Wata kotun daukaka kara ta tarayya da ke New Orleans ta dakatar da allurar rigakafi da bukatu na gwaji ga 'yan kasuwa masu zaman kansu kamar yadda gwamnatin Biden da sashin kula da ma'aikatar kwadago suka ba da umarni don amincin wurin aiki. Shawarar ta shahara ba kawai don yanke hukunci ba amma har ma da harshenta mai ban mamaki wanda ya tsara doka mai tsauri ga abin da yake, kuma ya yi watsi da manufa da hanyoyin da ake aiwatarwa a kan ma'aikata.
A ƙasa akwai wasu sassa na yanke shawara a cikin BST Holdings, LLC vs OSHA, Nuwamba 12, 2021:
- Za mu fara da bayyana a fili. Dokar Tsaro da Kiwon Lafiyar Ma'aikata, wacce ta haifar da OSHA, Majalisa ce ta zartar da ita don tabbatar wa Amurkawa "lafiya da yanayin aiki lafiya da kuma adana albarkatun ɗan adam." Dubi 29 USC § 651 (bayanin bincike da bayyana manufa da manufa). Ba haka ba - kuma mai yiwuwa iya kar a kasance, a ƙarƙashin Tsarin Kasuwanci da koyaswar ba da izini 8 - an yi niyya don ba da izini ga hukumar tsaro ta wurin aiki a cikin zurfafan guraben ayyukan gwamnatin tarayya don yin shelar faɗa kan al'amuran kiwon lafiyar jama'a da ke shafar kowane memba na al'umma a cikin mafi zurfin hanyoyin.
- Akan zato mai ban mamaki cewa Mandate ya aikata ƙetare kundin tsarin mulki-wanda bai kamata mu yanke hukunci a yau ba-duk da haka yana da lahani a kan nasa sharuddan. Haƙiƙa, ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun magunguna na Mandate ɗin sun haɗu don mai da ita sanarwar gwamnati da ba kasafai ba wacce ta haɗa da juna (da ake nema ga masu ɗaukar ma'aikata da ma'aikata a kusan dukkanin masana'antu da wuraren aiki a Amurka, tare da ɗan ƙoƙarin yin la'akari da bambance-bambancen da ke tsakanin haɗarin da ke fuskantar, in ji wani jami'in tsaro a kan ƙauyen dare, da kuma buɗaɗɗen nama yana aiki kafada da kafada. da kuma wanda ba a haɗa shi ba (yana nufin ceton ma'aikata tare da abokan aiki 99 ko fiye daga "haɗari mai girma" a wurin aiki, yayin da ba sa ƙoƙarin kare ma'aikata tare da 98 ko ƙananan abokan aiki daga wannan barazana). Ƙaddamar da Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Duniya ta Jure kusan shekaru biyu, 10 kuma OSHA da kanta ta shafe kusan biyu. watanni amsawa ga11-ba shi da amfani kuma. Kuma fitar da ita ya zarce ikon OSHA.
- Bayan da Shugaban kasar ya bayyana rashin jin dadinsa da yawan allurar rigakafin da aka yi a kasar a watan Satumba, 12 Hukumar ta yi amfani da dokar Amurka don neman iko, ko kuma "aiki,"13 don sanya dokar ta kasa. Motar da ta sauka a kanta OSHA ETS ce. Dokar da ke ba da iko ga OSHA ta ba da damar OSHA ta ketare tsarin sanarwa-da sharhi na tsawon watanni shida ta hanyar samar da "don ma'aunin gaggawa na wucin gadi don ɗaukar tasiri nan da nan a kan bugawa a cikin Rijistar Tarayya" idan "ya yanke shawarar (A) cewa ma'aikata suna fuskantar haɗari mai girma daga fallasa abubuwa ko wakilai waɗanda aka ƙaddara su zama mai guba ko cutarwa ta jiki ko daga sababbin haɗari, kuma (B) ya zama haɗari ga irin wannan haɗari daga ma'aikatan gaggawa."
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- Anan, yunƙurin OSHA na yin ƙaƙƙarfan ƙwayar cuta ta iska wacce ke da yawa a cikin al'umma (kuma don haka ba musamman ga kowane wurin aiki ba) da kuma barazanar rayuwa ga galibin ma'aikata a cikin jumlar makwabta. yawan guba da kuma guba shi ne har yanzu wani m mikewa.
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- Hakanan matsala, duk da haka, shine har yanzu ba a san cewa COVID-19 ba - duk da haka bala'i da bala'in cutar ta kasance - yana haifar da irin babban haɗari § 655 (c) (1) tunani. Duba, misali, Int'l Chem. Ma'aikata, 830 F.2d a 371 (lura da cewa OSHA kanta sau ɗaya ta kammala "cewa ya zama 'hadari mai girma," bai isa ba cewa sinadari, kamar cadmium, na iya haifar da ciwon daji or lalacewar koda a babban matakin fallasa” (an ƙara jaddadawa)) Don farawa, Dokar da kanta ta yarda cewa tasirin COVID-19 na iya kasancewa daga “mai laushi” zuwa “mafi mahimmanci.” Kamar yadda yake da mahimmanci, duk da haka, matsayin yaduwar kwayar cutar ya bambanta tun lokacin da Shugaban kasa ya sanar da ma'auni na wa'adin a watan Satumba (Kuma ba shakka, duk wannan yana ɗaukar cewa COVID-19 yana haifar da wani babban haɗari ga ma'aikata don farawa; don fiye da haka. saba'in da takwas kashi 16 na Amurkawa masu shekaru 12 da haihuwa ko dai gaba daya ko kuma an yi musu allurar rigakafin cutar, kwayar cutar ta haifar - Gwamnatin ta tabbatar mana - kadan hadarin kwata-kwata.) Duba, misali, 86 Fed. Reg. 61,402, 61,402-03 ("Alurar rigakafin COVID-19 da aka ba da izini ko kuma ta [FDA] ta amince da su yadda ya kamata suna kare mutanen da aka yi wa alurar riga kafi daga mummunar cuta da mutuwa daga COVID-19.").
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- Za mu yi la'akari da wajibcin Wajabcin. The Mandate yana wuce gona da iri. Neman ma'aikata 2 cikin 3 masu zaman kansu a Amurka, a wuraren aiki daban-daban kamar kasar kanta, Wa'adin ya kasa yin la'akari da abin da watakila shine mafi mahimmancin gaskiyar duka: barazanar da ke ci gaba da COVID-19 ta fi hatsari ga wasu ma'aikata fiye da su wasu ma'aikata. Hakanan daidai yake, wani ɗan shekara 28 da ke ciyar da mafi yawan kwanakin aikinsa a cikin keɓewar motar sa ba shi da rauni ga COVID-19 fiye da mai tsaron gidan yari mai shekaru 62. Haka nan, ma'aikacin da ba a yi masa allurar rigakafi ta dabi'a ba yana cikin haɗari fiye da ma'aikacin da bai taɓa kamuwa da cutar ba. Lissafin yana ci gaba, amma saura sau ɗaya akai-akai-Wajibin ya gaza kusan gaba ɗaya don magance, ko ma amsawa, yawancin wannan gaskiyar da hankali.
- Haka kuma, a baya a cikin bala'in, Hukumar ta fahimci rashin yuwuwar yin amfani da ingantaccen ETS don mayar da martani ga COVID-19.
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- A lokaci guda kuma, Mandate din shine m. Ma'aikaci mafi rauni a Amurka ba ya samun kariya daga Dokar idan kamfaninsa yana ɗaukar ma'aikata 99 ko ƙasa da haka. Dalilin da yasa? Domin, kamar yadda ko da OSHA ta yarda, kamfanoni na 100 ko fiye da ma'aikata za su fi iya gudanar da (da kuma ci gaba) Wa'adin. Dubi 86 Fed. Reg. 61,402, 61,403 ("OSHA tana neman bayani game da ikon masu daukar ma'aikata tare da ma'aikata kasa da 100 don aiwatar da rigakafin COVID-19 da/ko shirye-shiryen gwaji."). Hakan na iya zama gaskiya. Amma irin wannan tunanin ya karyata jigon cewa kowane ɗayan wannan da gaske ne gaggawa. Hakika, rashin haɗa irin wannan nau'in ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin wata alama ce da ke nuna cewa sha'awar gwamnati na aiwatar da sanarwar hana 'yanci ba a haƙiƙanin "mai tilastawa ba." Cf. Cocin Lukomi Babalu Aye, Inc. v. Birnin Hialeah. Halin da bai haɗa da Dokar ba yana nuna cewa ainihin manufar Dokar ba don haɓaka amincin wurin aiki ba ne, a maimakon haka don haɓaka ɗaukar rigakafin ta kowace hanya da ta dace.
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- A ƙarshe yana ɗaukar lura cewa Dokar ta haifar da damuwa ga tsarin mulki wanda ko dai ya sa ya zama mai yuwuwa cewa masu shigar da kara za su yi nasara a kan cancantar, ko aƙalla shawara game da ɗaukar babban karatun OSHA na § 655 (c) a matsayin batun fassarar doka.
- Na farko, mai yiyuwa wa'adin ya zarce ikon gwamnatin tarayya a ƙarƙashin Dokar Kasuwanci saboda tana daidaita rashin aiki na tattalin arziki wanda ya faɗo daidai da ikon 'yan sanda na Jihohi. Zaɓin mutum ya kasance ba a yi masa allurar rigakafi ba kuma ya bar gwaji na yau da kullun ba rashin aiki na tattalin arziki bane. Cf. NFIB v. Sebelius, 567 US 519, 522 (2012) (Roberts, CJ, concurring); duba kuma id. a 652-53 (Scalia, J., dissenting). Kuma ba da izinin cewa mutum ya karɓi maganin alurar riga kafi ko yin gwaji ya faɗi daidai da ikon 'yan sanda na Jihohi.
- Wa'adin, duk da haka, yana ba da umarni ga ma'aikatan Amurka su tilasta miliyoyin ma'aikata su karɓi maganin COVID-19 ko ɗaukar nauyin gwajin mako-mako. 86 Fed. Reg. 61,402, 61,407, 61,437, 61,552. Ƙarfin Maganar Kasuwanci na iya faɗaɗawa, amma baya baiwa Majalisa ikon tsara rashin aiki na tattalin arziki bisa al'ada a cikin ikon 'yan sanda na Jihohi. ... A taƙaice, Wa'adin zai wuce ikon tsarin mulki na yanzu.
- Na biyu, damuwa kan rabewar ka'idodin iko yana jefa shakku kan tabbatar da wa'adin ikon kusan marar iyaka don sarrafa ɗaiɗaikun ɗaiɗaikun ɗaiɗaikun ɗaiɗaikun ƙa'ida ta wurin aiki. Kamar yadda mai shari'a Duncan ya nuna, manyan rukunan tambayoyi sun tabbatar da cewa Wa'adin ya wuce iyakokin ikon OSHA. Majalisa dole ne "ta yi magana a fili idan tana son sanya wa hukumar yanke shawara mai mahimmancin tattalin arziki da siyasa." Amfani Tsarin Jirgin Sama. Grp. v. EPA, 573 US 302, 324 (2014) (tsabtace). Umurnin yana samun ikonsa daga tsohuwar ƙa'ida da aka yi amfani da ita ta sabon salo, tana ɗaukar kusan dala biliyan 3 a cikin farashin biyan kuɗi, ya ƙunshi manyan la'akarin likitanci waɗanda ke waje da ainihin ƙwarewar OSHA, da kuma yin ikirarin warware ɗaya daga cikin batutuwan siyasa mafi zafi a yau. Cf. MCI Telecomms. Kamfanin V. AT&T, 512 US 218, 231 (1994) (ƙi amincewa da cewa FCC na iya kawar da buƙatun ƙididdige ƙimar sadarwa); FDA v Brown & Williamson Tobacco Corp., 529 US 120, 159-60 (2000) (ƙi amincewa da cewa FDA na iya tsara sigari); Gonzales v. Oregon, 546 US 243, 262 (2006) (ƙi yarda da DOJ don hana kashe kansa na taimakon likita). Babu bayyananniyar manufar majalisa a cikin § 655 (c) don isar da OSHA irin wannan iko mai fa'ida, kuma wannan kotu ba zata ba da ɗayan ba. Haka kuma Babban zartarwa na Mataki na II ba zai iya numfasa sabon iko a cikin ikon OSHA ba - komai yadda haƙurin bakin ciki ya sa.
- A bayyane yake cewa kin amincewar da masu gabatar da kara suka yi na zaman zai yi musu illa da ba za a iya gyarawa ba. Na ɗaya, Umurnin yana barazanar ɗaukar nauyin yancin walwala na masu karɓa waɗanda ba sa son yin zaɓin tsakanin aikinsu da jab(s). Ga masu koke-koke, asarar ’yancin da tsarin mulki ya ba shi “har ma na ɗan lokaci kaɗan . . . Elrod v. Burns, 427 US 347, 373 (1976) ("Rashin 'yanci na Gyaran Farko, har ma da ƙaramin lokaci, babu shakka ya zama rauni maras misaltuwa.").
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- Don dalilai makamantan haka, tsayawa yana tsayawa tsayin daka don amfanin jama'a. Daga rashin tabbas na tattalin arziki zuwa rigingimun wurin aiki, mai kallon Dokar ya ba da gudummawa ga tabarbarewar tattalin arziki a cikin 'yan watannin nan. Tabbas, ƙa'idodin da ke kan gungumen azaba idan ya zo ga Mandate ba za a rage su zuwa dala da cents ba. Har ila yau ana amfani da muradin jama'a ta hanyar kiyaye tsarin tsarin mulkin mu da kuma kiyaye 'yancin ɗan adam don yanke shawara mai tsanani bisa ga nasu ra'ayi-ko da, ko watakila. musamman, lokacin da waɗancan shawarwarin suka sa jami’an gwamnati cikas.
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- Bugu da kari, AN KARA UMURNI cewa OSHA ba ta dau matakin aiwatarwa ko aiwatar da Hukunce-hukuncen har sai kotu ta ci gaba da zama.
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Labarai daga Cibiyar Brownstone, ƙungiyar sa-kai da aka kafa a watan Mayu na 2021 don tallafawa al'umma da ke rage rawar tashin hankali a rayuwar jama'a.
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