Yaƙi yana amfanar Leviathan. 'Yan adawa a zahiri suna ba wa shugabanni damar kwace mulki a cikin fargabar abin da ba a sani ba. Waɗannan runduna biyu sun haɗu a cikin martani ga Covid-19, wanda ya haifar da tarin iko da kuma kai hari kan 'yancin tsarin mulki.
A cikin shekaru biyu da suka gabata, Gwamnatin Biden ta yi amfani da dabarun yakin don murkushe 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki. Shugaba Trump ya fara amfani da wannan dabarar ne a lokacin yakin neman zabensa lokacin da ya ayyana cewa kwayar cutar ta mayar da shi "shugaban yaki."
Lokacin da ya hau kan karagar mulki, Shugaba Biden ya yi amfani da dabarun maganganun yakin basasa: yi wa mazabarsa karya, raba kan jama'a, zargin abokan adawa da rashin aminci ga 'yan kasarsu, da hukunta masu adawa da rashin kula da gyara na farko.
Shirye-shiryen rigakafinsa sun kwatanta wannan dabarun.
Ya yi ta yaudarar jama'a don ƙarfafa daidaito. A cikin Yuli 2021, ya ya gaya taron jama'a a Ohio, "Ba za ku sami COVID ba idan kuna da waɗannan rigakafin."
Ya kai hari ga Amurkawa waɗanda ya ɗauka ba su da cikakken aminci ga ƙoƙarin sa na Covid-wartime, yana azabtar da waɗanda suka yi shakkar karɓar harbin mRNA waɗanda suka je kasuwa ƙarƙashin izinin amfani da gaggawa.
"Mun yi haƙuri, amma haƙurin mu yana da nauyi," Biden ga wanda ba a yi masa allurar ba a cikin Satumba 2021. "Kuma kin amincewa ya kashe mu duka."
Mafi mahimmanci, ya yi amfani da rikicin a matsayin hujja don tauye haƙƙin ’yan ƙasa, sanannen salon tarihin Amurka.
Yayin da Covid ya kasance sabon labari ga Amurkawa da yawa, martanin siyasa ya kasance mai tunawa da ikon siyasa wanda ya kwace 'yan kasa hakkinsu na Tsarin Mulki a lokacin yakin duniya na daya.
A cikin wannan zamani guda biyu, wanda aka raba da karni na tarihin Amurka, Leviathan na Washington ya kwace hakkin 'yan kasarsa na Farko na Farko ta hanyar bata ra'ayi a matsayin karya kuma yana nuna cewa yana jefa jama'a cikin hatsari.
Wuta a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Turai
Kasa da watanni 6 bayan nasarar sake zaɓe a ƙarƙashin tutar yaƙin neman zaɓe "Ya Cire Mu Daga Yaƙi," Woodrow Wilson ya shiga Amurka cikin abin da ya kira "yaƙin demokradiyya da 'yancin ɗan adam." Ya bukaci mutanen kasarsa, "Dole ne mu yi magana, mu yi aiki, kuma mu yi hidima tare!"
Bukatar Shugaba Wilson na daidaitawa ba magana ba ce; ya sa hannu da sauri a Dokar Leken asiri ta 1917 da kuma ta 1918 ta Sedition Act ta zama doka, yana mai da shi laifi yin amfani da magana ko rubutu ta hanyoyin rashin aminci ga gwamnati.
Kotun koli ta amince da dokar ta-baci na Wilson a cikin jerin kararraki a karshen shugabancinsa. A yanzu ana tunawa da ƙaƙƙarfan umarni na zalunci ga Mai shari'a Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr. na batanci da misalan ɓarna na "ƙarar ihun wuta a cikin gidan wasan kwaikwayo mai cunkoso."
Mai shari'a Holmes ya yi kira da kalmar "wuta" don tabbatar da hukuncin Charles Schenck na rarraba takardu a Philadelphia, gidan Sanarwar 'Yanci da Yarjejeniyar Tsarin Mulki. Takardun Schenck sun karanta: "Tsarin Tsarin Mulki na Amurka ya daɗe; Wayyo Amurka!" fadin saman.
Schenck ya bayar da hujjar cewa daftarin soja na Wilson ya keta hani na Kwaskwarima na Goma sha Uku game da bautar da ba son rai ba, kuma ya bukaci maza su bijirewa daftarin cikin lumana. An same shi da laifin hada baki don karya dokar leken asiri. Kotun koli ta amince da hukuncin da aka yanke masa, kuma mai shari'a Holmes ya kwatanta rubutun nasa da "ƙarar ihun wuta a cikin gidan wasan kwaikwayo mai cunkoson jama'a."
A cikin hazo na yaki, adawa da shiga cikin rikicin da ya kashe mutane miliyan 20 kuma ya raunata wasu miliyan 20 ya sami tambarin ci gaba na Era na cin amanar kasa, mafari ga lakabin “rashin fahimta.”
Dabarar furucin ta saba da dabarun tantancewa na yau.
Da farko, yadda Holmes ya yi amfani da “ƙarya” ya nuna cewa Schenck yana ƙarya; duk da haka, an samu wuta a wani gidan wasan kwaikwayo mai cunkoso. Yayin da Schenck ya ba da takarda a Philadelphia a watan Agustan 1917, Yaƙin Ypres na Uku ya shiga wata na biyu, wanda ya haifar da mutuwar fiye da rabin miliyan. Shekara daya kacal da ta gabata, sojojin Jamus da na Faransa sun yi asarar rayuka miliyan guda a yakin Verdun.
Na biyu, Holmes ya nuna cewa takardun Schenck sun gabatar da wani hatsarin da ke kusa da zai iya tayar da tashin hankali. Misalin "wuta" yana nuna hoton ɗan wasan ƙeta yana haifar da hatsaniya. Duk da haka, takardun Schenck sun ba da shawarar tsayin daka na rashin tashin hankali a cikin gida da kuma adawa da shiga rikici na sanguinary a waje.
Schenck ya rubuta "Dole ne ku ba da naku rabon ku don kiyayewa, tallafawa, da kuma kiyaye haƙƙin mutanen wannan ƙasa." Yayin da karnukan yaƙi suka kashe miliyoyin rayuka a ƙasashen waje, Wilson ya kira su don su lalata ƴancin gida.
A shekara ta 1918, gwamnatin Wilson ta yanke wa ma'aikata da shugaban siyasa Eugene Debs hukuncin daurin shekaru goma a gidan yari na tarayya saboda gabatar da jawabin yaki da yaki. An daure Debs a kurkuku don gaya wa mabiyansa, "Kuna bukatar ku sani cewa kun dace da wani abu da ya fi bautar da abinci mai gwangwani." Har ila yau, Kotun ta tabbatar da hukuncin kamar yadda "ikon yakin" suka yi ba'a ga Kwaskwarimar Farko.
Debs ya yi takarar shugaban kasa a 1920 a tsare a gidan yari, inda ya lashe kusan kuri'u miliyan. Shugaba Wilson ya kira shi a matsayin "maci amanar kasarsa" saboda adawarsa da yakin kuma ya sha alwashin "ba za a yafe shi ba a lokacin mulkina."
A cikin bin Mr. Wilson na "yakin demokradiyya da 'yancin ɗan adam," gwamnati ta daure wani fitaccen dan adawar siyasa (Debs), baƙi (Abrams v. Amurka), ƙasidu (Schenck), da wasu marasa adadi don amfani da yancin faɗar albarkacin baki da tsarin mulki ya ba su.
Farfesa Ernst Freund Law Chicago, marubucin Ikon 'Yan Sanda, ya ladabtar da hare-haren da aka yi kan gyaran Farko a lokacin. A mayar da martani ga Schenck, ya rubuta cewa Mai shari'a Holmes ya ɗauki "muhimman abubuwan da ke tattare da matsalar gaba ɗaya." Ya bayar da hujjar cewa Holmes ya kasa yin yunƙurin bambancewa tsakanin "wuta ta ihu" da "laifi na siyasa."
Laifukan Siyasa a Zamanin Covid
Wilson, Holmes, da rundunonin sojan ƙasa sun haɗa ƙin yarda tare da barazanar jama'a don murkushe masu adawa a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya.
Kamar yadda Wilson ya yi wa Debs, Biden ya kori masu adawa da shi hakkinsu na tsarin mulki, ya bata sunan su, kuma ya tuhume su da rashin biyayya ga dokokinsa. Kuma, kamar Wilson, gwamnatin Biden ta aiwatar da wannan hari kan Kundin Tsarin Mulki yayin da ake yin la'akari da "dimokiradiyya," tana kwace Dokar Haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin mallaka da mugunta.
"Wannan annoba ce ta marasa lafiya," in ji Shugaba Biden ya ce a cikin Disamba 2021. "Wadanda ba a yi musu allurar ba.
Amma Biden baya magana ne saboda damuwa da lafiyar 'yan kasarsa; da sauri ya koma yakar kishin kasa na wadanda suka bijirewa umarninsa:
"Kowa yana magana akan 'yanci ba a yi harbi ko a yi gwajin ba, to ka yi tunanin me? Yaya batun kishin kasa? Yaya batun tabbatar da cewa an yi maka allurar, don kada ka yada cutar ga wani?"
Kalubalantar manufofin kasashen waje ya zama cin amana a karkashin Wilson, kuma Biden ya mika wannan ka'ida ga wadanda suka yi tambaya game da hurumin lafiyar jama'a na gwamnatinsa. A yin haka, ya raba kasar ta hanyar binary, yana gaya wa magoya bayansa cewa makiya "kishin kasa" sun cutar da al'ummominsu.
A cikin Yuli 2021, Shugaba Biden ya kai hari ga kamfanonin kafofin watsa labarun saboda rashin yin la'akari da tattaunawar Covid isa. "Suna kashe mutane," in ji shi ga manema labarai.
Biden daga baya bayyana kalaman nasa, inda ya bayyana cewa kalaman nasa kira ne na tauye hakkin jama’a, ba wai kai hari ba. "Fata na shi ne Facebook, maimakon daukar shi da kaina cewa ko ta yaya zan ce 'Facebook na kashe mutane,' cewa za su yi wani abu game da bayanan da ba a sani ba," in ji shi.
Facebook ya yi kunnen uwar shegu, kuma ma'aikatansa sun sabunta Fadar White House a mako mai zuwa kan ayyukansu na nuna bacin rai. A Facebook Executive aika ma'aikatan gwamnati ta imel don a ce suna aiki don tantance shafukan da gwamnati ta ga bai dace ba.
"Ina so in tabbatar da cewa kun ga matakan da muka ɗauka a makon da ya gabata don daidaita manufofi kan abin da muke cirewa dangane da bayanan da ba daidai ba, da kuma matakan da aka ɗauka don ƙara magance 'disinfo dozin," in ji shugaban zartarwa ga Fadar White House.
Wilson ya ɗauki irin wannan matakan don murkushe yada maganganu masu sukar gwamnatinsa. Gwamnatinsa ta umurci ma’aikatan gidan waya ta hana daruruwan jaridu da mujallu na Amurka shiga wasiku. Albert Burleson, Babban Babban Jami’in Wasikar Amurka a lokacin, ya ce yana sa ido kan duk wani wallafe-wallafen “da aka ƙididdige su don… haifar da rashin biyayya, rashin aminci, tada zaune tsaye… ko kuma wani abin kunya ko kawo cikas ga Gwamnati wajen gudanar da yaƙin.”
Gwamnatin Biden ta kwaikwayi wannan dabarar a cikin shekarun dijital don murkushe rashin amincewa wanda zai iya " kunyata ko kawo cikas " dokar ta Covid.
Rob Flaherty - Daraktan Dabarun Digital na Fadar White House - aka bukaci sanin dalili Facebook bai cire wani faifan bidiyo na Tucker Carlson ba yana ba da rahoton cewa maganin Johnson & Johnson yana da alaƙa da gudan jini.
Kamar hana wallafe-wallafe daga wasiku a ƙarni da suka gabata, ainihin manufar ita ce a rage yaɗuwar sukar gwamnati.
"Akwai hannun jari 40,000 akan bidiyon. Wanene yake ganinsa yanzu? Nawa?" Faherty ya koka, "Yaya wannan bai zama cin zarafi ba… Menene ainihin ka'idar cirewa vs. ragewa?"
A fakaice a cikin yunƙurin murkushe shi ne ra'ayin cewa makasudin kuskure ne kuma masu haɗari.
Kamar dai yadda Holmes ya yi ƙarni a baya, gwamnatin Biden ta haɗu da "wuta ta ihu" tare da "laifi na siyasa," yana neman kawar da ƙarshen tare da uzurin barazanar jama'a.
A cikin Yuli 2021, Likita Janar Vivek Murthy ya gaya wa manema labarai cewa akwai "barazanar gaggawa na rashin fahimtar lafiya" da ke da alaƙa da Covid. Lokacin da aka tambaye shi game da damuwar 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki, Murthy cikin sauri ya bijiro da nuna cewa rashin amincewa ya haifar da lahani na kusa.
"Ka yi la'akari da wannan kawai," Murthy laccar jama'a. "Idan uwa ko uba a wajen, kamar ni, kuma kuna da yara ƙanana a gida, kuma idan wani, Allah ya kiyaye, ya yi rashin lafiya, ko kuma idan kun ga kwayar cutar ta zo kuma kuna tunanin ta yaya zan iya kare 'ya'yana? Haƙƙin ku ne samun cikakkun bayanai da za ku iya dogara da shawarar ku."
Murthy a hankali ya canza zance daga 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki zuwa yara masu mutuwa duk da karancin illar cutar kan matasa.
A halin yanzu, CDC amfani da bayanan karya don ba da shawarar yara su sami rigakafin Covid. Hukumar ta wuce gona da iri kuma ta ba da rahoton barazanar da Covid ke haifarwa ga yara ƙanana a cikin gabatarwa ga Kwamitin Ba da Shawarwari kan Ayyukan Rigakafi (ACIP) a watan Yuni 2022. Dangane da gabatar da wannan bayanan na ƙarya, ACIP ta zaɓi ba da shawarar allurar rigakafin Covid ga yara masu ƙanana 'yan watanni shida.
Masu fafutuka sun yi ƙaryar kasancewar haɗari a ƙoƙarin jawo martani daga jama'a. A fuskarsa, wannan yana kama da "ƙarar ihun wuta a cikin gidan wasan kwaikwayo mai cunkoso."
Amma, kamar yadda Freund ya lura a ƙarni da suka wuce, masu binciken sun haɗa "wuta ta ihu" tare da "laifi na siyasa." Yayin da magudin CDC na iya haifar da haɗari da firgita da ba dole ba, jami'an hukumar ba za su taɓa yin laifin laifukan siyasa a ƙarƙashin gwamnatin Biden ba.
Neman Daidaitawa
A cikin Oktoba 2020, masu ilimin cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan da kuma cututtukan da ke faruwa Babban Sanarwa na Barrington (GBD), budaddiyar wasika da ke kalubalantar manufofin kulle-kullen gwamnati.
GBD ta ce "Manufofin kulle-kulle na yanzu suna haifar da mummunan tasiri kan lafiyar jama'a na gajere da na dogon lokaci," in ji GBD. "Sakamakon (don suna kaɗan) sun haɗa da ƙarancin allurar rigakafin yara, daɗaɗa sakamakon cututtukan zuciya, ƙarancin gwajin cutar kansa da tabarbarewar lafiyar kwakwalwa - wanda ke haifar da ƙarin mace-mace a cikin shekaru masu zuwa, tare da rukunin ma'aikata da ƙananan membobin al'umma suna ɗaukar nauyi mafi nauyi. Tsayar da ɗalibai daga makaranta babban rashin adalci ne."
Bayan fitowar ta, Daraktan NIH Francis Collins da Anthony Fauci daidaitawa a "Mummunan zazzagewa" na likitocin da ke ƙalubalantar manufofinsu.
Fauci ya kwatanta likitocin da ke bayan GBD zuwa "masu musun kanjamau," kuma Collins ya ba da umarnin "saukar da sauri da lalata" kungiyar.
Kamar wadanda suka gabace su a karnin da suka gabace su, manufar ita ce ta cece-kuce da kara karfin gwamnati, ba wai gaskiyar hujja ba.
Nazarin daga baya ya tabbatar da cewa masu sa hannun GDP sun yi daidai game da tasirin rufe makarantu, rufe kasuwanni, Da kuma kulle Amurkawa a gidajensu.
A cikin Janairu 2022, Johns Hopkins bincike ya samo"Lockdowns ba su da ɗan illa ga lafiyar jama'a, sun sanya tsadar tattalin arziki da zamantakewar jama'a inda aka karbe su. Sakamakon haka, manufofin kulle-kulle ba su da tushe kuma ya kamata a yi watsi da su azaman kayan aikin rigakafin cutar."
Amma “Likitan Amurka” bai taba neman afuwa ba don batanci ga wadanda suka saba wa manufofinsa. Hankali da iko sun kasance da mahimmanci ga al'amuran tawali'u. Kamar yadda ya saba ya gaya wa Chuck Todd, "Yawancin abubuwan da kuke gani suna kai hari a kaina, a zahiri, hari ne akan kimiyya."
Masu binciken suna ci gaba da rikice-rikice tsakanin "wuta ta ihu" da "laifi na siyasa" don kiyaye ikon su akan magana. Suna kiyaye dokokinsu a fili don tsawaita ikonsu.
A California, Gwamna Gavin Newsom - mai yuwuwar magajin Mista Biden - ya sanya hannu Taron Majalisar 2098 shiga cikin doka a cikin Satumba 2022. Wannan dokar tana neman hukunta likitocin da ke raba bayanan da ba su shiga cikin “ijma’in kimiyya na zamani ba.”
Likitocin California biyar sun kalubalanci dokar, lura cikin kwat din su, "Lakabin magana 'ɓataccen bayani' baya cire shi daga kariyar Gyaran Farko."
A watan Janairu, alkalin kotun gundumar William B. Shubb ya ba da umarnin farko na hana dokar fara aiki. Shi kira Ma'anar dokar ta ba da labari "marasa hankali" kuma ta gano cewa hane-hane "rauni ne ba bisa ka'ida ba."
"COVID-19 wani yanki ne na kimiyya da ke tasowa cikin sauri wanda a bangarori da yawa ba sa yarda da juna," Shubb ne ya rubuta
Tabbas, wannan a bayyane yake tun farkon Covid. A cikin 2020, WHO ta tweeted goyon bayan da'awar China cewa Covid ba masu yaduwa tsakanin mutane. A cikin 2021, Shugabar CDC Rochelle Walensky ta ce Covid alluran rigakafi sun hana kamuwa da cuta. A wannan shekarar, Dr. Scott Gottlieb, tsohon kwamishinan FDA, shigar da shi cewa jagororin ƙafa shida don nisantar da jama'a sun kasance "masu sabani."
Amma Fadar White House ta Biden da na'urorin kiwon lafiyar jama'a ba su taɓa nuna cewa waɗannan canje-canjen ci gaba na iya haifar da tawali'u ba. Maimakon haka, suna ci gaba da yin batanci ga ’yan adawa da kuma kula da nasu ci gaba da haɗin gwiwa tare da Big Tech don murkushe ƙin yarda.
Rushewar Yaki
Lokaci ya tabbatar da sukar Ernst Freund na Justice Holmes.
Warren G. Harding ya lashe zaben shugaban kasa a shekara ta 1920 da kashi 60 cikin XNUMX na kuri'un da aka kada, inda ya gaji Wilson a karkashin taken yakin neman zaben "Komawa Al'ada.” Harding, dan majalisar dattijai mai ra'ayin mazan jiya daga Ohio, ya saki fursunonin siyasa da aka yanke wa hukunci a karkashin mulkin Wilson.
Harding ya ce "Ba za mu iya hukunta maza a Amurka ba saboda amfani da 'yancinsu na siyasa da addini," in ji Harding.
A cikin shekarar farko ta shugabancinsa, ya sassauta hukuncin daurin Debs duk da tsananin adawa da siyasar Harding. Harding yayi sharhi game da Debs, "Na gane hakkinsa ga imaninsa, kuma ina tsammanin shi da gaske."
Harding jaddada cewa kawai zai ba da taimako ga fursunonin siyasa waɗanda ba su ba da shawarar tashin hankali ba, ta haka ne ke gudanar da bambance tashin hankali da “laifi na siyasa,” sabanin wanda ya gabace shi.
A cikin 1969, Kotun Koli ta soke yadda ya kamata Schenck in Brandenburg da Ohio.
Da yake ci gaba da shari'a, Mai shari'a Douglas ya rubuta cewa shari'o'in da aka yi a zamanin yakin duniya na "sun nuna sauƙin" abin da ya faru daga baya. Schenck "An yi amfani da shi don murkushe abin da [Adalci] Brandeis ya kira 'hakkin 'yancin maza don yin ƙoƙari don inganta yanayi ta hanyar sababbin dokoki da sababbin cibiyoyi' ta hanyar muhawara da maganganu."
Covid Leviathan ya kwace wa Amurkawa haƙƙinsu na Farko na Farko kuma ya raba su. Masu fafutuka sun yi aiki don murkushe 'yan jaridar da suka ba da rahoton abubuwan da ba su dace ba, Shugaba Biden ya kai hari ga 'yan kasarsa a matsayin marasa kishin kasa, kuma Anthony Fauci ya hada kai hare-hare kan masana kimiyyar da suka yi kokarin kalubalantar ikonsa.
A cikin Janairu 2023, Biden White House sanar cewa sanarwar gaggawa ta Covid za ta ƙare a watan Mayu. Wannan ba shi yiwuwa ya canza kowane al'amuran yau da kullun na Ba'amurke, amma watakila yana nuna ɓarkewar hazo na yaƙi na Covid.
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William Spruance lauya ne mai aiki kuma wanda ya kammala digiri na Cibiyar Shari'a ta Jami'ar Georgetown. Ra'ayoyin da aka bayyana a cikin labarin gaba ɗaya nasa ne ba lallai ba ne na ma'aikacinsa.
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