɓaka nau'in "'yanci mai kyau" na gamayya zai iya zuwa tare da tsada mai mahimmanci ga "'yanci mara kyau" na mutum.
A aikace, samun daidaiton ma'auni sau da yawa yakan gangaro zuwa hanyoyin da za a bi don kame iko, wanda 'yancin ɗan adam da son kai da suke nema don karewa suna taka rawar tarihi. Koyaya, tsohon yanayin bayar da lasisi ga matakan tilastawa yana da yuwuwar barna mai nisa don halatta matsananciyar tilastawa da kuma alhaki na mutum don gazawa wajen bin ka'idojin cewa mutum ko mutumin da ke kan mulki ya yanke shawara shine 'ayyukan' mutum ga wasu. A ƙarshe, ba a so don adana wani mataki na daidaikun hukuma a cikin lamuran da suka shafi lafiyar mutum.
Hankalin Tauye Masu Yawa Don Amfanuwa Da Kadan
Duk da yawan mace-mace a cikin tsofaffi da waɗanda ke tare da muhimman cututtuka, An sadu da kwayar cutar ta SARS-CoV-2 tare da matakan hana jama'a da kuma tilastawa kan sikelin da ba a yi amfani da shi a baya ba. Wannan martani na Covid-19 ya yi tasiri sosai canji a cikin dukiya a duniya daga dayawa zuwa kadan. Kiwon lafiya da kamfanoni na dijital, da daidaikun mutane da suka saka hannun jari a cikinsu, sun sami abin da ba a taɓa gani ba karuwa a cikin dukiya ta hanyar hani kan abin da mutane da yawa suka yarda da shi a matsayin haƙƙin ɗan adam da ba za a iya canzawa ba - zaɓin mutum game da yadda mutum zai magance barazanar lafiyarsa.
Duk da yake an daɗe ana tashe-tashen hankula tsakanin ikon mallakar mutum ɗaya (cin kai na jiki) da buƙatar yin aiki ta hanyoyin da ke iyakance haɗari ga wasu, fifikon a cikin ƙasashen Yammacin Turai a fili ya kasance a gefen mutum tsawon shekaru 75 kafin barkewar Covid-19. Nasarar martanin Covid-19 wajen wadatar da wasu kaɗan, da kuma haɓaka faɗuwar masana'antar cutar ta hanyar haɓakawa koyaushe. kula da kuma amsoshi masu alaka da rigakafin, yana ba da direba mai ƙarfi ga mutane da yawa a cikin matsayi na tasiri don ci gaba da wannan hanyar.
Hare-haren da aka bayyana kan manufar ɗabi'a, wanda aka bayyana akan ƙayyadaddun shaida a matsayin babban direban haɗarin kamuwa da cuta, ya yi daidai da wannan yunƙurin ikon mallakar lafiyar jama'a. Ƙaunar son kai wani ƙwaƙƙwaran manufa ne, kuma al’ummar kiwon lafiyar jama’a na da tarihin ba da taimako da kuma taimaka wa waɗanda za su tauye haƙƙin wasu don amfanin kansu. Wannan lamari ne mai matukar damuwa, fiye da haka idan an samar da shi tare da ingantaccen halayya ta bangarori na fitattun mutane. Shigar da ita yanzu cikin sabon daftarin yarjejeniyar ta WHO da alama yana nuna alamar sha'awar rage ra'ayin 'yancin ɗan adam a matakin dokokin duniya.
The Kundin tsarin mulkin WHO yana bayyana lafiya a matsayin jin daɗin jiki, tunani, da zamantakewa. Yana da wuya a ga yadda ya fi dacewa da jin daɗin tunani da zamantakewa ta hanyar tilasta wa mutane barin cin gashin kansu kuma a tilasta musu bin umarnin wasu. Tarihi ya gaya mana cewa za a yi amfani da mulki, amma fahimta babban mutum Hakanan ya gaya mana cewa waɗanda ba su da ikon cin gashin kansu suna da ɗan gajeren rayuwa. Yana gaya mana cewa kawai binciken da aka nakalto a cikin shawarwarin dalla-dalla a nan yana ɗaukar nasarorin da aka samu na kyautar Nobel a cikin adabi da zaman lafiya a matsayin alamun mummunan halin zamantakewa. Wasu za su ɗauki irin waɗannan nasarorin a matsayin alamar bunƙasa da ci gaban ɗan adam.
Ƙoƙarin da ake yi a yanzu don daidaita ra'ayin cewa ɗabi'a barazana ce ga lafiya a cikin dokokin ƙasa da ƙasa, ta hanyar daftarin Yarjejeniyar Cutar Kwayar cuta, ya kamata ya tsoratar da mu duka. Ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan shaidar shaidar da aka bayar don goyan bayanta ya ce yawancin haɗarin da wannan hanyar ke haifarwa, da cutarwar da za mu iya tsammani. Ka'idodin kiwon lafiyar jama'a na zamani sun dogara ne akan tallafi ga al'umma ta hanyar kiyaye haƙƙin ɗan adam. Bugu da ƙari, empirically, akwai babu rikicin da ke neman a sake tunani cikin gaggawa da kuma watsi da 'yancin kai. Wadanda ke ba da shawarar wannan canjin yakamata suyi tunani akan ma'anar lafiya, da kuma dalilin da yasa muka sanya mutum a matsayin rukunin farko na damuwar ɗabi'a kuma don haka a matsayin babban mai yanke hukunci na kiwon lafiya.
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REPPARE (Sake kimanta Shirye-shiryen Cutar Kwayar cuta Da Ajandar Amsa) ya ƙunshi ƙungiyar darussan da yawa da Jami'ar Leeds ta kira.
Garrett W. Brown
Garrett Wallace Brown shine Shugaban Manufofin Lafiya na Duniya a Jami'ar Leeds. Shi ne Co-Jagoran na Sashen Bincike na Lafiya na Duniya kuma zai zama Darakta na sabuwar Cibiyar Haɗin gwiwar WHO don Tsarin Lafiya da Tsaron Lafiya. Binciken nasa ya mayar da hankali kan gudanar da harkokin kiwon lafiya na duniya, ba da kuɗaɗen kiwon lafiya, ƙarfafa tsarin kiwon lafiya, daidaiton lafiya, da ƙiyasin farashi da yuwuwar bayar da tallafi na shirye-shiryen rigakafin cutar da martani. Ya gudanar da manufofi da haɗin gwiwar bincike a cikin lafiyar duniya fiye da shekaru 25 kuma ya yi aiki tare da kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu, gwamnatoci a Afirka, DHSC, FCDO, Ofishin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Birtaniya, WHO, G7, da G20.
David Bell
David Bell likita ne na asibiti da lafiyar jama'a tare da PhD a cikin lafiyar jama'a da asali a cikin likitancin ciki, ƙirar ƙira da cututtukan cututtukan cututtuka. A baya can, ya kasance Darakta na Fasahar Kiwon Lafiya ta Duniya a Asusun Intellectual Ventures Global Good Fund a Amurka, Shugaban Shirin Malaria da Cutar Cutar Kwalara a Gidauniyar Innovative New Diagnostics (FIND) a Geneva, kuma ya yi aiki a kan cututtuka masu yaduwa da daidaita dabarun gano cutar zazzabin cizon sauro a Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya. Ya yi aiki na tsawon shekaru 20 a fannin kimiyyar halittu da lafiyar jama'a na duniya, tare da wallafe-wallafe sama da 120. David yana zaune a Texas, Amurka.
Blagovesta Tacheva
Blagovesta Tacheva ƙwararren mai bincike ne na REPPARE a Makarantar Siyasa da Nazarin Duniya a Jami'ar Leeds. Tana da PhD a cikin Harkokin Ƙasashen Duniya tare da gwaninta a ƙirar cibiyoyi na duniya, dokokin kasa da kasa, 'yancin ɗan adam, da martanin jin kai. Kwanan nan, ta gudanar da bincike na hadin gwiwa na WHO game da shirye-shiryen cutar sankara da kiyasin farashin mayar da martani da yuwuwar samar da sabbin hanyoyin samar da kudade don saduwa da wani yanki na wannan kiyasin. Matsayinta a cikin ƙungiyar REPPARE shine ta bincika shirye-shiryen cibiyoyi na yanzu waɗanda ke da alaƙa da shirye-shiryen balaguron balaguro da ajandar mayar da martani da kuma tantance dacewarta ta la'akari da nauyin haɗari da aka gano, farashin dama da sadaukarwa ga wakilci / yanke shawara mai adalci.
Jean Merlin von Agris
Jean Merlin von Agris dalibi ne na REPPARE wanda ke samun tallafin PhD a Makarantar Siyasa da Nazarin Duniya a Jami'ar Leeds. Yana da digiri na biyu a fannin raya tattalin arziki tare da sha'awar ci gaban karkara na musamman. Kwanan nan, ya mai da hankali kan yin bincike kan iyaka da tasirin ayyukan da ba na magunguna ba yayin bala'in Covid-19. A cikin aikin REPPARE, Jean zai mai da hankali kan tantance zato da kuma ƙwaƙƙwaran tushen shaida da ke ƙunshe da shirye-shiryen balaguron bala'in duniya da ajandar mayar da martani, tare da mai da hankali musamman kan abubuwan da ke haifar da jin daɗi.
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