A farkon cutar, ba zan iya haɗa raina game da dalilin da ya sa mutane da yawa ke yin irin wannan tafarki na rashin hankali da lalata kai ba. Dole ne in nemo hanyar da zan bayyana halayensu, ko da ni kaina. Duk da kasancewarsa masanin ilimin rigakafi na cututtuka, wannan yana nufin zurfafa cikin ilimin halin ɗan adam. Abin farin ciki, na sami tushe masu haske da yawa kuma na sami batun yana da ban sha'awa mara iyaka, wanda na yi imani yana nunawa a cikin littafina (musamman Babi na 5 da 7). A farkon wannan shekarar, na sami damar tattaunawa game da ilimin halin ɗan adam na martanin cutar (cikin wasu batutuwa) tare da mashahurin masanin ilimin halayyar dan adam Jordan Peterson, wanda ba shakka ya kasance abin haskakawa a cikin shekara guda na abubuwan ban mamaki.
An samo abin da ke gaba daga Babi na 5 na littafina Tsoron Ƙwararrun Taurari: Yadda Al'adar Tsaron Ƙarfafa Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Mu.
Tasirin Nocebo
Hotunan gory da bayyanannun bayyanar cututtuka da cututtukan cututtukan da aka nuna a cikin karatuna na makarantar likitanci na na iya yin tasiri mai ban sha'awa ga wasu ɗaliban likitanci. Ina tunawa da irin wannan tasiri a cikin aji na likitanci na likitanci:
Mai koyarwa: "Kuma farkon bayyanar cututtuka na wannan kamuwa da cuta na musamman yana da wuyan wuyansa da..."
Ni: (Ya fara shafa wuya).
An san wannan a matsayin sakamako na nocebo-inda tsammanin ko shawara na alama zai iya haifar da shi ya bayyana ko ya kara tsanantawa. Yana da kishiyar kishiyar sakamako na placebo, inda tsammanin ci gaban bayyanar cututtuka ya haifar da batutuwa don bayar da rahoton cewa suna da, a gaskiya, inganta, ko da idan babu ainihin magani.
A wasu lokuta, ci gaban bayyanar cututtuka da ke faruwa kai tsaye sakamakon tsammanin mutum yana da tsanani sosai. Ɗaya daga cikin binciken da aka buga a shekara ta 2007 ya ruwaito wani mutum da ya wuce gona da iri a kan wani gwaji na anti-depressant bayan jayayya da budurwarsa, yana shan kwayoyi 29 da aka ba shi a matsayin wani ɓangare na binciken. Bayan an garzaya da shi asibiti, ya yi rajistar hawan jini mai rauni na 80/40 da hauhawar bugun zuciya na 110 a cikin minti daya. Likitoci da ma’aikatan jinya sun yi masa ruwan gishiri cike da gishiri kuma sun sami damar kara hawan jininsa kadan, zuwa 100/62.
Amma likitan da ya warkar da majiyyaci da gaske shi ne wanda ya zo daga gwajin asibiti, wanda ya zo ya gaya masa cewa waɗannan kwayoyin maganin damuwa da ya yi yawa a kai su ne placebos kuma ba su da wani magani. Ya kasance cikin rukunin masu kula! A cikin mintuna goma sha biyar, hawan jinin mutumin da bugun zuciyarsa sun daidaita.
Yin amfani da wuribo bai kashe mutumin ba, amma kawai tunanin cewa zai mutu ya haifar da tasirin ilimin lissafi. Wannan gaskiya ne na duka placebo da nocebo effects, inda analgesia-inducing β-endorphin saki (ban da dopamine) na tsohon da aka counteracted by cholecystokinin (CCK) na karshen.
A wasu kalmomi, duka abubuwan placebo da nocebo za a iya auna su kai tsaye ta hanyar sakin neurochemical kuma an toshe su ta wasu kwayoyi masu tsangwama tare da aikin su. Babban misali na sakin neurochemical na tasirin placebo yana cikin marasa lafiya na Cutar Parkinson, inda maganin placebo zai iya haifar da haɓaka motsi.
Ta hanyar auna dopamine endogenous ta positron emission tomography (wanda ke auna ikon mai binciken rediyo don yin gasa tare da ɗaure masu karɓa na dopamine), wani alamar bincike na 2001 ya nuna cewa maganin placebo a cikin marasa lafiyar Parkinson ya haifar da sakin dopamine a wurare da yawa na kwakwalwa. Ba wai kawai imani da kansa ba, amma canjin sinadarai wanda ke haifar da sa zuciya da sha'awar cewa magani zai haifar da ingantawa (placebo) ko mummunan ciwo ko cututtuka (nocebo).
Abin takaici, ƙarfin imani na iya haifar da wasu mummunan tasiri na tunani da ilimin lissafi akan matakan mutum da na rukuni. A matakin rukuni, tasirin nocebo yana da ƙarfi musamman a cikin germophobes da sauran mutane na yau da kullun, kuma yana iya ƙaruwa da sauri, kamar watsa kwayar cuta mai saurin yaduwa.
Hysteria ga Talakawa
A Portugal a cikin 2006, dole ne hukumomi su magance barkewar tashin hankali. Daruruwan matasa sun sauko da wata cuta mai ban al'ajabi da ke tattare da kurji, juwa, da wahalar numfashi. Duk da haka babu wani taro mai yawa ga wani sinadari ko kamuwa da cuta da zai iya bayyana barkewar cutar. Zare daya tilo da masu bincike za su iya tantancewa shine wasan opera na matasa, mai suna "Morangos com Acucar", ko" Strawberries tare da Sugar." Kafin farkon barkewar cutar, wasan kwaikwayon ya nuna wasan kwaikwayo na almara, inda haruffan suka kamu da wata mummunar cuta da wata cuta mai ban mamaki ta haifar.
Koyaya, a cikin duniyar gaske, ɗaliban ba kawai suna yin karyar alamun su ba ne don fita daga jarabawar ƙarshe. Sun yi imani da gaske cewa ba su da lafiya. Maimakon ƙwayar cuta mai ban mamaki ko fallasa ga wani sinadari mai guba, ɗaliban suna fama da cutar hauka mai yawan gaske, ko kuma rashin jin daɗi.
A cikin 2018, a cikin jirgin Emirates Airlines daga Dubai zuwa New York, fasinjoji 100 sun ba da rahoton jin rashin lafiya bayan lura da wasu masu alamun mura. Sakamakon firgicin, an keɓe dukkan jirgin bayan ya sauka a birnin New York. Hatta kasancewar rap na 90s Vanilla Ice a cikin jirgin bai isa ya sanyaya firgici ba. Masu bincike sun tantance bayan haka cewa fasinjoji kaɗan ne kawai ke fama da mura na yanayi ko mura. A maimakon haka kowa ya sha wahala daga tarin yawa.
Mass hysteria ba sabon abu ba ne, kamar yadda misalan martanin da ke tattare da kamuwa da cutar da na riga na tattauna a babin da ya gabata sun cancanta. Daga hare-haren da aka kai wa Yahudawa a lokacin annoba zuwa al'ummomi masu ban sha'awa zuwa camfi game da wadanda ke fama da tarin fuka, rashin jin daɗi ya taka rawa a yawancin abubuwan da suka shafi annoba a cikin tarihi. Gwajin Salem Witch, kodayake mai yuwuwa yana da alaƙa da gurɓataccen abinci tare da fungi masu tabin hankali maimakon cututtuka, yana ɗaya daga cikin shahararrun misalan.
A tarihance, wuraren da aka killace mutane da dama a cikin matsananciyar yanayi a cikin yanayi mai matsi ana daukar su a matsayin wuraren da za a iya kamuwa da cutar; gidajen zuhudu, masana'antu, da makarantun kwana su ne galibi a tsakiyar irin wannan lamari. A cikin tarihi, yawan damuwa yana da alaƙa da ƙungiyoyin mata ko 'yan mata matasa (kusan kashi 99% na duk abubuwan da suka faru). Hakika, an samo “hysteria” daga kalmar Helenanci ta dā “hystera”, wadda ke nufin “na mahaifa.”
Abubuwan da suka faru yawanci suna farawa ne da wasu abubuwan da ke tada hankali, kamar fashewar almara Strawberries tare da sukari, amma yawanci ya ƙunshi mutum ɗaya yana ba da rahoton wani abu mai ban mamaki da alamun bayyanar. Sau da yawa ba a san ɗanɗano ba, ƙamshi mai ƙamshi, ko hayaƙi, ko kuma wani lokacin wani mai alamun alamun yana ɗauke da cuta mai yaduwa. Da sauri, mutane da yawa sun bayyana abin ya shafa, kuma wannan na iya yaduwa na kwanaki da wasu lokuta makwanni, tare da raƙuman ruwa da yawa. Duk da haka, ƙarin bincike bai haifar da wani takamaiman dalili ba.
Jim kadan bayan harin ta'addanci na ranar 11 ga watan Satumbath, 2001, an aika wasiku biyar masu dauke da cutar anthrax zuwa ga Sanatoci da kafafen yada labarai, inda suka kashe biyar tare da haddasa cutar a wasu 17. Sakamakon hare-haren, barazanar ta'addancin halittu ta fara bayyana a shafin farko na kusan kowace jarida, tare da yin ta'aziyya a kowane babban shirin labarai.
Tsoro da damuwa game da yuwuwar sakin magungunan halittun da ba a gani na halakar jama'a a cikin yawan jama'a sun ba da babban tushen mai don barkewar cutar tarin yawa. Fiye da cutar anthrax na karya 2,000 ne aka ruwaito a Amurka bayan harin farko, mutane suna kan gaba kuma suna neman shaidar ta'addanci a ko'ina. Lokacin da Bruce Ivins, wani mai binciken cutar anthrax a USAMRIID, ya kashe kansa a cikin wasu yanayi da ake tuhuma, FBI ta ruwaito cewa sun yi imanin cewa shi kadai ne ya kai harin wasiƙar anthrax, kuma tsoron ta'addancin halittu ya ragu.
Ɗayan abu mai mahimmanci don ƙwayar cuta mai yawa ya ta'allaka ne a cikin abin da ya faru na rikice-rikice na tunani, wanda shine kyawawan yadda yake sauti; mutanen da ke kusa suna son raba hali da motsin rai. Wannan na iya farawa daga halin rashin sanin yakamata don mutane su kwaikwayi yanayin fuskar wasu ko atsayi, wanda sai su haifar da irin wannan motsin rai a cikin rukuni.
An nuna wannan mimicry ta gwaji-mutanen da aka fallasa ga yanayi za su kasance suna nuna maganganu da matsayi kuma suna ba da rahoton matakan damuwa irin na ƴan wasan kwaikwayo a cikin ɗaki ɗaya, koda kuwa halinsu bai dace da yanayi ba ko gwaji "yanayin barazana." Marubutan binciken daya daga cikin abubuwan da suka shafi motsin rai sun kammala, "... sakamakonmu ya nuna cewa wahala ba ta son kowane kamfani, ko kuma duk wani kamfani mai zullumi. A zahiri, yana nuna cewa baƙin ciki yana son abokan hulɗar waɗanda ke cikin wannan mawuyacin hali."
Yaɗuwar motsin rai da yuwuwar kamuwa da cutar ɗabi'a sun sami haɓaka daga saurin shiga duniya ta hanyar intanet da kafofin watsa labarun. Wadanda suka riga sun kamu da kamuwa da cuta sun kasance mutane iri ɗaya ne waɗanda ke fama da cutar sankarau ta kan layi - abun ciki mai ban tsoro kuma a sakamakon haka sun sami ƙarin damuwa, damuwa, damuwa, da alamun OCD.
Har ma mafi muni, mutane da yawa sun yi watsi da hanyoyin sadarwar zamantakewa na al'ada na iyali da na gida don cibiyoyin sadarwar kan layi; wannan na iya sauƙaƙe waɗanda suka riga sun kamu da damuwa na kiwon lafiya don saduwa da wasu mutane masu tunani iri ɗaya, kafa hanyoyin sadarwar da suka dace don kamuwa da cuta.
Wannan yayi kama da amfani da hotunan kafofin watsa labarai masu ban sha'awa na barazanar kamuwa da cutar, yayin da karuwar bayyanar da labarai game da mura na alade, Zika, SARS, Ebola, da SARS-CoV-2 yana da alaƙa da haɓaka matakan damuwa na jama'a. Don haka, bayyanar da kafofin watsa labarun kamar sauran kafofin watsa labaru ne, inda mutane a maimakon haka suna fallasa su ga abubuwan da ke motsa jiki da abubuwan da suka dace da takwarorinsu ke bayarwa maimakon kafofin watsa labaru na gargajiya.
Menene zai iya karya sarkar kamuwa da motsin rai da yuwuwar kamuwa da cutar tarin yawa? Wata yuwuwar ita ce fallasa ga gungun jama'ar dangi masu ra'ayi daban-daban, kodayake hakan na iya haifar da cikakkiyar kora ko "wasu" haifar da rikici tsakanin ƙungiyoyi. Wata yuwuwar ita ce ƙungiyar masu ɓarna da ke fuskantar abin da suka fi tsoro - kamuwa da cutar ƙwayar cuta. Idan kungiyar ta yi la'akari da hadarin kamuwa da cuta mai tsanani da kuma mutuwa daga kwayar cutar, to, fuskantar kamuwa da cuta mai sauƙi zai zama duk tabbacin da ake bukata na wuce gona da iri.
Ko da ita kanta cutar ba ta da sauƙi, bala'in annoba ta hanyar yawan jama'a yana ƙoƙarin rage damuwa da damuwa na gida kuma yana mai da hankali ga mutane akan manufa guda ɗaya. Ana kiran wannan "tasirin ido na Typhoon," wanda aka ruwaito yayin barkewar cutar ta SARS, mutanen da ke kusa da cutar ba su da damuwa kuma sun fi iya kimanta haɗarin nasu daidai. Akasin haka, waɗanda ke gefen ko waje da barkewar cutar, waɗanda suka karɓi bayanansu daga kafofin watsa labarai maimakon gogewa na sirri sun ba da rahoton ƙarin damuwa da damuwa. Babu wani abu da ya fi tasiri fiye da sa ran an kawar da fargabar da ba ta dace ba.
An sake bugawa daga marubucin Mayarwa
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Steve Templeton, Babban Malami a Cibiyar Brownstone, Mataimakin Farfesa ne na Microbiology da Immunology a Makarantar Magunguna ta Jami'ar Indiana - Terre Haute. Binciken nasa yana mayar da hankali kan martanin rigakafi ga cututtukan fungal masu dacewa. Ya kuma yi aiki a Kwamitin Amincin Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a na Gov. Ron DeSantis kuma ya kasance mawallafin "Tambayoyi don kwamitin COVID-19," takardar da aka bayar ga mambobin kwamitin majalisar da ke mayar da hankali kan martanin cutar.
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