A ranar 27 ga Mayu 2022, Carl Bildt, tsohon Firayim Minista (PM) na Sweden, ya rubuta: 'Cutar ta ba da darussa masu mahimmanci don gudanar da ƙalubalen nan gaba, musamman canjin yanayi', wanda ke ba da sanarwar gaggawa.' A cikin babi na 12 na Makiyanmu, Gwamnati, Na bayyana abubuwa goma da sauyin yanayi da manufofin kula da cututtuka suka yi tarayya a kan manufofinsu:
- Da'awar wakiltar The Science™ bisa tushen ijma'in kimiyya da aka ƙera;
- Rashin daidaituwa tsakanin ƙirar lissafi da na kwamfuta da bayanai masu wuya da shaida;
- Da gangan yaɗa tsoro da firgita a cikin jama'a a matsayin wata hanya ta ɗaukar hankali da zaburar da tsauraran matakan siyasa;
- Domin a dore da ijma’in kimiyya, da wuce gona da iri na hujjoji masu goyan baya, da bata suna da akasin haka, da yin shiru da muryoyin shubuhohi, da mayar da hankali da izgili ga masu adawa;
- Babban fadada iko ga jihar nanny wanda ke jagorantar 'yan ƙasa da 'yan kasuwa saboda gwamnatoci sun fi sani kuma suna iya zaɓar masu nasara da masu asara, duk da haka a aikace, rikodin wuce gona da iri;
- Ƙirƙirar ajanda a matsayin farko na ɗabi'a na ɗabi'a da rashin amincewa da rashin bin doka a matsayin lalata;
- Fadada rashin daidaituwa tsakanin ajin kwamfutar tafi-da-gidanka 'ko'ina' da ajin aiki 'babu ko'ina,' ko 'da jiragen ruwa' da 'ba su da;'
- Munafunci, ma'ana rashin daidaituwa a cikin halayen maɗaukakin maɗaukakin sarki waɗanda ke yi wa ƴan baƙin ciki wa'azin da'a mai kyau na kaurace wa abin da ya faru na gaggawa, da kuma keɓantawa nasu gagarabadau daga rayuwa takurawa;
- Rashin haɗin kai tsakanin ƙasashe masu ci gaban masana'antu da masu tasowa da ke da alhakin rikicin da kuma rarraba kudaden da ake kashewa don magance shi;
- Haɓaka ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun gwamnatocin ƙasa, masu gudanar da mulki, kimiyya, da manyan kamfanoni.
Kotun Duniya Ta Bada Ra'ayi Mai nauyi
Sanarwa kwanan nan daga Kotun Duniya ta ƙara wata hanyar haɗi zuwa sarkar da ke haɗa canjin yanayi da manufofin sarrafa cutar. Ƙungiyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa suna karɓar ayyuka da yawa daga gwamnatocin jihohi, suna nuna a barazana ga diyaucin kasa da kuma dimokuradiyya tare da ma'aikatan ofis na ƙasa suna aiki tare da ƙwararrun fasaha na duniya - ajin lanyard - don soke zaɓin 'yan ƙasa. Tare da alkalan da ba zaɓaɓɓu ba kuma ba za a yi la’akari da su ba suna korar zaɓaɓɓun gwamnatocin a matsayin masu mulki na gaske, cin zarafi na shari’a na ƙara zama barazana ga ƙasar dimokuradiyya.
A cikin shekaru ashirin da suka gabata, masu fafutukar sauyin yanayi sun yi amfani da sautin 'Mun yi nasara' kan wani bangare uku na 'ijma'in kimiyya' kan illar hauhawar CO2, ayyukan dan Adam da ke da alhakin hauhawar hayaki, da kuma afkuwar bala'in yanayi ba tare da daukar tsauraran matakai ba.
Dukkan sassan uku sun fuskanci hare-hare a 'yan kwanakin nan. Yawancin masana kimiyya da yawa sun kasance suna nuna shakku kan iƙirarin 'Kimiyya ya daidaita' kan haɓakar hayaki mai cutarwa da juyin juya halin masana'antu ya haifar da burbushin mai. Da yawa sun fara tofa albarkacin bakinsu kan fargabar da ke kara ta'azzara saboda yanayin gaggawa. Amsar su ga bala'in yanayi ana iya taƙaita su a taƙaice a matsayin 'Sharar gida!,' ko da yake an bayyana shi cikin yare mai ladabi da tsaka tsaki na kimiyya. 'Yan kasuwar halaka suna da tarihin bala'i na tsawon shekaru goma akan hasashen bala'i. The Bayanin Yanayi na Duniya wanda aka fitar shekaru biyu da suka gabata masana 2,000 daga kasashe 60 ne suka sanya hannu.
A halin da ake ciki, an sami farkawa na jama'a, tashin bacin rai, da tsayayyen adawa ga zato da ake tambaya, manyan lahani, da rashin amfani da maƙasudin yanayi da ke cikin taken Net Zero - a zamanin da aka yi kuskuren taken taken da ingantaccen tsari da cikakken farashi. Sakamakon haka da yawa gwamnatocin kasashen yamma sun fara ja da baya, ba kamar gwamnatin Trump da ta kuma amince da dabarun dabarun manufofin sauyin yanayi wadanda suka gaza kawo karshen dogaro da duniya kan makamashin burbushin halittu, da kara tsadar makamashi yayin da samar da kayayyaki ya zama abin dogaro, da kuma mika dukiya da karfin masana'antu zuwa kasar Sin.
A yayin da suke fuskantar ci gaba da bayyana shakku na kimiyya, koma bayan jama'a, da koma-bayan siyasa, masu fafutuka sun sauya sheka daga kokarin shawo kan gwamnatoci zuwa sanya makamin kotuna don tilasta bin manufofinsu. Mataki na 92 na Majalisar Dokokin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya bayyana Kotun Duniya ta Duniya (ICJ, wacce aka fi sani da Kotun Duniya) a matsayin 'babban sashin shari'a' na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kuma duk kasashe mambobin kungiyar suna shiga cikin ICJ kai tsaye. Babi na IV nasa Dokoki, wanda aka rataye da Yarjejeniya ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, ta shafi Ra'ayoyin Nasiha. Mataki na 96 na Yarjejeniya ya nuna cewa Babban Taro na iya neman ICJ 'ta ba da shawara kan kowace tambaya ta doka' ko kuma ba da izini ga wata hukumar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta nemi daya.
A cikin 2021, wahayi daga ƙungiyar matasa Ɗaliban Tsibirin Pacific Fighting Climate Change, Vanuatu ta ƙaddamar da kamfen don ra'ayin shawara. A ranar 29 ga Maris, 2023, babban taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya nemi shawarar shawara daga kotun ICJ kan batun. wajibcin shari'a da alhaki na jihohi akan sauyin yanayi. A ranar 23 ga Yuli, kotu ta buga nata Ra'ayin Nasiha. Dogaro da farko kan rahotannin IPCC wanda ya kasance mafi kyawun kimiyya game da dalilai, yanayi da sakamakon sauyin yanayi wanda ke tunatar da Firayim Ministan New Zealand Jacinda Ardern cewa Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta zama 'tushen gaskiya guda ɗaya' akan Covid, da kuma yarda da yaɗuwar tasirin tasirin sauyin yanayi a cikin tsarin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (sakin layi na 74), kotun ta yanke shawarar cewa canjin yanayi 'barazana ce ta gaggawa da wanzuwa' (73).
Haɗin kai tare da Ajandar Kula da Cututtuka ta WHO
Shawarar ICJ game da alhakin sauyin yanayi ta haɗu da batun ikon mulkin demokraɗiyya vi-à-ga WHO akan abubuwa biyar. Na farko, amincewa da cancanta, mutunci, da gaskiyar cibiyoyi da kafofin watsa labarai na jama'a ya yi tasiri a cikin wani sabon shiri na tambayar sauran bangarorin manufofin, gami da sauyin yanayi da sifiri.
Hakan ya haifar da bunƙasa goyon baya ga ƙabilanci mai tsattsauran ra'ayi wanda jam'iyyu masu ra'ayin mazan jiya ke yi. 'ɓata fifiko' ra'ayi ne da aka yi amfani da shi a baya dangane da gwamnatocin kama-karya. Yana nuna yanayin inda mutane ke ɓoye abubuwan da suke so na gaskiya don dacewa da matsin lamba na hukuma da/ko al'umma. Kyakkyawan misali shine wannan ba a san su ba (hakika) akan layi comment A kan batun da ake tafka muhawara game da haƙƙin mata da trans vs.Muna rayuwa ne a cikin tarihin ɗan adam inda masu tunani da masu hankali dole ne su yi shiru don tsoron ɓata wa marasa ƙarfi da wawa rai..' Yawancin mutanen yau da kullun suna goyon bayan haƙƙin mata don samun nasu wuraren ba tare da fatan wani lahani ga mutanen da ke zaune cikin nutsuwa da jin daɗin rayuwarsu ba, amma ba sa haɗarin faɗin haka a fili don tsoron rasa aikinsu, korar su daga rukunin abokantaka, ko kuma tarin kafofin watsa labarun.
Don tabbatar da cewa irin wannan sakamakon ya yi daidai da abubuwan da ake so na hukuma, gwamnatoci suna shiga cikin gudanar da labari wanda ta yadda za a inganta ra'ayi na ƙarya da gangan na yarjejeniya ta kimiyya, zaɓin manufofin an ce ya dogara ne akan wannan kimiyyar da aka yarda da ita, kuma tana cike da halin kirki har zuwa sacralization. Wannan shine darasin Covid da Bildt ke ishara da shi. Domin samun nasara kuma a kiyaye rudin ijma'i da kyawawan dabi'u, duk wani shakku da suka daga masana kimiyya da masu ra'ayin rikau a cikin masu sharhi da jama'a, dole ne a danne kuma a hukunta masu adawa.
Ba dole ba ne a bar su su gane cewa akwai gungun wasu da ke da ra'ayin sabanin ra'ayi, balle ma a ce sun yi shiru (saboda an rufe su ta hanyar tantancewa da tilastawa) rinjaye. Amma lokacin da isassun mutane suka gane, an kai maƙasudi wanda ke haifar da zaɓin zaɓi.
Da zarar wannan ya faru da Covid, mutane sun fi yarda da ra'ayin cewa gwamnatoci suna yin karya don tsira da kuma kula da mutane. Yanzu muna ganin dam ɗin yana karye, alal misali, akan sakamakon laifuka da sauran cututtukan tattalin arziƙi da zamantakewa na ƙaura mai tsayi a cikin Burtaniya, Turai, da Amurka.
Na uku, ICJ ta ba da hujjar ƙarshe game da dalilin cewa 'sakamakon sauyin yanayi' kamar hauhawar matakan teku, fari, kwararowar hamada, da bala'o'i, 'na iya yin illa sosai ga jin daɗin wasu haƙƙoƙin ɗan adam,' gami da 'yancin samun lafiya' (379).
'Mafi mahimmancin wajibi na farko don hana mummunar cutarwa ga tsarin yanayi da sauran sassan muhalli…ya shafi duk Jihohi, gami da waɗanda ba sa cikin ɗaya ko fiye na yarjejeniyar sauyin yanayi(409, an ƙara ƙarfafawa).
Na hudu, ra'ayi bai daure ba amma so siffanta tsarin mulki a ko'ina cikin duniya ta hanyoyi da yawa a cikin shekaru masu zuwa a cikin ilimi, kotuna, bureaucracy, da ƙungiyoyin jama'a. Wakilin Vanuatu na musamman kan sauyin yanayi Ralph Regenvanu ya yi imani da haka ra'ayin ICJ zai canza tattaunawa daga ɗaya daga cikin 'alƙawari na son rai' don rage hayaƙin hayaki, zuwa na ɗaya game da wajibai a ƙarƙashin dokar ƙasa da ƙasa. Zai karfafa kotuna masu fafutuka da alkalai a duniya wadanda suka jajirce wajen yakin neman zabe. Hankalin da ke ƙulla shawarwarin yana shirya ƙasa don alhakin mutum ɗaya, ƙuntatawa na magana, da tsoratarwa ta doka.
Wannan ainihin hujja iri ɗaya ta shafi batun yarda da yarjejeniyar cutar. Gabaɗaya, ƙa'idodin doka sun fi tasiri wajen daidaita halayen jaha. Amma a takamaiman yanayi, ana iya karya wata doka ta musamman yayin da tsarin siyasa ke tsara yanke shawara - kan ayyukan hukuma ko tsallakewa - ta hanyar ƙididdige ƙimar ƙima.
A kan manyan laifuffuka, alal misali, Yarjejeniyar kisan kare dangi ta 1948 ta sanya wajibcin shari'a ga jihohi suyi aiki. Sabanin haka, ka'idar 2005 Nauyin Kariya (R2P) ka'ida ce ta siyasa ta duniya wacce ke haifar da alhakin ɗabi'a amma babu wani aikin doka a kan jihohin waje don hanawa da dakatar da ayyukan ta'addanci. Duk da haka, ko da R2P dole ne a fassara shi kuma a yi amfani da shi a cikin faffadar mahallin ɗaure wajibai a kan jihohi a ƙarƙashin dokokin ƙasa, na ƙasa, ɗan adam, da dokokin haƙƙin ɗan adam.
Tasirin doka ta yarjejeniyar cutar za ta ta'allaka ne a cikin ƙarfafa Yarjejeniyar Kariya da Shirye-shiryen Cutar Kwayar cuta da Lafiya ɗaya a matsayin ƙa'idodin duniya. A hade tare da gyare-gyaren Dokokin Kiwon Lafiya na Duniya IHR) wanda zai fara aiki a wata mai zuwa ga yawancin jihohi sai dai idan sun fice a watan Yuli, kuma wanda dole ne kuma za a karanta shi daidai da Yarjejeniyar Cutar, gaskiyar siyasa ita ce kasashe mambobin kungiyar za su shiga cikin tsarin kula da cutar ta duniya wanda masana fasaha na kasa da kasa ke jagoranta.
A cikin ra'ayi daya na alkalan kotun duniya guda 15, wajibcin yanayi na shari'a ne, da gaske, kuma ana aiwatar da su, ba kawai buri ba. A baya can an ɗaukaka wasu wajibai masu banƙyama zuwa ɗawainiya a ƙarƙashin dokokin ƙasa da ƙasa na al'ada don hana mummunar cutar da muhalli da haɗin kai a duniya don kiyaye muhimman haƙƙoƙin ɗan adam yayin fuskantar haɗarin yanayi. Duk da haka, duk gwamnatoci suna shiga cikin kasuwancin siyasa da suka shafi manufofin tattalin arziki, taimakon raya kasa, da tsaron makamashi wanda ke daidaita hayaki, araha, da dogaro. Wane ne daidai zai tilasta ra'ayin ICJ game da manyan ma'auni na siyasa kamar China, Rasha, da Amurka?
Tabbas, shawarwarin WHO ba su da wajibci bisa doka kan masu rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar. Yarjejeniyar ta bayyana karara cewa babu wani abu a cikinta da ya bai wa WHO ko Darakta Janar 'kowace ikon jagoranci, oda, canza, ko tsara' kowace manufa; 'ko ba da umarni ko… gabatar da duk wani buƙatu' da ke faɗin ƙungiyoyin 'daukan takamaiman ayyuka' kamar haramcin balaguro, umarnin allurar rigakafi, ko kulle-kulle (Mataki na 22.2).
Koyaya, babu wani abu a cikin ƙwarewar Covid da ke ƙarfafa kwarin gwiwa game da yarda da ƙarfin shugabannin siyasa don yin tsayayya da shawarwarin WHO a cikin wannan rukunin cibiyoyin duniya. Amma idan da wasu kuskure ya kamata su yi haka, masu fafutukar kiwon lafiyar jama'a na iya neman ra'ayin shawara daga Kotun Duniya cewa lafiyar kowane 'yan kasa ba ta da lafiya sai dai na 'yan kasa na dukkan kasashe ba su da aminci don haka kowace jiha, gami da wadanda ba su sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar barkewar cutar ba, suna da alhakin bin doka. Rashin yin haka zai bar wata ƙasa da za ta fallasa masu neman ramawa daga waɗanda aka yi wa lahani.
Amurka a matsayin Ma'auni ga Manufofin Duniya na Duniya
Haɗin kai na ƙarshe tsakanin tsarin sifili da balaguron balaguron balaguron balaguron balaguron balaguron balaguron balaguron balaguron balaguron balaguron balaguron balaguron balaguron balaguron balaguron balaguron balaguron balaguron balaguron balaguron balaguron balaguron balaguron balaguron balaguron balaguron balaguron balaguron balaguron balaguron balaguron balaguron balaguron bala'i na Amurka ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a yakin da ake yi da gwamnatin Trump.
A ranar 29 ga Yuli Ma'aikatar Makamashi ta Amurka ta ba da sanarwar Rahoton wanda ya yi watsi da ainihin ka'idojin faɗakarwa yanayi, ya lura cewa manufofin Amurka za su 'da ɗan ƙaramin tasiri kai tsaye ga yanayin duniya,' kuma ya dage cewa manyan tsarin makamashi sun cancanci a yi bikin saboda rawar da suka taka a 'haɓakar ɗan adam a cikin ƙarni biyu da suka gabata.' Don haka, Amurka na shirin soke wasu ka'idojin sauyin yanayi da yawa a yunkurin ci gaba da mamaye makamashin duniya.
Masu fafutukar canjin yanayi a baya sun mayar da martani da fushi. A New York Times Labari a kan 31 Yuli ya nakalto masana kimiyyar yanayi wadanda suka kai hari ga rahoton don amfani da bayanan 'cherry- picked' don tallafawa 'tarin watsawa na da'awar masu shakka' a cikin "haɗin kai, cikakken hari kan kimiyya." Don jawo hankalin irin wannan flak, rahoton DOE dole ne ya wuce abin da ake nufi.
A ranar 21 ga Janairu, Shugaba Donald Trump ya rattaba hannu kan wata doka ta zartarwa janye Amurka daga WHO. The Ficewar Amurka daga IHR Sakataren Lafiya da Ayyukan Jama'a Robert F. Kennedy, Jr. da Sakataren Gwamnati Marco Rubio ne suka sanar tare a ranar 18 ga Yuli. Da yake bayyana shawarar a wani sakon bidiyo, Kennedy ya ce: 'Dalilin farko shi ne mulkin kasa.' Kasashen da suka 'karbi sabbin ka'idojin suna sanya hannu kan ikonsu a cikin gaggawa na kiwon lafiya,' ko ma lokacin da suke fuskantar mummunar "hadarin lafiyar jama'a," ga "kungiyar kasa da kasa da ba a zaba ba wacce za ta iya ba da umarnin kulle-kulle, hana tafiye-tafiye, ko duk wani matakan da ta ga ya dace."
Kennedy ya yarda cewa Amurka, da aka ba da matsayinta mai ƙarfi a duniya, za ta iya 'yi watsi da WHO kawai.' Amma wasu kalilan ne ke cikin wannan matsayi na alatu. Saboda haka: 'Ko da yake yawancin waɗannan gyare-gyaren an ce ba su da tushe, a matsayin al'amari mai mahimmanci, yana da wuya ga ƙasashe da yawa su bijire musu, musamman idan sun dogara da tallafin WHO da haɗin gwiwarta.' Bukatar, don haka, ba shine a gaggauta shiga cikin sabon tsarin kiwon lafiyar duniya ba, "cikakkiyar muhawarar jama'a," in ji Kennedy, amma don 'ƙarfafa 'yancin cin gashin kai na ƙasa da na gida don gudanar da ƙungiyoyin duniya da kuma dawo da daidaito na gaskiya.'
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Ramesh Thakur, Babban Babban Masanin Cibiyar Brownstone, tsohon Mataimakin Sakatare-Janar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ne, kuma farfesa na farko a Makarantar Siyasa ta Crawford, Jami'ar Kasa ta Australiya.
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