Amsar bala'i na Covid yana da mutane da yawa suna mamakin ko ya kamata mu juya manufofin jama'a da gaske - wanda ke magana da mahimman lamuran 'yancin ɗan adam - ƙarancin lafiyar jama'a, zuwa cibiyar kimiyya da gwamnati ta naɗa. Dole ne abubuwan da suka dace na ɗabi'a su ba da damar yanke hukunci na masana fasaha a cikin ilimin kimiyyar halitta? Ya kamata mu amince da ikonsu? Karfinsu?
Akwai ainihin tarihi anan don tuntuba.
Babu wani binciken da ya fi kyau fiye da amfani da eugenics: kimiyya, wanda ake kira, na kiwon mafi kyawun jinsin 'yan adam. Ya shahara a zamanin Ci gaba da biyewa, kuma ya ba da cikakken bayani game da manufofin gwamnatin Amurka. A wancan lokacin, ijma'in kimiyya duk ya kasance don manufofin jama'a da aka kafa bisa manyan da'awar cikakken ilimi bisa binciken masana. Akwai yanayi na al'ada na firgita ("kasar kabilanci!") da yunƙurin ƙwararrun masana don haɗa wani shiri don magance shi.
Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Dan Adam ta Amirka ta fitar kwanan nan rahoton neman afuwa game da rawar da ya taka a baya a cikin eugenics. Bayanin yana da kyau gwargwadon yadda yake tafiya kuma yana ba da taƙaitaccen taƙaitaccen tarihin eugenic. Duk da haka, rahoton, idan wani abu, ya yi kunkuntar kuma yana da rauni sosai.
Eugenics ba kawai girman kai ne tare da ƙwaƙƙwaran kimiyya ba. Bayan lokaci ya zama abin da ke haifar da rarrabuwar kawuna, haifuwa, keɓance kasuwannin aiki na “marasa dacewa,” kula da shige da fice a hankali, lasisin aure da haihuwa, ƙididdigar alƙaluma, da ƙari mai yawa. Zato na asali koyaushe ya shafi lafiyar halittu na gabaɗayan jama'a, wanda waɗannan fitattun mutane suka yi tunanin cewa ita ce keɓancewarsu. Dangane da wannan ainihin ra'ayin, akidar eugenic ta kasance mai zurfi cikin da'irar masu mulki a cikin makarantu, kotuna, fitattun kafofin watsa labarai, da kudi. Lalle ne, ya kasance haka orthodox cewa ba a yi jayayya a cikin kamfani mai ladabi ba. Mafarkin Eugenic sun cika shafukan jaridu, mujallu, da mujallu - kusan duka.
Bari mu fara da farfesa na Harvard Robert DeCourcy Ward (1867-1931), wanda aka lasafta shi da rike kujerar farko ta ilimin yanayi a Amurka. Ya kasance cikakken memba na cibiyar ilimi. Ya kasance editan Mujallar meteorological na Amurka, shugaban Ƙungiyar Ma'aikatan Geographers na Amurka, kuma memba na Kwalejin Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Amurka da Royal Meteorological Society of London.
Ya kuma yi avocation. Shi ne wanda ya kafa Ƙungiyar Ƙuntatawa ta Amurka. Ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin ƙungiyoyin farko da suka ba da shawarar sauya tsarin al'adar Amurka na ƙaura 'yanci da maye gurbinsa da tsarin "kimiyya" wanda ya samo asali daga ka'idar juyin halittar Darwiniyanci da manufofin eugenics. A tsakiya a Boston, gasar daga ƙarshe ta faɗaɗa zuwa New York, Chicago, da San Francisco. Kimiyyar ta ta haifar da gagarumin canji a manufofin Amurka kan dokar aiki, manufar aure, tsara birni, da kuma, manyan nasarorin da ya samu, Dokar Ƙimar Gaggawa ta 1921 da Dokar Shige da Fice ta 1924. Waɗannan su ne ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙaura da za su iya zuwa Amurka.
"Darwin da mabiyansa sun kafa tushen kimiyyar eugenics," Dr. Ward ya yi zargin a cikin nasa manifesto buga a cikin Binciken Arewacin Amurka a cikin Yuli 1910. "Sun nuna mana hanyoyin da yuwuwar samar da sabbin nau'ikan shuke-shuke da dabbobi…. Haƙiƙa, an yi amfani da zaɓi na wucin gadi ga kusan kowane abu mai rai da ɗan adam ke da kusanci da shi sai mutum kansa."
"Me ya sa," in ji Ward, "ya kamata a bar kiwo na mutum, dabba mafi mahimmanci, shi kaɗai?"
Ta “zama,” ba shakka, yana nufin zaɓi.
"Hakika" shine yadda cibiyar kimiyya ta ɗauki al'umma mai 'yanci tare da 'yancin ɗan adam. An yi la'akari da 'yanci a matsayin rashin shiri, rashin hankali, hargitsi, kuma mai yuwuwar mutuwa ga tseren. Ga masu ci gaba, ana buƙatar 'yanci a maye gurbinsu da wata al'umma da aka tsara wanda masana a fannonin su ke gudanarwa. Za a yi wasu shekaru 100 kafin su kansu masana kimiyyar yanayi su zama wani bangare na tsarin tsare-tsare na jihar, don haka Farfesa Ward ya shagaltu da kansa a fannin kimiyyar launin fata da ba da shawarar hana shige da fice.
Ward ya bayyana cewa Amurka tana da “zama mai kyau don aiwatar da ƙa’idodin eugenic.” Kuma akwai matsananciyar bukatar yin hakan, domin “tun da ba mu da ɗaruruwan dubbai, amma miliyoyin Italiyawa da Slavs da Yahudawa waɗanda jininsu ke shiga cikin sabuwar tseren Amurka.” Wannan yanayin zai iya haifar da Anglo-Saxon Amurka "bacewa." Idan ba tare da manufar eugenic ba, "sabon jinsin Amurka" ba za ta zama "mafi kyau, ƙarfi, mafi basira" amma a maimakon haka "rauni kuma mai yuwuwar ɓarkewar ɗan adam."
Da yake ambaton rahoto daga Hukumar Shige da Fice ta New York, Ward ya damu musamman game da hada jinin Anglo-Saxon na Amurka da "Sicilians masu dogon kai da na Ibraniyawa na Gabashin Turai masu kai." Ward ya rubuta: "Tabbas ya kamata mu fara fara ware, fiye da yadda muke yi a yanzu, duk 'yan asalinmu da na kasashen waje wadanda ba su dace da iyaye ba," in ji Ward. "Dole ne a hana su kiwo."
Amma har ma mafi inganci, in ji Ward, zai kasance mai tsattsauran ra'ayi kan shige da fice. Yayin da "likitocin mu ke yin kyakkyawan aiki," in ji shi, ya rubuta, ba za su iya ci gaba da tace mutanen da ke da nakasa ta jiki da ta hankali da ke kwarara cikin kasar da kuma karkatar da kabilanci na Amurkawa, suna mai da mu zuwa "lalacewar miyagu."
Irin waɗannan su ne manufofin da kimiyyar eugenic suka tsara, waɗanda, waɗanda, ba a iya ganin su a matsayin ɓatanci daga gefen ba, yana cikin babban ra'ayi na ilimi. Shugaba Woodrow Wilson, shugaban farfesa na farko na Amurka, ya rungumi manufofin eugenic. Haka kuma Alkalin Kotun Koli Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr., wanda, a cikin tabbatar da dokar hana haihuwa ta Virginia, ya rubuta, "Tsarin ƙarnuka uku sun isa."
Idan muka dubi wallafe-wallafen zamanin, mun damu da kusan rashin muryoyin da ba su dace ba a kan batun. Shahararrun litattafai masu ba da shawarar eugenics da fifikon fari, irin su Wucewa Babban Race by Madison Grant, ya zama nan da nan bestsellers kuma shekaru da yawa bayan buga. An bayyana ra'ayoyin da ke cikin waɗannan littattafai - waɗanda ba don suma ba - an bayyana su tun kafin abin da ya faru na Nazi ya ɓata irin waɗannan manufofin. Suna nuna tunanin dukan tsara, kuma sun fi fahimi fiye da wanda zai yi tsammanin karantawa yanzu.
Waɗannan ra'ayoyin ba kawai game da tura wariyar launin fata ba ne a matsayin abin da ya dace ko na mutum. Eugenics ya kasance game da siyasar kiwon lafiya: yin amfani da jihar don tsarawa da daidaita yawan jama'a zuwa ga lafiyar halittu. Don haka, bai kamata a yi mamaki ba, cewa gaba dayan yunƙurin adawa da ƙaura, sun kasance cikin akidar eugenics. Lallai idan muka duba wannan tarihin, to kadan ne za mu iya raba gwagwarmayar kyamar bakin haure ta Zamanin Ci gaba da mulkin farar fata a sigarsa mara kyau.
Ba da daɗewa ba bayan labarin Ward ya bayyana, masanin yanayin yanayi ya yi kira ga abokansa da su yi tasiri ga doka. Shugaban Ƙungiyar Ƙuntatawa Prescott Hall da Charles Davenport na Eugenics Record Office sun fara ƙoƙarin ƙaddamar da sabuwar doka tare da takamaiman manufar eugenic. Ya nemi iyakance ƙaura na kudancin Italiya da Yahudawa musamman. Kuma haƙiƙa ƙaura daga Gabashin Turai, Italiya da Asiya sun yi ƙasa sosai.
Shige da fice ba shine kawai manufar da akidar eugenic ta shafa ba. Edwin Black Yaƙi da Mara ƙarfi: Eugenics da Yaƙin Amurka don Ƙirƙirar tseren Jagora (2003, 2012) ya rubuta yadda eugenics ya kasance tsakiya ga siyasar Ci gaba. Dukkanin tsararraki na masana, 'yan siyasa, da masu taimakon jama'a sun yi amfani da kimiyya mara kyau don yin makirci don kawar da abubuwan da ba a so. Dokokin da ke buƙatar haifuwa sun yi iƙirarin waɗanda abin ya shafa 60,000. Idan aka yi la’akari da halin da ake ciki a lokacin, abin mamaki ne yadda kashe-kashen da aka yi a Amurka ya yi kadan. Turai, duk da haka, ba ta da sa'a.
Eugenics ya zama wani ɓangare na daidaitaccen manhaja a ilmin halitta, tare da William Castle na 1916 Genetics da Eugenics da aka saba amfani da shi sama da shekaru 15, tare da bugu huɗu na maimaitawa.
Adabi da fasaha ba su da kariya. John Carey's Masu Hankali da Talakawa: Alfahari da Son Zuciya Tsakanin Ma'abota Ilimin Adabi, 1880-1939 (2005) ya nuna yadda eugenics mania ya shafi duk motsin adabi na zamani na Burtaniya, tare da irin waɗannan sanannun mutane kamar TS Eliot da DH Lawrence suna lulluɓe a ciki.
Abin sha'awa, hatta masana tattalin arziki sun faɗi ƙarƙashin ikon eugenic pseudoscience. Thomas Leonard yana da ban mamaki Masu Sauya Sauyi: Race, Eugenics, da Tattalin Arziki na Amurka a cikin Zaman Ci gaba (2016) Takaddun bayanai dalla-dalla yadda akidar eugenic ta lalata dukkanin sana'ar tattalin arziki a cikin shekaru ashirin na farkon karni na 20.
A duk fadin duniya, a cikin litattafai da kasidu na wannan sana’a, za ka ga irin abubuwan da aka saba da su game da kashe-kashen kabilanci, da gubar da ‘yan kasa ke yi wa jinin al’ummar kasa, da kuma tsananin bukatar da ake yi na shirin jihohi na kiwo mutane kamar yadda makiyaya ke kiwon dabbobi. Anan mun sami samfuri don aiwatar da babban matakin farko na aiwatar da manufofin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki na kimiyya.
Daliban tarihin tunanin tattalin arziki za su gane sunayen waɗannan masu ba da shawara: Richard T. Ely, John R. Commons, Irving Fisher, Henry Rogers Seager, Arthur N. Holcombe, Simon Patten, John Bates Clark, Edwin RA Seligman, da Frank Taussig. Su ne manyan mambobi na ƙungiyoyin ƙwararru, masu editan mujallu, da manyan jami'o'i masu daraja na manyan jami'o'i. An ba da tsakanin waɗannan mutane cewa dole ne a ƙi tattalin arzikin siyasa na gargajiya. Akwai wani abu mai ƙarfi na son kai a wurin aiki. Kamar yadda Leonard ya ce, "Laissez-faire ya kasance mai cike da ƙima ga ƙwarewar tattalin arziki don haka ya zama cikas ga ayyukan sana'a na tattalin arzikin Amurka."
Irving Fisher, wanda Joseph Schumpeter ya kwatanta a matsayin "mafi girman masanin tattalin arziki da Amurka ta taba samarwa" (wani kima daga baya Milton Friedman ya maimaita), ya bukaci Amurkawa da su "mai da eugenics addini."
Da yake magana a taron Betterment na Race a 1915, Fisher ya ce eugenics shine "shirin farko na fansar ɗan adam." Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arziƙin Amurka (wanda har yanzu ita ce babbar ƙungiyar kasuwanci ta masana tattalin arziki) ta buga labaran wariyar launin fata a fili kamar sanyi. Halayen jinsi da Halin Negro na Amurka da Frederick Hoffman. Wani tsari ne na rarrabuwar kawuna, wariya, ɓata ɗan adam, da kuma kawar da baƙar fata daga ƙarshe.
Littafin Hoffman ya kira baƙar fata na Amurka “lalalaci, marasa ƙarfi, da rashin dogaro,” kuma suna kan hanyarsu ta zuwa yanayin “cikakkiyar lalata da rashin amfani.” Hoffman ya bambanta su da "ƙarshen Aryan," wanda ke da "mallakar duk mahimman halaye waɗanda ke yin nasara a gwagwarmayar rayuwa mafi girma."
Ko da lokacin da Jim Crow ke takurawa baƙar fata, kuma ana ba da cikakken nauyin ikon gwamnati don lalata tattalin arzikinsu, ƙungiyar Tattalin Arziƙin Amurka ta ce tseren farar fata “ba za su yi jinkirin yin yaƙi a kan waɗancan jinsin da suka tabbatar da kansu abubuwan da ba su da amfani a ci gaban ’yan Adam.” Mahimmanci, damuwa a nan ba kawai danyen son zuciya ba ne; shi ne tsarkakewar jama'a daga ƙananan guba. Ƙungiyoyin datti suna buƙatar rabuwa da mai tsabta, kuma a kawar da su gaba ɗaya - da gaske dalili guda daya bayan cirewa na wadanda ba a yi musu allurar ba daga gidajen jama'a a birnin New York shekaru biyu kacal da suka wuce.
Richard T. Ely, wanda ya kafa Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arziƙi ta Amirka, ya ba da shawarar rarrabuwar kawuna na waɗanda ba farar fata ba (da alama yana ƙin Sinawa na musamman) da matakan jihohi don hana yaɗuwarsu. Ya ɗauki batun da ainihin “samuwar waɗannan raunanan.” Har ila yau, ya goyi bayan hana haifuwa da gwamnati ta ba da umarni, rarrabuwar kawuna, da kuma keɓance kasuwannin aiki.
Cewa irin waɗannan ra'ayoyin ba a ɗauke su da ban tsoro yana gaya mana sosai game da yanayin tunani na lokacin.
Idan babban abin da ke damun ku shine wanda ke haifan 'ya'yan wane, da nawa, yana da mahimmanci a mayar da hankali kan aiki da samun kudin shiga. Ya kamata a shigar da dacewa kawai a wurin aiki, masu eugenicists sunyi jayayya. Ya kamata a keɓe waɗanda ba su cancanta ba don a hana ƙaura da kuma, sau ɗaya a nan, yada su. Wannan shine asalin mafi ƙarancin albashi, manufar da aka tsara don kafa bango mai tsayi ga "marasa aikin yi."
Wata ma'ana ta biyo baya daga manufofin eugenic: dole ne gwamnati ta sarrafa mata. Dole ne ta kula da fitowarsu da tafiyarsu. Dole ne ya sarrafa lokutan aikin su - ko kuma suna aiki kwata-kwata. A matsayin takardun Leonard, a nan mun sami asalin madaidaicin satin aiki na sa'a da sauran shisshigi da yawa a kan kasuwar kyauta.
Mata sun kasance suna kwarara cikin ma'aikata a kwata na karshe na karni na 19, suna samun karfin tattalin arziki don yin zabi na kansu. Mafi ƙarancin albashi, matsakaicin sa'o'i, ƙa'idodin aminci, da sauransu sun wuce a cikin jihohi bayan jihohi a cikin shekaru ashirin na farkon ƙarni na 20 kuma an yi niyya a hankali don ware mata daga aikin. Manufar ita ce sarrafa tuntuɓar juna, sarrafa kiwo, da tanadin amfani da jikin mata don samar da tseren masters.
Leonard yayi bayani:
Masu kawo sauyi na ƙwadago na Amurka sun sami hatsarorin eugenic kusan ko'ina da mata ke aiki, daga ƙofofin birane zuwa dafa abinci na gida, daga shingen gini zuwa masauki mai daraja, da kuma daga benayen masana'anta zuwa harabar koleji. Almajirai masu gata, mai shiga tsakani, da ‘yar masana’anta duk an zarge su barazana ga lafiyar launin fata na Amurkawa.
'Yan uwa sun yi nuni da lafiyar mata. Masu tsattsauran ra'ayi na zamantakewa sun damu game da halayen jima'i na mata. Masu goyon bayan albashin iyali sun so su kare maza daga gasar tattalin arziki na mata. Masanan mata sun yi gargadin cewa aikin yi bai dace da uwa ba. Eugenicists sun ji tsoron lafiyar tseren.
Leonard ya kara da cewa, "Motley da sabani kamar yadda suke, duk wadannan dalilai na ci gaba na daidaita aikin mata sun raba abubuwa guda biyu. An umurce su ga mata kawai. Kuma an tsara su ne don cire akalla wasu mata daga aikin."
Idan kuna shakkar wannan, duba aikin Edward A. Ross da littafinsa Zunubi da Al'umma (1907). Wannan masanin ilimin eugenicist ya haɗu da ilimin kimiya na ƙarya da kuma tsattsauran ra'ayi don yin jayayya game da kawar da mata gaba ɗaya daga wurin aiki, kuma ya yi haka. a cikin New York Times na duk wuraren.
A yau mun sami buri na eugenic abu ne mai ban tsoro. Mun yi daidai da ’yancin haɗin gwiwa, ko don haka mun yi imani kafin kulle-kullen Covid ya sanya umarnin zama a gida, ƙuntatawa tafiye-tafiye, kasuwanci da rufe coci, da sauransu. Duk abin ya zo da girgiza sosai saboda muna tunanin muna da yarjejeniya ta zamantakewa cewa 'yancin zaɓe ba ya barazanar kashe kansa na halitta amma yana nuna ƙarfin tsarin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki.
Bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, an sami ra'ayin jama'a cewa ba ma son masana kimiyya da ke amfani da jihar su haɗa tseren ƙwararrun ƴancin kai. Amma a farkon rabin karni, kuma ba kawai a cikin Nazi Jamus ba, akidar eugenic hikima ce ta kimiyya ta al'ada, kuma ba a taɓa yin tambaya ba sai ƴan tsirarun tsofaffin masu fafutuka na ƙa'idodin tsarin zamantakewar ɗan adam.
An sayar da littattafan eugenicists a cikin miliyoyin, kuma damuwarsu ta zama babba a tunanin jama'a. Masana kimiyyar da ba su yarda ba - kuma akwai wasu - sana'ar ta keɓe su kuma an kore su a matsayin ƙwaƙƙwaran da ke da alaƙa da zamanin da.
Ra'ayin Eugenic yana da tasiri mai girma akan manufofin gwamnati, kuma sun kawo ƙarshen tarayya cikin 'yanci a cikin aiki, aure, da ƙaura. Lallai, da zarar ka kalli wannan tarihin, za a ƙara bayyana cewa eugenic pseudoscience ya zama ginshiƙi na hankali na fasahar zamani.
Me ya sa aka sami karancin ilimin jama'a game da wannan lokacin da kuma dalilan ci gabansa? Me ya sa malamai suka dauki tsawon lokaci suna hura wutar wannan tarihin? ‘Yan bangar tsarin mulkin al’umma ba su da wani dalili na yin magana a kai, kuma a yau magada akidar eugeniya suna son nesanta kansu daga abubuwan da suka gabata gwargwadon iko. Sakamakon ya kasance makircin shiru.
Akwai, duk da haka, darussan da za a koya. Idan aka ji labarin wasu rikice-rikicen da ke tafe wanda masana kimiyya da ke aiki tare da jami’an gwamnati da sauran manyan jami’an gwamnati za su iya magance su don tilasta wa mutane shiga wani sabon salo da ya saba wa ‘yancin son rai, akwai dalilin da zai sa a daga gira, komai uzuri. Kimiyya tsari ne na ganowa, ba yanayi ne na ƙarshe ba, kuma ijma'insa na wannan lokacin bai kamata a sanya shi cikin doka ba kuma a sanya shi da bindiga.
Muna bukatar kawai mu dubi dokokin Amurka na yanzu game da haƙƙin baƙi zuwa wannan ƙasa. Amurka ba ta ƙyale waɗanda ba a yi musu allurar ba ko da su zo su ga Mutum-mutumin 'Yanci da kansa. Amma masu riƙe fasfo ɗin Amurka ba tare da allurar rigakafi ba na iya, duk da sunan lafiyar jama'a. Wani bakon hadi ne na kishin kasa da ikirarin lafiya na bogi. Kuma sun ce eugenics ba ya wanzu!
Mun kasance a can kuma mun yi haka, kuma duniya ta yi daidai da sakamakon. Ka tuna: muna da tabbataccen tabbaci na tarihi da na zamani cewa buri na eugenic yana da ikon tattara manyan ƙwararrun haziƙai da da'irar siyasa. Mafarkin da ake yi na kayyade yawan jama'a da karfi don tabbatar da dacewa da shi gaskiya ce ta tarihi kuma ba ta kusan zubar da mutunci kamar yadda mutane suka yi imani ba. Koyaushe yana iya dawo da sabon salo, tare da sabon harshe, da sabbin uzuri.
Na tabbata zaku iya tunanin alamu da yawa da ke nuna hakan yana faruwa a yau. Ƙarfin kuzarin eugenics ba wai kawai wariyar launin fata ba ne ko ra'ayoyin ƙarya na dacewa da kwayoyin halitta don rayuwa cikakkiyar rayuwa, kamar yadda Ƙungiyar Jama'a ta Amirka ta ikirari. Jigon ya kasance mafi faɗin ikirari cewa yarjejeniya ɗaya ta kimiyya yakamata ta soke zaɓin ɗan adam. Kuma wannan yarjejeniya ba tare da izini ba ta ta'allaka ne kan lamuran lafiyar ɗan adam: wata hukuma ta tsakiya ta san hanyar gaba yayin da mutane na yau da kullun da zaɓin su a rayuwa suna wakiltar barazanar rashin bin doka.
Yaya zurfin wannan gyare-gyaren ke gudana da kuma yadda za su yi nisa kafin ɓatanci na ɗabi'a ya dakatar da su shine tambaya. A halin yanzu, bai kamata mu ɗauki ta'aziyya daga manyan maganganun da ƙungiyoyin ƙwararru suka yi ba tare da rarraba jama'a ta waɗanda suka cancanci rayuwa cikin 'yanci da waɗanda ba su da kyau.
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Jeffrey Tucker shine Wanda ya kafa, Mawallafi, kuma Shugaban Kasa a Cibiyar Brownstone. Shi ne kuma babban masanin tattalin arziki na Epoch Times, marubucin littattafai 10, ciki har da Rayuwa Bayan Kulle, da dubunnan labarai da yawa a cikin jaridu masu ilimi da shahararru. Yana magana da yawa akan batutuwan tattalin arziki, fasaha, falsafar zamantakewa, da al'adu.
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