Da yawa daga cikinmu da ke goyon bayan ciniki cikin 'yanci da haƙƙin mallaka masu zaman kansu sun fi kallon yarjejeniyoyin yanki da na ƙasashen biyu waɗanda ke da'awar cimma waɗannan manufofin. Akwai babbar hanyar sadarwa ta yarjejeniyoyin saka hannun jari, ko BITs, alal misali, an tsara su don haɓaka saka hannun jari na ketare kai tsaye daga kamfanonin Yamma zuwa ƙasashe masu tasowa ta hanyar iyakance ikon mai masaukin baki na kwace jarin.
Waɗannan BITs suna nufin ƙarfafa haƙƙin mallaka na masu saka hannun jari na duniya a cikin jihar mai masaukin baki don sanya hannun jarin ƙasa da haɗari. Akwai fiye da 2,500 BIT a cikin karfi duniya; ita kanta Amurka a halin yanzu yana da BITs a wurin da kasashe 39. BITs da sauran matakan za su iya amfana da jihohin da suka karbi bakuncin da masu zuba jari na duniya ta hanyar ƙarfafa haƙƙin mallakar gida, kamar yadda na yi bayani a ciki Zuba Jari na Duniya, Hadarin Siyasa, da Magance Rigima.
Baya ga yarjejeniyoyin saka hannun jari da suka shafi haƙƙin mallaka na masu saka hannun jari na ketare a cikin ƙasashe masu masaukin baki, akwai kuma wata hanyar sadarwa ta duniya ta yarjejeniyoyin ciniki cikin 'yanci da aka cimma da nufin inganta kasuwanci tsakanin ƙasashe. Da yawa daga cikinmu sun fi son abin da ake kira yarjejeniyar ciniki kyauta kamar NAFTA ko da mun fi son ƙarin hanyoyin da za mu bi. Ana kallon yarjejeniyoyin kasuwanci na yanki, da maɓalli da yawa a matsayin ƙarin haɓakawa koda kuwa dubunnan shafuna na ƙa'idoji za'a iya maye gurbinsu cikin sauƙi da jimloli biyu ko kuma, mafi kyau, kawar da harajin shigo da kaya gaba ɗaya.
Amma bayan lokaci ya bayyana cewa yarjejeniyoyin "cinikin 'yanci" sau da yawa suna zama hujja don fitar da dokar mallakar fasaha ta Yamma (IP) - galibi irin ta Amurka da dokar haƙƙin mallaka - zuwa ga sauran ƙasashen duniya. Wannan shine abin da na kira IP imperialism. Ga yadda yake aiki. Na farko, an gaya mana cewa haƙƙin mallakar fasaha halal ne, kuma a haƙiƙa yana daga cikin dalilan samun nasarar da ƙasashen yamma masu ci gaban masana'antu ke samu. (Ba haka ba. Don ƙarin bayani kan wannan, duba Ba Za Ku Iya Mallakar Ra'ayoyi ba: Rubuce-rubuce kan Abubuwan Hankali.)
Bayan haka, ƙasashe masu tasowa ana zazzagewa saboda rashin samun ƙarfin tilasta bin doka ta IP. Har ma ana zargin su da “sata” sanin fasaha da fasaha daga kamfanonin jari-hujja na Yamma kamar dai akwai wani abu da ba daidai ba ga masana'antun a cikin ƙasashe masu tasowa ta hanyar amfani da fasahar samarwa da aka fi sani da su.
A ƙarshe, ƙasashen Yamma, da farko Amurka, suna amfani da ƙarfinsu don matsawa ƙasashe masu tasowa don karɓowa da ƙarfafa kariyar IP da kuma ɗaukar yarjejeniyar IP na kasa da kasa, da farko don fa'idar muradun kamfanoni na Amurka, wato magunguna (patent) da Hollywood da kiɗa (haƙƙin mallaka). Wannan ya haifar da daban-daban IP yarjejeniyar a kan haƙƙin mallaka, haƙƙin mallaka, alamar kasuwanci, da sauransu, waɗanda yawancin jihohi da duniya ke cikin (ciki har da China, Rasha, Koriya ta Arewa, da sauransu) kuma waɗanda ke buƙatar ƙasashe membobin su kare IP a cikin dokokin ƙasa. Kuma akwai ci gaba da hargitsi daga ikon yammacin Turai don ƙara ƙarin kariyar IP da kuma matsawa wasu ƙasashe su yi amfani da su.
Baya ga yarjejeniyoyin IP na kasa da kasa, Amurka da sauran kasashe suna matsa lamba ga kasashe masu tasowa da su karfafa kariya ta IP ta cikin gida ta hanyar hada tanadin IP a cikin yarjejeniyoyin ciniki cikin 'yanci na bangarori da yawa, na yanki da na bangarorin biyu. Amurka ba ta musanta wannan ba; ya yarda da shi. Kamar yadda Wakilin Kasuwancin Amurka ya bayyana:
"Innovation na USTR's Innovation and Intellectual Property (IIP) yana amfani da kayan aikin kasuwanci iri-iri da yawa don haɓaka ƙaƙƙarfan dokokin mallakar fasaha da aiwatar da ingantaccen aiki a duk duniya, yana nuna mahimmancin ikon mallakar fasaha da ƙirƙira ga ci gaban tattalin arzikin Amurka nan gaba…
Sai dai makasudin yarjejeniyar ciniki cikin 'yanci shi ne kawai rage haraji da shingen cinikayyar kasa da kasa. Irin wannan yarjejeniya da gaske bai kamata ya kasance da alaƙa da haƙƙin mallaka da ke aiki a cikin wata ƙasa ba (ba kamar BITs ba, waɗanda suka shafi kare haƙƙin haƙƙin mallaka na masu saka hannun jari na ƙasashen waje a cikin ƙasa mai masauki). Lura cewa yarjejeniyar ciniki cikin 'yanci ba ta taɓa yin umarni ga ƙasashe masu tasowa cewa dole ne su mutunta haƙƙin mallakar 'yan ƙasa, kada su shiga cikin manyan yankuna, kar su shiga harajin kwace, da sauransu. Don haka me yasa waɗannan yarjejeniyoyi na "ciniki kyauta" ke buƙatar kiyaye haƙƙin IP a cikin ƙasashe masu tasowa?
Ko ta yaya, abin da Amurka da sauran ƙasashe ke yi ke nan. Yarjejeniyar cinikayyar su ta kyauta koyaushe tana ɗauke da sashe da ke buƙatar ƙasashe masu tasowa su ƙarfafa dokar IP na gida. Misali yarjejeniyar na iya buƙatar wata jiha ta ƙara wa'adin haƙƙin mallaka ko da fiye da abin da yarjejeniyar IP ke buƙata.
Alal misali, da Sadarwar Trans-Pacific An shafe shekaru ana tattaunawa tsakanin Amurka da kasashe daban-daban na tattalin arzikin Pasifik, har sai da aka tabarbare bayan Donald Trump ya lashe zaben shugabancin Amurka a shekara ta 2016. Tabbas, duk da cewa wannan yarjejeniyar cinikayya cikin 'yanci ba ta da wata alaka da 'yancin mallakar gida na kasashe mambobinta, amma a zahiri ta hada da 'yancin mallakar gida na kasashe membobin. dukan babi da ake bukata kasashe mambobin don haɓaka kariyar IP na gida.
Yarjejeniyar Berne akan haƙƙin mallaka na buƙatar ƙasashe membobin su kare haƙƙin mallaka na aƙalla shekaru 50 bayan mutuwar marubucin (don hangen nesa, haƙƙin mallaka da ake amfani da shi na tsawon shekaru 14 ko 28 kawai); a Amurka, kare haƙƙin mallaka yanzu yana ɗaukar shekaru 70 bayan mutuwar marubucin. TPP ta ba da shawarar buƙatar ƙasashe membobin su yi koyi. Yayin tattaunawar TPP, Kanada ta yi la'akari da ƙarfafa dokar haƙƙin mallaka. A ƙarshe, a cikin 2022, sakamakon sharuɗɗan yarjejeniyar Amurka-Mexico-Canada, wanda ya maye gurbin NAFTA, Kanada ta shiga jirgi kuma a ƙarshe ta tsawaita wa'adin haƙƙin mallaka zuwa shekaru 70 bayan mutuwa. A cikin 2018, sakamakon tattaunawar TPP, Japan ma ya tsawaita wa'adin haƙƙin mallaka ga wasu ayyuka.
Irin wannan matsin lamba yana aiki, har ma a kan sauran ƙasashe masu ci gaba waɗanda ba a kula da buƙatun IP na musamman kamar gwamnatin Amurka. Kuma kasashe masu tasowa ba shakka suna tafiya tare. Wani lokaci suna yin gunaguni, ko da waɗanda ke gunaguni sun yarda da haƙƙin IP amma kawai suna son ƙarin “ma’auni” ko “sauƙi.” Dubi, alal misali, takarda ta Anselm Kamperman Sanders, "Tsarin Bunƙasa don Dukiyar Hankali: Manufofin Dan Adam na Hankali ko 'Communism na Zamani'?," in Yarjejeniyar Kasuwancin Hankali da Kasuwanci Kyauta (pdf), wanda ya lura:
Musamman matsananciyar matsin lamba daga kasashe masu tasowa na kallon mallakar fasaha ba kawai a matsayin hanyar tabbatar da muradun masu hakki ba, har ma da samar da ci gaban tattalin arziki da walwala ga daukacin al'ummar duniya baki daya.
…A cikin kaka na 2004 Argentina da Brazil sun gabatar da wani tsari na yau da kullun ga WIPO dangane da kafa sabuwar ajandar ci gaba a cikin WIPO Shawarar ta yi magana game da '' gibin ilimi' da 'rarrabuwar dijital' wacce ke raba kasashe masu arziki da kasashe masu tasowa tare da yin kira da a tantance kowane hali game da rawar da ikon mallakar fasaha da tasirinsa ga ci gaba.
Ganin cewa a cikin shekarun da suka gabata yanayin da ake ciki shine daidaita ka'idojin shari'a na kasa da kasa ta hanyar Yarjejeniyar Kungiyar Ciniki ta Duniya (WTO) kan batutuwan da suka shafi ciniki na mallakar fasaha (Yarjejeniyar TAFIYA), a yanzu an yi kira da a kara samun sassauci.
…waɗannan tanade-tanaden suna ba da kariya ga haƙƙin mallakar fasaha a cikin mahallin ma'auni na haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin samarwa da masu amfani da ilimin fasaha.
Wadancan tanade-tanaden sun amince da cewa mambobin WTO na da hakkin samun sassaucin ra'ayi yayin da ake batun kare lafiyar jama'a da abinci mai gina jiki, da inganta sha'awar jama'a a sassan da ke da matukar muhimmanci ga ci gaban zamantakewa da tattalin arziki da fasaha. (shafi na 3–4)
A takaice dai, WTO ya kamata ta kare IP amma ta daidaita illolin da tsauraran matakan tilasta bin doka irin na Yammacin Turai ke yiwa kasashe masu tasowa, ta hanyar ba su sassauci, kamar ikon ba da lasisi na tilas (wanda ke toshe tsaurin ikon mallaka), samun damar yin amfani da fasahar fasaha, da dai sauransu.
Duk da haka,
Kasashen yammacin duniya suna yin zagon kasa ga shirin raya kasa ta hanyar gabatar da abubuwan da ake kira TRIPS-plus ta hanyar tsarin WTO da yarjejeniyar ciniki cikin 'yanci (FTAs) da yarjejeniyoyi na zuba jari (BITs).
…Ajandar ci gaba shine game da samun sassauci wajen aiwatar da ayyukan TAFIYA amma kuma game da daidaita ikon mallakar mai haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin ƙwaƙƙwaran ƙwaƙƙwaran ƙwaƙƙwaran ƙwaƙƙwaran ƙwaƙƙwaran ƙwaƙƙwaran ƙwaƙƙwaran ƙwaƙƙwaran ɓangarorin uku ne da na al’umma gaba ɗaya. Sassauci shine, duk da haka, wani abu ne da ke zaune mara daɗi tare da yanayin halin yanzu a manufofin mallakar fasaha. Wannan yanayin ya kasance ɗaya na haɓaka haƙƙoƙin kawar da satar fasaha kuma ɗayan daidaitawa don samar da girman girman guda ɗaya daidai da kowane matakin haƙƙoƙi. (shafi na 4–5)
Ba mamaki. Sannan Sanders ya ambaci Bill Gates, wanda "A cikin wata hira da aka yi kwanan nan… har ma ya yi nisa da cewa tauye haƙƙin mallakar fasaha yana daidai da gurguzu." Kamar yadda Gates ya ce:
Q. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, an sami mutane da yawa da ke fafutukar kawo sauyi da tauye haƙƙoƙin mallaka. Me ke jawo hakan, kuma kuna ganin ya kamata a gyara dokokin mallakar fasaha?
A'a, zan ce na tattalin arzikin duniya, akwai ƙarin waɗanda suka yi imani da mallakar fasaha a yau fiye da kowane lokaci. Akwai 'yan gurguzu kaɗan a duniya a yau fiye da akwai. Akwai wasu sabbin 'yan gurguzu na zamani da ke son kawar da kwarin gwiwa ga mawaka da masu shirya fina-finai da masu yin software a karkashin salo daban-daban. Ba sa tunanin cewa waɗannan abubuwan ƙarfafawa yakamata su wanzu.
Kuma wannan muhawara za ta kasance a koyaushe. Zan kasance farkon wanda zai ce ana iya daidaita tsarin haƙƙin mallaka ko da yaushe-ciki har da tsarin ikon mallakar Amurka. Akwai wasu maƙasudai don rufe wasu abubuwan gyara. Amma ra'ayin cewa Amurka ta jagoranci samar da kamfanoni, samar da ayyukan yi, saboda mun sami mafi kyawun tsarin fasaha-babu shakka game da hakan a cikin raina, kuma lokacin da mutane suka ce suna son zama mafi kyawun tattalin arziki, dole ne su sami tsarin ƙarfafawa. Dukiyar hankali ita ce tsarin ƙarfafawa don samfuran nan gaba.
Abin kunya ne cewa Sanders da sauransu kawai za su iya ganin ainihin matsalar: cewa dokar IP ba ta da adalci. Hatta wadanda suka fahimci wani abu ba daidai ba ne tare da tanade-tanaden da aka kulla kan kasashe masu tasowa ta hanyar yarjejeniyar kasuwanci tsakanin bangarorin biyu da na bangarori daban-daban (duba, misali, www.bilaterals.org) sukar abubuwan da ba daidai ba game da yarjejeniyar ciniki cikin 'yanci. Ba bangaren ciniki ba ne ke da matsala. Amma duk suna jin cewa wani abu bai dace ba.
A kowane hali, maganganun Gates suna da ban tsoro a matakai da yawa. Na farko, ya kasance fahimta cewa haƙƙin mallaka na hana ƙima. Kamar yadda yace baya a 1991, "Da mutane sun fahimci yadda za a ba da haƙƙin mallaka lokacin da aka ƙirƙira yawancin ra'ayoyin yau, kuma sun fitar da haƙƙin mallaka, da masana'antar za ta tsaya cik a yau." Amma yanzu Microsoft babban abu ne kawai mai neman hayar IP zalunci.
Na biyu, ra'ayinsa na asali shine cewa haƙƙin mallaka na goyon bayan yammacin yamma, wani ɓangare na tsarin jari-hujja, kuma tsarin gurguzu yana adawa da haƙƙin mallaka. Wannan kuma ba gaskiya ba ne. Yawancin ƙasashe, gami da na gurguzu, suna da dokar IP, koda kuwa “yan jari hujja” Yamma yana ci gaba da tura su don ƙarfafa kariyar IP.
Wannan bai kamata ya zama abin mamaki ba tunda IP ƙididdiga ce ta zahiri, ƙirar wucin gadi na haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin mallaka. tsare-tsare yana keta haƙƙin mallaka. Haƙƙin IP ba sa cikin tsarin jari-hujja; yana ɗaya daga cikin ɓarna na zamantakewar al'umma ta zamani. Bai kamata kasashen Yamma su yi watsi da dokokin IP masu lalata su kan kasashe masu tasowa ba kuma lallai bai kamata su danganta ta da ciniki cikin 'yanci ba.
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Stephan Kinsella marubuci ne kuma lauya a Houston. Tsohon abokin tarayya a Sashen Kaddarorin Hankali tare da Duane Morris, LLP, Babban Shawara da VP-Intellectual Property for Applied Optoelectronics, Inc., wallafe-wallafensa sun haɗa da Tushen Shari'a na Ƙungiyar Kyauta (Houston, Texas: Papinian Press, 2023), Against Intellectual Property, Can. Ra'ayoyi: Rubuce-rubucen kan Abubuwan Hankali (Papinian Press, 2008), Mai Karatun Anti-IP: Ra'ayoyin Kasuwa na Kyauta na Dukiyar Hankali (Papinian Press, 2023), Ayyukan Alamar Kasuwanci da Forms (Thomson Reuters, 2023-2001. da Harkokin Zuba Jari na Duniya, Hadarin Siyasa, da Rigima2013); (Jami'ar Oxford, 2).
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