"Har ila yau, yana da ban mamaki cewa wata ƙasa ba za ta iya jawowa, ƙarfafawa ko inganta mutane masu zaman kansu don cimma abin da tsarin mulki ya haramta ba." ~ Norwood da Harrison (1973).
Shekaru 50 da suka gabata, Kotun Koli ta yanke hukuncin cewa Gwamnatin Amurka ba za ta iya tursasa wasu masu zaman kansu su keta 'yancin da kundin tsarin mulki ya ba 'yan kasar ba. A karkashin sunan martanin Covid, jami'an gwamnati sun bijire wa wannan ka'ida don kwacewa Amurkawa hakkokinsu.
Bayan abubuwan kallo na jama'a na Covid - kanun labaran abubuwan tunawa tilasta rufe coci, hukuncin kama gidan, haramcin filin wasa, Da kuma hana "tafiya mara amfani" – an yi kokarin hambarar da ‘yancin da tsarin mulki ya tanada.
Ma'aikata, jami'an tarayya, da zaɓaɓɓun jami'ai sun haɗa kai da kamfanonin Big Tech don cimma manufofin da ba su dace ba. Ta yin haka, sun ƙara ƙarfin gwamnati tare da wadatar da kamfanonin Silicon Valley.
Haɗin kai tsakanin kamfanoni na tarayya ya maye gurbin tsarin Amurka na raba iko da haƙƙoƙin mutum ɗaya. Wannan juyin mulkin ya yi wa kundin tsarin mulkin kasar zagon kasa tare da haifar da sabon tsarin mulki na murkushewa da sanya ido.
Danniya, Takaddama, da Gyaran Farko
"Gwamnati ba ta da ikon hana magana saboda sakonta, ra'ayoyinta, batunta ko abin da ke cikinta," Kotun Koli ta yanke hukunci a Ashcroft da ACLU (2002). Duk da haka, Fadar White House ta Biden da gwamnatin tarayya sun karbe ikon a karkashin inuwar Covid. Sun tilastawa, haɗa baki, da ƙarfafa kamfanonin kafofin watsa labarun su murkushe maganganun da suka kauce wa saƙon da suka fi so.
Halin Fadar White House a cikin Yuli 2021 ya misalta wannan hali. A bainar jama'a, jami'ai sun kaddamar da gangamin matsin lamba; a sirri, sun gudanar da aikin tantancewa kai tsaye.
A ranar 15 ga Yuli, 2021, Sakatariyar Yada Labarai ta Fadar White House Jen Psaki ta tattauna kan kafofin watsa labarun "raguwar fahimta" da ke da alaƙa da Covid-19 a taronta na manema labarai. "Facebook yana buƙatar ƙara sauri don cire abubuwan da ke cutarwa, masu cin zarafi," in ji ta ga manema labarai.
Maigidanta, Shugaba Joe Biden, ya yi magana da manema labarai washegari. Da yake tattaunawa da kamfanonin sada zumunta, ya ce, "Suna kashe mutane."
Daga baya Biden ya fayyace kalaman nasa, yana mai bayanin cewa yana bayar da shawarwari ne don a yi ta'addanci, ba wai kai hare-hare ba. "Fata na shi ne Facebook, maimakon daukar shi da kaina cewa ko ta yaya zan ce 'Facebook na kashe mutane,' cewa za su yi wani abu game da bayanan da ba a sani ba," in ji shi.
A wannan makon, Daraktan Sadarwa na Fadar White House Kate Bedingfield ya bayyana a MSNBC kuma ta ce kafofin watsa labarun "ya kamata a yi la'akari da su" kuma ta nanata goyon bayan Shugaba Biden ga 'yan wasan kwaikwayo masu zaman kansu don taƙaita maganganun 'yan jarida, masu ba da shawara, da 'yan ƙasa.
A cikin sirri, jami'an gwamnati sun yi kira da a sanya ido a kai tsaye ga 'yan Amurka da 'yan jarida.
Twitter ya yi aiki tare da gwamnati don dakile sukar gwamnatin Biden da ke da alaƙa da Covid. Misali, jami'an Fadar White House sun gana da masu gudanar da abun ciki na Twitter a watan Afrilun 2021 don daidaita ayyukan tantancewa. Jami'an Fadar White House sun danna Twitter musamman kan "me yasa ba a kori Alex Berenson [dan jarida] daga dandalin ba."
Babban mashawarcin fadar White House Andy Slavitt ya ci gaba da karfafawa Twitter gwiwa don cire Berenson daga dandalin, kuma kokarinsa ya yi nasara lokacin da Berenson ya samu "hani na dindindin" a watan Agustan 2021, 'yan makonni bayan yakin neman zaben Fadar White House.
Jami'an Fadar White House sun karfafa kungiyoyin Big Tech da su tantance Robert F. Kennedy Jr. da Tucker Carlson don tambayar ingancin rigakafin. Shugaban Fadar White House na Dabarun Digital Rob Flaherty aka bukaci sanin dalili Facebook bai cire faifan bidiyo na Carlson yana ba da rahoton sanarwar cewa maganin Johnson & Johnson yana da alaƙa da gudan jini ba.
A Janairu 2023, dalili ya bayyana sakwannin imel na cikin gida na Facebook game da kamfen na gwamnatin tarayya na tantance masu amfani da suka kauce wa Covid orthodoxy.
Robby Soave yayi bayani:
Facebook a kai a kai ya nemi gwamnati da ta tantance takamaiman da'awar, gami da ko kwayar cutar "wanda mutum ne ya yi" maimakon zoonotic asali. (CDC ta ba da amsa cewa asalin da mutum ya yi yana da “yiwuwa a fasaha” amma “ba zai yuwu ba.”) A cikin wasu imel ɗin, Facebook ya tambaya: “Ga kowane ɗayan waɗannan da'awar, waɗanda muka gano kwanan nan akan dandamali, za ku iya gaya mana idan: da'awar ƙarya ce; kuma, idan an yi imani, shin wannan da'awar na iya ba da gudummawa ga ƙin maganin rigakafi?
Waɗannan yunƙurin sun hana ƙin yarda ta hanyar cin zarafi ga ƴan ƙasar Amurka; wajen yin haka, sun kwace wa miliyoyin Amurkawa ‘yancinsu na samun bayanai na Farko.
In Martin v. Birnin Struthers (1941), Mai Shari’a Hugo Black ya rubuta cewa Kwaskwarimar Farko “ta rungumi ’yancin rarraba wallafe-wallafe, kuma dole ne ta kare haƙƙin karɓa.” Kusan shekaru talatin bayan haka, Mai shari'a Thurgood Marshall ya rubuta, "Yanzu an tabbatar da cewa Kundin Tsarin Mulki ya kare 'yancin samun bayanai da ra'ayoyi" Stanley v. Georgia.
Dangane da wannan ƙa'idar, ma'aikatan ofishin musamman sun nemi yin katsalanda ga 'yancin 'yan ƙasa na jin sukar manufofin gwamnati na Covid. A cikin bukatunsa ga Facebook game da ɗaukar hoto na Carlson game da rigakafin J&J, Flaherty ya rubuta, "Akwai hannun jari 40,000 akan bidiyon. Wanene yake ganinsa yanzu? Nawa?"
Matsa lamba ta censorty ta Flaherty ta ci gaba, “Yaya wannan bai zama cin zarafi ba… Menene ainihin ƙa’idar cirewa vs. ragewa?”
Babban lauyoyin jihar Republican sun kai karar gwamnatin Biden bisa zargin keta Kwaskwarimar Farko a cikin ci gabanta na tantancewa. Halin su - Schmitt da Biden - ya bankado hanyoyin sadarwa tsakanin fadar White House ta Biden da kamfanonin sadarwar zamani.
Saƙonnin imel da aka gano a cikin lamarin sun bayyana haɗa baki da ke gudana don murkushe rashin amincewa. Sama da ma'aikatan gwamnati hamsin, hukumomin tarayya goma sha biyu, da wakilai daga kamfanoni da suka hada da Google, Twitter, da Facebook sun yi aiki tare don daidaita ayyukan tantancewa.
Misali, ma'aikatan Facebook sun gana da jami'ai a Ma'aikatar Lafiya da Ayyukan Jama'a mako guda bayan Shugaba Biden ya zargi kamfanin da "kashe mutane." Wani jami'in Facebook ya bi sahun jami'an HHS bayan taron:
"Ina so in tabbatar cewa kun ga matakan da muka ɗauka a cikin makon da ya gabata don daidaita manufofi game da abin da muke cirewa game da bayanan da ba daidai ba, da kuma matakan da aka ɗauka don ƙara magance 'disinfo dozin': mun cire ƙarin shafuka 17, ƙungiyoyi da asusun Instagram da ke daure da disinfo dozin (don haka jimlar 39 Profiles, Shafuka, Ƙungiyoyi da IG, an share duk mambobi a kalla ɗaya daga cikin mambobi. an cire wani abu)."
In Bantam Books v. Sullivan (1963), Kotun ta yanke hukuncin cewa tsibirin Rhode ya keta gyare-gyaren Farko lokacin da wata hukumar jihar ta shawarci masu rarraba littattafai game da buga wasu abubuwan ciki. A cikin wani ra'ayi mai ma'ana, Mai shari'a Douglas ya rubuta, "tabbatar da haƙƙin gyare-gyare na farko ba su dace ba."
Duk da wannan rashin daidaituwa na tsarin mulki, gwamnati da gangan kuma ta sha ƙarfafawa tare da tilasta wa kamfanoni masu zaman kansu yin la'akari da maganganun Amurkawa.
A halin yanzu, ƙasa ta huɗu ta shiga cikin himma kuma ta sami riba daga tsarin tantancewa.
A cikin ƙoƙarin da take yi na nuna rashin amincewa, gwamnatin tarayya ta ba da kuɗin haraji ga hanyoyin sadarwar kafofin watsa labarai - ciki har da CNN, Fox News, da The Washington Post - don haɓaka labarinsa na hukuma. Ma'aikatar Lafiya da Sabis na Jama'a da aka biya kafafen yada labarai dala biliyan 1 don "ƙarfafa amincewar rigakafin rigakafi" a cikin 2021 a matsayin wani ɓangare na "cikakkiyar yakin neman zabe."
A lokaci guda, kafofin watsa labaru na gado kamar The Washington Post, BBC, Reuters, da ABC sun yi haɗin gwiwa tare da Google, YouTube, Meta, da Twitter a cikin "Trusted News Initiative" don daidaita ayyukan ƙididdiga. A cikin "Fayilolin Twitter," ɗan jarida Matt Taibbi saukar cewa waɗannan kamfanonin fasaha sun gudanar da "taro na yau da kullum" - sau da yawa tare da jami'an gwamnati - don tattauna kokarin da ake yi na murkushe maganganun da suka shafi labarun gwamnati.
A taƙaice, gwamnati ba za ta iya taƙaita magana bisa abubuwan da ke ciki ba, ba za ta iya yanke shawarar irin bayanan ɗan ƙasa zai iya samu ba, ba za ta iya ba wa kamfanoni masu zaman kansu shawara game da buga magana ba, kuma ba za ta iya amfani da ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu don ƙarfafa manufofin da ba su dace ba. Amma duk da haka gwamnatinmu ta kaddamar da yakin neman zabe a bainar jama'a da kuma a boye, domin kara karfinta da murkushe maganganun 'yan kasa.
Sa ido. Garanti na Janar, da Gyara na Hudu
Baya ga murkushe rashin amincewa, martanin da gwamnatin tarayya ta bayar na Covid ya mamaye kariyar Kwaskwarima ta Hudu a cikin haɗin gwiwarta da dillalan bayanai na Big Tech.
Kwaskwari na Hudu ya bai wa ƴan ƙasa damar samun 'yanci daga binciken gwamnati da kamawa marasa ma'ana. An tsara shi don mayar da martani ga al'adar Birtaniyya na "babban sammaci," Framers sun nemi kawo karshen tsarin 'yan sanda wanda ya ba gwamnati kusan damar samun damar neman 'yan mulkin mallaka, gidajensu, da kayansu.
Tun lokacin da aka amince da shi a cikin 1791, Kotun Koli ta ci gaba da cewa ci gaban fasaha ba ya rage 'yancin 'yan ƙasa na samun tsaro daga bincike da kamawa marasa ma'ana.
Alal misali, a Kyllo v. Amurka (2001), Kotun ta yanke hukuncin cewa yin amfani da hotuna na thermal don bincika gida ya keta Kwaskwari na Hudu. Daga baya babban alkalin alkalai Roberts ya bayyana cewa Gwamnati - ba ta da garanti - "ba ta iya yin amfani da" kan sabbin fasahar da za ta kwace 'yancin 'Yan Kasa na Hudu.
A shekara ta 2012, wata Kotu ta yanke hukunci cewa bin diddigin GPS mara garanti ya keta haƙƙin Gyara na Hudu na wanda ake tuhuma. Amurka v. Jones.
Shekaru shida bayan haka, Kotun ta sake yanke hukuncin cewa Gwamnati ta keta haƙƙin wanda ake tuhuma na gyare-gyare na huɗu lokacin da ta bi diddigin wanda ake tuhuma ta hanyar samun bayanan wurin wayarsa daga mai ɗaukar hoto.
A wannan yanayin - Kafinta v. Amurka - Babban mai shari'a Roberts ya rubuta cewa "tushen manufar" Gyara ta Hudu shine "tsare sirri da tsaron mutane daga mamayewar jami'an gwamnati."
A lokacin Covid, duk da haka, gwamnatin Amurka ta keta waɗannan ka'idoji na doka. Duk da maimaita hukuncin da Gwamnati ba za ta iya amfani da sabbin fasahohi don keta haƙƙin Kwaskwarima na Hudu da bayyananniyar misali game da amfani da GPS da bayanan wurin wayar salula, CDC ta yi amfani da kuɗin masu biyan haraji don siyan bayanan wayar salula na Amurkawa daga dillalin bayanai SafeGraph.
A watan Mayu 2022, An bayyana mataimakin cewa CDC ta yi amfani da bayanan wayar salula don gano wurin da dubun-dubatar Amurkawa suke a lokacin Covid.
Da farko, hukumar ta yi amfani da wannan bayanan don bin bin bin umarnin kulle-kullen, tallan rigakafin rigakafi, halartar majami'u, da sauran abubuwan da suka shafi Covid. Bugu da ƙari, hukumar ta yi bayanin cewa "bayanan motsi" za su kasance don ƙarin "amfani da hukuma gabaɗaya" da "yawan fifikon CDC."
SafeGraph ya sayar da wannan bayanin ga jami'an gwamnatin tarayya, wadanda daga nan ne suka yi amfani da bayanan wajen leken asiri kan halayen miliyoyin Amurkawa, ciki har da inda suka ziyarta da kuma ko sun bi umarnin tsare gida. Wannan ya haifar da “babban garanti” na dijital wanda ba a ɗaure shi daga hani na Tsarin Mulki.
A takaice dai, manyan kamfanonin fasaha sun ci moriyar tsare-tsare na sirri wanda Gwamnatin Amurka ta yi amfani da dalolin masu biyan haraji don keta haƙƙin Gyara na Hudu na ƴan ƙasa waɗanda ke ba da kuɗin ayyukansu. Jami'an da ba zaɓaɓɓu ba a CDC daga nan ne suka bin diddigin motsin Amirkawa, bukukuwan addini, da ayyukan likita.
Irin wannan tsari ya faru a matakin jiha.
A Massachusetts, Ma'aikatar Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a ta jihar ta yi aiki tare da Google don shigar da software na gano Covid a asirce akan wayoyin hannu na 'yan ƙasa. Haɗin gwiwar jama'a da masu zaman kansu sun ƙirƙiri "MassNotify," ƙa'idar da ke bin diddigin wuraren mutane. Shirin ya bayyana a wayoyin 'yan kasar ba tare da izininsu ba.
Robert Wright, mazaunin Massachusetts, da Johnny Kula, mazaunin New Hampshire wanda ke zuwa Massachusetts don yin aiki kowace rana, sun kawo aikin doka a kan jihar. "Haɗin kai tare da wani kamfani mai zaman kansa don sace wayoyin hannu na mazauna ba tare da sanin masu shi ko izinin masu shi ba ba kayan aiki ba ne da Ma'aikatar Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a ta Massachusetts za ta iya amfani da shi bisa doka a ƙoƙarinta na yaƙar COVID-19," in ji su a cikin korafin nasu.
Jami'an jama'a sun kuma yi amfani da bayanan GPS na 'yan kasa don tallafawa yakin neman zaben su a shekarar 2020. Kamfanin tantance masu kada kuri'a PredictWise ya yi alfahari da cewa ya yi amfani da "kusan GPS pings biliyan 2" daga wayoyin salula na Amurkawa don sanya wa 'yan kasa maki "COVID-19 keta dokar" da maki "COVID-19 damuwa".
PredictWise bayyana cewa Jam'iyyar Democrat ta Arizona ta yi amfani da waɗannan "maki" da tarin bayanan sirri don rinjayar masu jefa kuri'a don tallafawa Sanata Mark Kelly na Amurka. Abokan kasuwancin sun haɗa da jam'iyyun Democrat na Florida, Ohio, da South Carolina.
‘Yan siyasa da hukumomin gwamnati sun sha kara karfinsu da gangan ta hanyar bin diddigin ‘yan kasar da kuma tauye musu hakkinsu na gyaran fuska na hudu. Daga nan sai suka yi nazarin wannan bayanin, sun ba wa ’yan ƙasa biyayya “maki,” kuma sun yi amfani da kayan leƙen asiri don sarrafa masu jefa ƙuri’a don su ci gaba da kasancewa da muƙamansu.
A zahiri, sojojin gwamnati sun yi amfani da Covid a matsayin hujja don komawa ga tsarin garantin gama gari wanda Framers suka tsara Kwaskwarimar Hudu don sokewa. Jami'an gwamnati sun sami damar shiga ƴan ƙasa, wuraren da kuma yanayin tafiye-tafiye, kuma sun yi amfani da dalar harajin ƴan ƙasa wajen yin hakan.
Haɗin kai na gwamnati da na kamfanoni ya yi asarar miliyoyin daloli daga masu biyan haraji yayin da aka soke dokar ta huɗu da ke kare 'yan ƙasa daga mamayewar jami'an gwamnati.
A cikin 1975, Sanata Frank Church ya jagoranci a binciken gwamnati shiga cikin shirye-shiryen leken asirin cikin gida na hukumomin leken asiri wadanda ke kaiwa kungiyoyi da suka hada da masu zanga-zangar adawa da yaki da shugabannin kare hakkin jama'a. Sanata Church, da yake magana game da ayyukan sirri na hukumomin kusan shekaru 50 da suka gabata, ya yi gargadin, "Wannan damar a kowane lokaci za a iya juya wa jama'ar Amurkawa, kuma babu wani Ba'amurke da zai sami wani sirri da ya rage, irin wannan shine ikon sa ido kan komai: tattaunawa ta wayar tarho, telegrams, ba kome. Ba za a sami wurin ɓoyewa ba."
Ba wai kawai gwamnati ta juya karfinta ga jama'ar Amurka ba, har ma ta dauki kamfanoni masu karfi a tarihin duniya don ci gaba da manufofinta, wanda ya bar 'yan Amurkawa cikin talauci, tauye hakkinsu, kuma ba su da wurin buya.
Yaya abin ya faru a nan?
Yawancin wadannan take hakki na Kundin Tsarin Mulki ba za su taba yin ranarsu a kotu ba. Baya ga tauye hakkinsu na Amurkawa, ajin masu mulki sun kebe sojojin Covid-19 daga hegemonic alhaki na shari'a.
Komai sakamakon lamuran da ke gudana, gami da Schmidt da Biden da kuma Wright v. Mass. Ma'aikatar Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a - Abubuwan da ake bukata: Ta yaya muka yi asarar Dokar Haƙƙin mu da sauri haka? Yaya abin ya faru a nan?
Mai shari'a Antonin Scalia ya lura cewa dokar kare hakkin dan adam ba zai iya zama kariya daga zalunci da kan sa ba. "Idan kuna tunanin lissafin hakkoki shine ya raba mu, kuna hauka," in ji shi. "Kowace jamhuriyar ayaba a duniya tana da kundin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin mallaka."
Makullin kiyaye 'yanci, a cewar Scalia, shine raba iko.
Da yake tsokaci game da kundin tsarin mulkin Tarayyar Soviet ya ba da tabbaci mai yawa na yancin faɗar albarkacin baki, taro, alaƙar siyasa, addini, da lamiri, Scalia ta rubuta:
"Ba su cancanci takardar da aka buga a kanta ba, kamar yadda yake da tabbacin haƙƙin ɗan adam na ɗimbin ƙasashe masu yawa waɗanda ke ƙarƙashin jagorancin shugabanni na rayuwa. real Kundin tsarin mulkin wadancan kasashe - tanade-tanaden da suka kafa hukumomin gwamnati - ba sa hana karkatar da madafun iko a cikin wani mutum ko bangare daya, don haka ba da damar yin watsi da garantin. Tsarin shi ne komai."
Kundin Tsarin Mulkinmu ya haifar da tsarin gwamnati tare da matakan raba iko da yawa. Amma, don cutar da 'yancin Amurkawa, gwamnatin tarayya da Big Tech sun maye gurbin wannan tsarin tare da haɗin gwiwar kamfanoni na tarayya da ba tare da hani kan tsarin mulki ba.
Farfesa Randy Barnett Law Georgetown ya kwatanta Kundin Tsarin Mulki a matsayin "dokar da ke mulkin waɗanda ke mulkin mu." Amma wadanda ke mulkin mu da gangan sun yi watsi da takurawa kansu kuma suka jagoranci juyin mulki a kan 'yan kasarsu tare da haɗin gwiwar Big Tech.
Covid ya ba da hujja don haɗuwa da iko wanda ya bar Dokar Haƙƙinmu a matsayin ɗan ƙaramin "lallacewar takarda."
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William Spruance lauya ne mai aiki kuma wanda ya kammala digiri na Cibiyar Shari'a ta Jami'ar Georgetown. Ra'ayoyin da aka bayyana a cikin labarin gaba ɗaya nasa ne ba lallai ba ne na ma'aikacinsa.
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