Utah, Nebraska, da Vermont: A+.
Florida, South Dakota, Maine: A.
Connecticut, Massachusetts, Maryland: D.
California: F.
New York, New Jersey, Gundumar Columbia: F-.
Bayan fiye da shekaru biyu tun bayan barkewar cutar ta Covid-19 a Amurka, lokaci ya yi da za a yi nazari na karshe na sakamakon kiwon lafiyar jama'a bisa ga jaha. Abin da wannan sabuwar takardar aiki ta buga kenan Ofishin Harkokin Tattalin Arziki na kasa neman yi.
Marubutan sa Phil Kerpen-Shugaban kwamitin da za a saki wadata, Stephen Moore- masanin tattalin arziki a Gidauniyar Heritage, da Casey Mulligan-Jami'ar Chicago farfesa kuma babban masanin tattalin arziki a lokacin gwamnatin Trump, na iya zama kamar 'yan bangaranci ne, amma binciken su yana da kyau. Suna amfani da abubuwa uku waɗanda kowa ya kamata ya kula da su: sakamakon lafiyar jama'a da aka auna ta hanyar daidaita yawan mace-mace, aikin tattalin arziki, da buɗe makarantu. Sun yanke shawarar cewa kulle-kulle ba su da wani tasiri mai tasiri kan rage mutuwar Covid amma ya haifar da babbar illa ga tattalin arziki da kwarewar ilimi.
Waɗannan sauye-sauyen tushen tasirin wasu abubuwa ne masu ma'ana kuma masu tasiri da yakamata ayi la'akari dasu, waɗanda suka bambanta sosai da Rahoton UC Berkeley a cikin 2021. Rahoton ya sanya jihohi kamar California a saman da South Dakota a kasa. Rahoton ya auna martanin jihohi bisa la'akari da kididdigar shari'o'i, adadin wadanda suka mutu, da adadin gwaji. A taƙaice, wannan rahoton ya yi ƙoƙarin auna ƙoƙarin da gwamnatin jiha ke yi a matsayin ma'auni mai kyau maimakon yin la'akari da sakamako na ƙarshe na al'umma.
Wasu sun soki tsarin tsarin tarayya na Amurka na martanin kiwon lafiyar jama'a daban-daban guda 50 ga jihohi 50 a matsayin rashin daidaituwa. Duk da haka, samun gwaje-gwaje daban-daban na kiwon lafiyar jama'a ya hana kasar tafiya makauniyar tafiya ta hanyar da ba ta dace ba tare da bayar da kwararan hujjoji kan ko taken, labarai, da ka'idojin kafa kiwon lafiyar jama'a sun rike ruwa a aikace.
Rage Mutuwa
Lockdowns yayi kadan idan wani abu don hana mutuwar Covid. Yana da yadu kafa cewa kwayar cutar ba ta damu da doka ba kuma za ta sami hanyar yadawa ba tare da la'akari da martanin manufofin ba. Dangane da batun kulle-kulle da mace-mace, wannan takarda da gaske tana ƙara wani ƙusa ga akwatin gawar.
Marubutan sun tattara tare da kwatanta bayanan mace-macen Covid daga ko'ina cikin jihohi 50 da DC kuma ba su sami wata alaƙa tsakanin tsayayyen kulle-kulle da hana mutuwa ba. Bugu da ƙari, masu binciken suna neman ƙarin ƙima ta hanyar sarrafa ƙididdigar yawan jama'a. Wannan saboda yawan masu rauni kamar tsofaffi da waɗanda ke da yanayin da suka rigaya kamar su ciwon sukari da kiba suna da rauni sosai ga Covid-19.
Sakamakon haka, binciken ya yi la'akari da waɗannan sauye-sauye masu ruɗani waɗanda galibi ba su da iko a cikin ƙasa. Misali, Florida da Maine jihohi biyu ne daga cikin tsofaffin jihohi a cikin al'ummar, suna mai da su musamman masu rauni ga Covid-19, yayin da jihohi kamar California ke da wasu daga cikin mafi ƙarancin yawan jama'a. Hakanan suna ba da lissafin yanayin kiwon lafiya da suka gabata waɗanda ke ƙara daidaita filin wasa yayin kwatanta ingancin martanin cutar. Daidaita wa annan bambance-bambancen shekarun da suka dace daidai yana ba da haske game da ƙarancin kisa a Maine da Florida da rangwamen jihohi kamar California waɗanda kuma ke da ƙarancin mace-mace amma har ma da ƙarami.
Ayyukan Tattalin Arziki da Ilimi
Bayan kiyaye mutuwa a ƙarƙashin kulawa, martanin lafiyar jama'a dole ne ya rage lalacewar haɗin gwiwa don guje wa haifar da sabon rikici a saman wanda yake da shi. Ayyukan tattalin arziƙi da kiyaye ilimin mutum gwargwadon iyawa sune ma'auni masu mahimmanci saboda duka biyun suna da alaƙa da sakamakon lafiyar su.
Tsawaita girgiza zuwa rashin aikin yi da girma suna haifar da mummunan sakamako na likita wanda ke ƙara yawan mutuwa. Wato saboda sabanin ra'ayin cewa mutum na iya sanyawa wasu ayyuka suna da mahimmanci wasu kuma ba su da mahimmanci, lalata rayuwar tattalin arziki yakan haifar da sakamakon ɗan adam kamar shan muggan ƙwayoyi da baƙin ciki.
Marubutan suna auna aikin tattalin arziki ta hanyar mai da hankali kan karuwar rashin aikin yi da daidaitawa ga masana'antu kamar yawon shakatawa da makamashi waɗanda ke kula da ƙuntatawa na wasu jihohi da ƙasashe. Misali, Nevada da Florida sun yi kyau sosai tare da 23rd da 15th mafi ƙarancin rashin aikin yi amma da an ƙima su 50th da 38th ba tare da daidaitawa ba. Wannan gyara ya nuna cewa wasu masana'antu kamar yawon bude ido, kusan sun fita daga hannun masu tsara manufofin jihohi, don haka daukar nauyin shugabannin kananan hukumomi a kan rashin aikin yi a wannan fanni zai zama yaudara kuma bai dace ba.
A ƙarshe, marubutan sun lura daidai da cewa ajiye yara a makaranta shi ma muhimmin bangare ne na al'umma mai lafiya domin idan rashin aikin yi yana cutar da manya, rashin zuwa makaranta yana cutar da matasa. Masu binciken sun yi nuni da cewa,
Wani bincike ya gano cewa rufe makarantu a ƙarshen shekarar makaranta ta 2019-2020 da ta gabata yana da alaƙa da asarar shekaru miliyan 13.8. Wani bincike na NIH ya gano cewa tsawon rayuwa ga waɗanda suka kammala karatun sakandare ya fi shekaru 4 zuwa 6 fiye da waɗanda suka daina karatun sakandare. OECD ta yi kiyasin cewa asarar koyo daga rufe makarantu na zamanin annoba na iya haifar da raguwar 3% na abin da ake samu na rayuwa, kuma asarar kashi ɗaya bisa uku na shekara na koyo yana da tasirin tattalin arziki na dogon lokaci na dala tiriliyan 14.
Ba abin mamaki ba, jihohin da suka fi fama da rashin aikin yi, yawanci jihohin kulle-kulle, suma suna da karancin adadin karatun da mutum yake yi, a cewar takardar NBER. Marubutan sun auna aikin ilimi bisa ga rabon karatun mutum-mutumi tare da rabin kiredit da aka bayar don azuzuwan gauraye. Matsakaicin wannan ma'auni ya ƙunshi masu laifi na yau da kullun: Wyoming, Arkansas, Florida a saman, California, DC, da Oregon a ƙasa.
Ta Yaya Muke Fassarar Wannan?
Ko da yake wasu nazarce-nazarce irin na katin rahoton sun haɗa da abubuwa kamar kirga shari'o'i da gwaji, wannan takarda ta tafi don abubuwan da suka shafi mutuwa, rashin aikin yi, da ilimi.
Wataƙila akwai wasu batutuwan da za a yi la'akari da su yayin kimanta martanin da wata jiha ta mayar game da cutar. Koyaya, akan rage mace-mace, rage rashin aikin yi, da kiyaye ilimin cikin mutum, bayanan suna magana don kansu. Mutum ba zai iya musun cewa waɗannan abubuwan suna auna wasu mahimman abubuwan da suka fi dacewa yayin bala'in.
Koyaya, dole ne mu tuna cewa amfani da ma'auni na tushen sakamako baya ɗaukar ɓangarorin, kurakurai, da nasarorin da suka ƙunshi martanin cutar ta jiha. Hawaii misali ne mai sauƙi; ko yaya aikinta ya fi kyau saboda martanin gwamnatinta kuma menene sakamakonsa saboda yanayin tsibirinta?
Wannan tambaya ita ce ga Vermont da Maine; ta yaya matsayinsu na yankunan karkara na Arewa maso Gabas ya sa aikinsu ya fi sauƙi ko wuya fiye da jihar da ta fi birane kamar New York ko New Jersey? Wani lokaci, ba mu san dalilin da yasa wata jiha ta yi kyau ko kuma mara kyau ba, musamman idan duk abin da muke lissafin shine mutuwar Covid.
Bugu da ƙari, jihohi da yawa na iya yin kyau sosai a cikin gabaɗayan matsayi amma sun sami matakin vitriol da siyasa waɗanda ke sa yin koyi da tsarin su. Misali, tabbas za mu so mu guje wa yanayi kamar Gwamna Whitmer na Michigan yin abin da bai dace ba kwace iko ko Gwamna DeSantis na Florida yana barazana ga makarantun gida cewa rashin bin umarninsa na zartarwa akan abin rufe fuska.
Sannan akwai misalan munafunci marasa adadi, kamar Gavin Newsom na California da ke halartar liyafar cin abinci mara abin rufe fuska yayin bala'in bala'in ko kuma yawancin gwamnonin da suka ladabtar da waɗanda suka yi adawa da matakan lafiyar jama'a amma sun ƙarfafa zanga-zangar adalci ta launin fata. Irin wannan ɗabi'a na nuni ne da jagorancin da ba a so amma ba a haɗa shi da kyau a cikin binciken tushen sakamako ba. Duk da haka, babu wani matsayi da zai iya zama cikakke kuma ba zai yiwu mutum zai iya haƙiƙance duk masu canjin da ke shiga cikin nasarar amsawar lafiyar jama'a ba.
Babban abin da aka zayyana daga wannan takarda mai aiki shine cewa kulle-kulle bai yi kadan ba idan wani abu zai taimaka wajen rage mutuwar Covid-19, musamman lokacin da kuka yi la'akari da bambance-bambance a cikin alƙaluma waɗanda ke ba wa wasu jihohi fa'ida, wasu kuma naƙasa.
Haka kuma, jahohin da suka sanya ilimi a kai da kuma rashin aikin yi sun yi hakan ba tare da jefa al’ummarsu cikin hadari ba. A ƙarshe wannan katin rahoton ya ba da lada ga jihohin da suka rage yawan mutuwar Covid amma kuma sun sami nasarar rage rashin aikin yi tare da buɗe makarantu. Isar da duk sharuɗɗan guda uku yana nuna cewa jihar ba ta haifar da ƙarin matsalar rashin lafiyar jama'a ba fiye da na yanzu.
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Ethan Yang yana neman JD daga Makarantar Shari'a ta Antonin Scalia a Jami'ar George Mason.
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