Da farko, an sami ƙwaƙƙwaran adawar ƙungiyoyi biyu ga umarnin rigakafin Covid. "A'a, bana tunanin (harbin) ya kamata ya zama tilas, ba zan bukaci ya zama tilas ba," zababben shugaban kasar Biden ya fadawa manema labarai a cikin Disamba 2020. Dr. Fauci ya amince. "Ba ku so ku ba da umarni kuma ku gwada ku tilasta wa kowa ya ɗauki maganin. Ba mu taɓa yin hakan ba," ya yi bayani. "Ba za a iya aiwatar da shi ba kuma bai dace ba."
Bayan 'yan watanni, shugabar majalisar Nancy Pelosi ta bayyana ra'ayinsu. "Ba za mu iya buƙatar wani a yi masa allurar ba," Ta fadawa manema labarai. "Wannan ba kawai abin da za mu iya yi ba ne, batun sirri ne mu san wanda yake ko wanda ba ya." A cikin Yuli 2021, Sakatariyar Yada Labarai ta Fadar White House Jen Psaki ta ce wa'adin "ba aikin gwamnatin tarayya ba ne." Ta ci gaba, "Wannan ita ce rawar da cibiyoyi, kamfanoni masu zaman kansu, da sauransu za su iya ɗauka."
Da farko, gwajin gwajin ya kasance na son rai. Duk da yakin neman zabe, farfaganda da gwamnati ke daukar nauyinta, Da kuma tallan ƙarya mara haƙuri, yawancin Amirkawa sun ƙi "alurar rigakafi" ba tare da zama 'yan ƙasa na biyu ba.
Hakan ya canza a ranar 9 ga Satumba, 2021, lokacin da Shugaba Biden ya ba da sanarwar sauya manufofin siyasa zuwa rigakafin tilas. "Mun yi hakuri, amma hakurinmu ya yi kasala," in ji shi ga Amurkawa yayin da yake ba da sanarwar umarnin da ya shafi kusan maza da mata miliyan 100.
Ya bukaci a yiwa dukkan ma’aikatan tarayya da ‘yan kwangilar allurar rigakafi. Bugu da ƙari, ya ba da sanarwar "dokar gaggawa" wacce za ta buƙaci ma'aikata masu zaman kansu tare da ma'aikata 100 ko fiye don buƙatar alluran rigakafi ko aiwatar da ka'idojin gwaji na mako-mako. Dr. Fauci ba zato ba tsammani ya ba da sanarwar cewa ya goyi bayan "da yawa, ƙarin umarni." Ya bayyana a wani taron 'yan jarida na LGBT don yin cikakken bayani game da canjin ra'ayi. Tilastawa ya zama dole, ya yi bayani. "Kuna so a sa ['yan ƙasa] su yi shi bisa son rai gabaɗaya, amma idan hakan bai yi aiki ba, dole ne ku je hanyoyin daban-daban." Madadin, ba shakka, ya kasance ba da gangan ba tushe. Maganin ya kasance zaɓi kawai idan mutane sun yarda su ɗauka; to, zai bayyana ainihin yanayinsa a matsayin umarni.
Gwamnatin Covid ta yi daidai da sabon saƙon, kuma ba zato ba tsammani, tsoffin masu adawa da umarni kamar Pelosi sun bayyana ra'ayoyin masu adawa da matsayin "mai firgita" da "kyautata wutar ɓarna mai haɗari." Magajin garin Bill de Blasio ya gaya wa New Yorkers, "Dole ne mu girgiza mutane a wannan lokacin kuma mu ce, 'Ku zo yanzu.' Mun yi ƙoƙari na son rai ba za mu iya samun ƙarin alheri da tausayi ba...Ba za ku iya yin aiki a birnin New York ba.
Shugaban DNC Jaime Harrison ya ci gaba MSNBC don yin watsi da "hauka" na 'yan Republican" narke" a matsayin martani ga umarnin Shugaba Biden, yana mai dagewa jam'iyyarsa "ta ci gaba da kare jama'ar Amurka." Jam'iyyar Democrat ba tare da shakka ba amincewa Bukatun allurar rigakafi, suna sukar "maganganun mara numfashi da rashin alhaki daga shugabannin Republican."
A Janairu 2022, zabe ya nuna cewa kashi 59% na ‘yan jam’iyyar Democrat sun yarda da bukatar ‘yan kasar da ba su da allurar rigakafi su kasance a tsare a gidajensu, kashi 55% na ‘yan jam’iyyar Democrat sun goyi bayan tarar wadanda ba a yi musu allurar ba, kashi 47% na ‘yan jam’iyyar Democrat sun amince da tsarin bin gwamnati ga wadanda ba a yi musu allurar ba, kuma kashi 45% na ‘yan Democrat sun goyi bayan sansanonin shiga tsakani ga wadanda ba a yi musu allurar ba.
Canjin digiri na 180 a ra'ayi ya haifar da fitattun tambayoyi. Shin Biden da Fauci sun yi daidai lokacin da suka nuna adawa da umarni, ko kuma damuwarsu ta kasance "maganganun rashin numfashi da rashin fahimta?" Shin jihohi za su iya tilasta wa yara yin rigakafin Covid? Shin waɗannan manufofin ba su da kyau kawai, ko sun wuce gona da iri na ikon gwamnati?
Ayyukan zartarwa na Biden sun sabawa tsarin mulki kuma ba bisa ka'ida ba. Dokokin kan yara sun kasance masu ban tsoro da lalata. Haɓaka ga masana'antu na gida, hukumomin gwamnati, da sojoji sun yi bala'i. Gwamnatin Covid cikin rashin kunya ta ba da hujjar ayyukanta tare da da'awar karya ta halascin doka. Kowane mataki karya ce da aka ƙididdigewa wanda ya haifar da kai hari kan 'yancin Amurka.
Shin Jiha za ta iya ba da umarnin hana haifuwa?
"Ka'idar da ke ci gaba da yin allurar riga-kafi tana da faɗi sosai don rufe yanke bututun fallopian."
– Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr.
Masu ba da shawara game da harbe-harben sun yi magana akai-akai game da shari'ar Kotun Koli ta 1905 da ta amince da umarnin rigakafin cutar sankarau. Malaman shari'a, 'yan siyasa, da shugabannin magana sun kira Jacobson da Massachusetts don jayayya cewa gwamnati na iya buƙatar kowane shirin likita don tallafawa "lafin lafiyar jama'a."
a cikin New York Times, Wendy Parmet shawara cewa kalubale Jacobson"Tsarin abin da ya faru" ya yi barazanar "haɗari ga sauran matakan kiwon lafiyar jama'a da aka dade ana karɓa." Manazarcin shari'a na CNN Joey Jackson ya kira ikon gwamnati "tambayar cutar ta barke, wacce ta sanya mutane da yawa wahala." Yace Jacobson ya bai wa jihohi cikakken ikon "waddan alluran rigakafi." Tsohon sakataren kwadago Robert Reich ake kira lamarin "Jigon al'ummarmu, idan gwamnati ba za ta iya daukar mataki a madadin jama'a ba game da lafiyar jama'a, to menene amfanin al'umma?"
Alkalan Liberal sun amince. Alkali Frank Easterbrook na Kotun Daukaka Kara ta Bakwai ya rubuta, “An bayar Jacobson da MassachusettsBa za a iya samun matsalar tsarin mulki tare da rigakafin cutar SARS-CoV-2 ba. ” Ƙungiyar lauyoyin Amurka sun ba da taken glib "Ba Labarai masu Takaitawa: Rigakafin Tilas ya kasance Tsarin Tsarin Mulki Sama da ƙarni," jayayya cewa Jacobson ya sanya bukatun harbi na Covid "kashi dari bisa dari bisa tsarin mulki."
Sun kasance suna da tabbacin cewa magoya bayansu ba su taɓa yi musu tambayoyi na yau da kullun ba. Me yake aikatawa Jacobson a zahiri rike game da umarni? Ko Kotu ta baiwa jihohi cikakken iko? Shin San Francisco na iya buƙatar ƙananan allurai na opiates don ƙaddamar da yawan jama'a daga fentanyl? Shin shugaban kasa zai iya buƙatar ƴan kwangilar tarayya don samun maganin mura? Shin wannan ikon gwamnati shine "jigon al'ummarmu?" Shin an shafe fiye da ɗari ɗari ba a ƙalubalanci 'yancin jinya a Kotun ba?
Tabbas ba haka bane, kuma masu tsattsauran ra'ayi na allurar Covid sun ba da labarin lamarin kuma da gangan sun watsar da sabbin ra'ayoyin da suka dace. Bayanan gaskiya na Jacobson sun kasance kai tsaye: cutar sankarau ta tashi a Massachusetts a shekara ta 1902. Jihar ta bukaci mazauna yankin su yi allurar rigakafi ko kuma su biya tarar $5 (kimanin $150 a kudin yau). A lokacin, an shafe shekaru 100 ana amfani da rigakafin cutar sankarau kuma ya hana yaduwa. Barkewar cutar ta yi sanadiyar mutuwar mutane har zuwa kashi 30%. Kotun Koli, a cikin hukuncin da Justice John Marshall Harlan ya rubuta, ta amince da shirin vax-ko-fine shekaru uku bayan haka.
Riƙe, duk da haka, ba ƙa'idar layi mai haske ba ce don goyon bayan umarni. Harlan ya musanta ba wa gwamnatoci gaba daya ikon aiwatar da matakan kiwon lafiyar jama'a. Ya rubuta cewa dole ne kotuna su soke dokokin "wanda ke nufin an zartar da su don kare lafiyar jama'a, dabi'un jama'a, ko amincin jama'a" waɗanda ba su da "haƙiƙa ko wata mahimmiyar alaƙa da waɗannan abubuwan" ko kuma sun zama "bayyani, mamaye haƙƙoƙi."
A cikin nazarin ko zai goyi bayan shirin rigakafin cutar sankarau, ya yi la'akari da abubuwa uku: (1) ko wa'adin ya kasance "sauye ne kuma ba a tabbatar da shi ba bisa la'akari da wajabcin shari'ar," (2) ko "ya wuce abin da ake bukata don kare lafiyar jama'a," da (3) ko "daidaitaccen tsari" wanda ke da "hakikanin tsarin kiwon lafiyar jama'a".
Babu bukatu don bi kimiyya or amince da masana; a maimakon haka, bincike mai mahimmanci ya yi la'akari da haɗarin da ke tattare da yawan jama'a, hanyoyin da za a ba da izini, da kuma karni na bayanan likita.
Hukumomin gwamnati sun kasa tabbatar da kowane ma'auni da Harlan ya ambata a ciki Jacobson, kamar yadda ya bayyana Gerard Bradley, farfesa na Dokar Tsarin Mulki a Notre Dame, da Dr. Harvey Risch, Farfesa Emeritus na Epidemiology a Yale. Jacobson ba wai kawai bai sanya umarni "100 bisa dari na tsarin mulki ba;" Ra'ayin Kotun Koli da ke ƙarƙashin "jigon al'ummarmu" ya ba da shawarar cewa buƙatun harbi na Covid sun saba wa doka. Lokacin da aka duba shi ta hanyar tsarin nazari na Kotun, gwamnatin Biden ta haifar da gwajin likita akan Amurkawa wanda bai dace da kimiya ba, rashin hankali, da rashin bin tsarin mulki.
Zalunci da Zalunci
Farkon farkon Jacobson yayi la'akari da ko abin da ake bukata na son rai ne da zalunci. Bradley da Risch suna jayayya cewa umarni ba su da hankali, don haka sun kasa cika ka'idojin doka. Umurnin Biden ba su ba da masauki ga 'yan ƙasa da ke da rigakafi na halitta, kuma sun shafi ƙungiyoyin da ba su da wata babbar haɗari daga cutar. "Manufar da ke buƙatar yin rigakafin mutanen da ko dai sun riga sun kamu da cutar ko kuma ba su da wata illa ko dai don lafiyarsu ko kuma don yada cutar ita ce. sabani,” suna rubutawa, “Haka ne zalunci wajen sanya aikin likita ga mutanen da ba sa bukatar hakan don kansu ko na wasu.”
Ba kamar sankarau ba, akwai ingantattun hanyoyin yin rigakafi, kuma haɗarin da ke tattare da jama'a ya yi sakaci. Nazarin ya nuna cewa rigakafi na halitta ya ba da kariya wanda ya kai har sau 27 fiye da maganin. Yara masu lafiya ba su da wani babban haɗari ga Covid, amma duk da haka ma'aikata a duk faɗin ƙasar sun umarce su da su karɓi gwajin gwajin, harbin da ba abin alhaki ba.
Hukunce-hukuncen kuma suna ba da babban bambanci. A ciki Jacobson, wanda bai yarda ba an ba shi tarar $5 lokaci guda (kimanin $150 a yau). Ba a kore su daga cikin jama'a ba, an hana su gidajen cin abinci, korarsu daga ayyukansu, ko hana su zuwa makaranta. Haɓaka a ƙarƙashin mulkin Covid sun kasance mafi zalunci fiye da hukuncin kuɗi kawai. Manya sun rasa abin dogaro da kai, yara sun rasa ilimi, ‘yan kasa sun rasa ‘yancin halartar taron jama’a.
Idan da an bai wa ɗalibai zaɓi don ƙara $150 a cikin kuɗin karatunsu da ya wuce kima, da sun yi watsi da harbin. Amma wannan ba hukunci ba ne ko haraji; wajibcin Covid tambaya ce ta wanda ya shiga cikin ƙungiyoyin jama'a.
Bugu da ari, masu ba da shawara na rigakafi da gangan aka tsallake ƙarin yanke shawara na baya-bayan nan game da 'yancin likita daga ƙarni na ƙarshe. Aƙalla, shari'o'in zamani sun sabunta ƙa'idar doka don ko magani "na son rai ne da zalunci."
A 1990, Kotun aka gudanar cewa ’yan ƙasa suna da haƙƙin tsarin mulki na ƙin yarda da magani, a rubuce cewa, “ka’idar cewa mutumin da ya cancanta yana da sha’awar ’yancin da tsarin mulki ya tanada na ƙin jinyar da ba a so ba za a iya ɗauka daga hukuncin da muka yanke a baya.” Bayan shekaru bakwai, Kotun ta rubuta Washington da Glucksberg, "Haƙƙin ƙin maganin jinya maras so ya samo asali ne a cikin tarihinmu, al'ada, da kuma aiki don buƙatar kariya ta musamman a ƙarƙashin Kwaskwarimar Kwaskwarima ta goma sha huɗu."
Wannan kariyar za ta kasance mafi girma a lokuta lokacin da magani ba shi da amfani kuma ba dole ba. Amma masu goyon bayan odar sun yi watsi da ƙa'idodin doka da ba su dace ba a ƙoƙarin su na sanya allurar rigakafin a cikin ƙasa.
An ambaci tsarin Covid Jacobson kamar dai Tauraruwar Arewa ce ta fikihu ta Amurka, shari'ar canonical kamar Brown v. Board of Education or Marbury v. Madison. Kamar sauran gardamarsu, wannan gaba ɗaya bata ce. Jacobson shi ne tushen hukuncin da Kotun ta yanke a 1927 don tabbatar da shirin eugenics na jihar a ciki Buck v. Bell. Wanda ya shigar da kara a waccan shari'ar - Carrie Buck - ya kasance ƙarƙashin shirin hana haihuwa na Virginia, kuma Kotun ta rungumi. Jacobson a ra'ayinsa.
Mai shari'a Oliver Wendell Holmes ya rubuta: "Ka'idar da ke ci gaba da yin allurar riga-kafi tana da faɗi sosai don rufe yanke bututun fallopian." Yanzu, Buck v. Bell ya tsaya tare Dred Scott da kuma Korematsu a cikin "anti-canon" na dokar tsarin mulkin Amurka. Amma masu ba da shawarwarin rigakafin cikin farin ciki sun yi amfani da wannan dalili don ci gaba da ajandarsa: shirin da ya fi yaɗuwar kulawar likitanci a tarihin duniya.
Rashin hankali
A kan batu na biyu - ko ana buƙatar wa'adin da ya dace don amincin jama'a - Bradley da Risch suna jayayya cewa babbar manufar gwamnati game da rigakafin ita ce hana watsa kamuwa da cuta ga wasu. Samfuran ba kawai sun gaza wannan manufar ba; Kamfanonin ba su taɓa gwada ko za su rage watsawa ba kafin kawo su kasuwa.
Don ƙara muni, umarni na iya zama marar amfani. Wani bincike da aka yi a watan Maris na 2022 ya gano cewa allurar tana da mummunan tasiri wajen yakar cutar ga yara ‘yan kasa da shekara 11. data ya nuna yaran da aka yiwa allurar sun kasance kashi 41% mafi kusantar kamuwa da cutar fiye da takwarorinsu da ba a yi musu allurar ba makonni shida bayan harbin su. A daga baya karatu na fursunonin gidan yarin California 96,000 sun nuna cewa wadanda ba a yi musu allurar ba suna da karancin kamuwa da cuta a duk kungiyoyin shekaru fiye da wadanda aka yi wa allurar. Nazarin daga Pfizer ya nuna daya daga cikin mutane biyar da suka sami allurar Covid sun sami Covid cikin watanni biyu.
A takaice, a bayyane yake cewa ba a buƙatar harbin don inganta lafiyar jama'a. Shugaba Biden da kafofin watsa labarai sun azabtar da Green Bay Packers Quarterback Aaron Rodgers don gwada ingancin Covid bayan ba a yi musu allurar ba. "Ku gaya wa kwata-kwata ya kamata ya yi maganin," in ji shugaban ihu a wani gangamin Wisconsin. A cikin shafukan ra'ayi na New York Times, marubuta farmaki Wannan shi don “yaɗa ɓarna bayanai” da kuma “zaɓin da bai dace ba don kada a yi masa alurar riga kafi.” A kan MSNBC, Kavita Patel ya yi magana game da yadda ya jefa abokan wasansa da danginsu cikin haɗari, yana mai kiran ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa, "a zahiri ma'anar kusanci a cikin babban taron watsa shirye-shirye." A CNN, Dr. Peter Hotez ya ce Rodgers ya yi la'akari da "ra'ayoyin masu tsattsauran ra'ayi na dama" wanda ya yi sanadiyar mutuwar "mutane 150,000 da ba a yi musu allurar ba."
Babu wani daga cikin masu fafutuka da ya yi magana game da yadda Rodgers ya sami Covid. Bai halarci liyafar cin abinci tare da RFK, Jr. ba ko kuma ya raba ɗakin tururi tare da masu ba da shawara kan rigakafin rigakafi; Abokan wasan da aka yiwa alurar riga kafi sun ba shi Covid daga "cututtukan da suka samu."
Shaidar ba ta yi komai ba don canza sadaukarwar tsarin mulki ga mRNAs.
Kusan duk wani mai ba da shawara na rigakafin ya sami Covid bayan ya karɓi matsakaicin adadin alluran harbi da masu haɓakawa, waɗanda suka haɗa da Joe Biden, Jill Biden, Kamala Harris, Barack Obama, Hillary Clinton, Jen Psaki, Karine Jean-Pierre, Elizabeth Warren, Cory Booker, Merrick Garland, Antony Blinken, Albert Bourla, Lloyd Austin, Gavin Newsom, Erica Lindsio, Eric Lindsio, Gavin Graez, Adams O, Alexander Lindsio, Alexander Lindsio, Adams Om, Adams Oy, Erick, Lindsio, Adams, Gavin Graez, Adams O, Erick, Lindsio, Adams, Lindsio, Adams, Erick, Lindsio, da Gavin Graez, Adams, Adams, , Erick, Lindsio, iyo Karine. Hochul, Ted Lieu, Richard Blumenthal, Maxine Waters, Hakeem Jeffries, Rashida Tlaib, Chris Murphy, Nancy Pelosi, Liz Cheney, da sauransu. Tun daga watan Fabrairun 2025, Anthony Fauci ya sami Covid aƙalla sau uku, kamar yadda Shugaba Biden ya yi.
Cututtukan su ba za su iya girgiza imaninsu ba, duk da haka, kuma cikin biyayya sun gode wa “kariyar da allurar rigakafin ke bayarwa.” "Alurar riga kafi shine abin da ake bukata na likita don ma'aikatanmu," rubuta Sakataren Tsaro Lloyd Austin a watan Agusta 2022, yana haɓaka tasirin masu haɓakawa yayin da ya ba da sanarwar ingantaccen gwajin Covid.
A wannan lokacin, rashin tasirin maganin rigakafi ya bayyana a sarari. A cikin Nuwamba 2021, ƙwararrun ƙwararrun Ingilishi waɗanda ke ƙasa da 60 ya mutu a ninka adadin takwarorinsu da ba a yi musu allurar ba. Bayan cimma kashi 90% na yawan allurar rigakafi, Denmark da Ingila buga sabon matsayi don kamuwa da cututtukan Covid a cikin Janairu 2022.
Ƙasashen duniya na uku ba tare da yaƙin neman zaɓen rigakafin yaɗuwa ba sun sami ci gaba sosai yayin Covid fiye da Amurka, duk da damar da na ƙarshen ya samu. Dole ne kayayyakin kiwon lafiya.
Madagascar yana da kimanin mutane miliyan 30. Kashi 8% kawai sun sami kowane kashi na rigakafin Covid. Tun daga watan Janairun 2025, ƙasar ta sami mutuwar mutane 1,500 da ke da alaƙa da Covid tun lokacin da cutar ta fara. Illinois yana da yawan jama'a miliyan 13, kuma kashi 79% na mazauna sun sami aƙalla kashi 1 na Covid jabs. Mazauna Illinois 36,000 sun mutu daga Covid.
New Jersey yana da yawan jama'a miliyan 9.2, kashi 93% daga cikinsu sun karɓi aƙalla kashi ɗaya na rigakafin Covid. Haiti tana da yawan jama'a miliyan 11.5, kuma kawai kashi 3.5% na al'ummar tsibirin sun sami kashi na rigakafin Covid. Duk da haka New Jersey An samu mutuwar mutane 36,000 daga Covid yayin da Haiti yana da 860 kawai.
Yemen yana da yawan jama'a miliyan 33, kuma 3.4% sun sami kashi na rigakafin Covid. Massachusetts tana da yawan jama'a kasa da miliyan 7, amma jihar ta ba da alluran rigakafin cutar kusan miliyan 17. Sama da kashi 95% na jihar sun sami akalla harbi daya. Massachusetts yana da mutuwar Covid 24,000 yayin da Yemen ke da 2,000 kawai.
A karkashin Jacobson, harbe-harbe za su kasance "da hankali da ake bukata don kare lafiyar jama'a." Illinois tana da adadin mutuwar Covid sau 25 kamar Madagascar duk da yawan al'ummar kasa da rabin girmanta kuma adadin rigakafin ya ninka sau goma fiye da tsibirin Afirka. New Jersey tana da adadin allurar rigakafin Haiti sau talatin amma duk da haka ta sha wahala sau arba'in fiye da mutuwar Covid. Yawan jama'ar Massachusetts ya kai kashi ɗaya bisa biyar na girman Yemen, kuma sun yi wa mutane zagon ƙasa sau talatin. Har yanzu, jihar Bay ta sha wahala sau goma sha biyu fiye da mutuwar Covid kamar yadda Yemen ta yi.
Bayanan sun musanta duk wata gardama cewa harbe-harben "ana buƙace su da hankali" don lafiyar jama'a. Shaidar kai tsaye ta saba wa ka'idojin Jacobson, amma duk da haka babu shugabannin magana da suka yi nazarin tsarin gaskiya daban-daban. Masu tsattsauran ra'ayi na allurar sun yi ta ba da labarin hujjar tsarin mulki da ke bayan wa'adin harbin furucin, kuma sun yi watsi da bambance-bambancen harbin.
"Jacobson An kafa sharuɗɗan Tsaro da inganci waɗanda dole ne a nuna sama da kowane shakka, waɗanda ke tattare da aminci da ingantaccen amfani da rigakafin shekaru da yawa, "in ji Bradley da Risch. Yayin da alurar riga kafi ya kasance "mafi mahimmanci a cikin al'umma" kusan karni a cikin 19, har yanzu FDA ta ware duk allurar rigakafin Covid a matsayin "gwaji" a lokacin wa'adin.
Kuma ma'auni daban-daban sun ba da sakamako mai faɗi. Rikicin Covid ya haifar da raunuka sau 24 na adadin allurar rigakafin da aka tsara, binciken ya nuna a 2021. 'Yan siyasa sun yi iƙirari hana watsawa, sannan sun hana zuwa asibiti, to, cewa sun hana mutuwa. Kowane mataki na madogaran raga masu motsi ƙarya ne, ƙididdiga disinformation don jawo hankalin jama'a don samun harbe-harbe.
Addinin addinin da ya mamaye ya kasance akasin gaskiya. Jacobson bai goyi bayan umarnin rigakafin Covid ba; ya nuna cewa sun sabawa kundin tsarin mulkin kasa kuma ba su halatta ba. Doka su kan 'yan kwangila na tarayya, masu zaman kansu, ma'aikatan gwamnati, da yara ya sabawa doka. Sun gaza a karkashin binciken shari'a, kuma gwamnatin Biden ta mayar da martani ta hanyar kokarin gujewa alhakin ayyukansu.
A watan Yuni 2024, Kotun Daukaka Kara ta tara ta tabbatar da gardamar Bradley da Risch, tana mai cewa Jacobson bai dace da umarnin rigakafin Covid ba. Kotun daukaka kara ta rubuta:
"Jacobson sun yi imanin cewa wajibi ne alluran rigakafi suna da alaƙa da hankali don hana yaduwar ƙwayar cuta. A nan, duk da haka, masu gabatar da kara sun yi zargin cewa maganin ba ya hana yaɗuwar yadda ya kamata amma yana rage alamun bayyanar da mai karɓa ne kawai don haka yana kama da magani, ba maganin 'gargajiya' ba. Daukar zarge-zargen masu kara a matsayin gaskiya a wannan matakin na shari'a, masu gabatar da kara sun yi zargin cewa allurar COVID-19 ba ta 'hana yaduwar' COVID-19 yadda ya kamata. Don haka, Jacobson baya amfani."
Wannan tunanin, duk da haka, ba ya nufin komai ga Biden White House, wanda ya ayyana cikakken ikon aiwatar da umarnin rigakafin.
Wa'adin Satumba 2021
A cikin Satumba 2021, Shugaba Biden ya ba da sanarwar share fage. Gabaɗaya, buƙatun sun tilasta wa ɗaya daga cikin manyan Ba'amurke guda uku samun harbin ko haɗarin rasa rayuwarsu, zaɓin da aka fi fahimta da tilastawa.
He sanar da tsare-tsaren don " sanya hannu kan wani umarni na zartarwa wanda yanzu zai bukaci dukkan ma'aikatan tarayya na reshen zartaswa su yi allurar rigakafi - duka. Kuma na sanya hannu kan wani umarnin zartarwa wanda zai bukaci 'yan kwangilar tarayya su yi irin wannan."
Umurnin ya shafi duk Amurkawa da ke aiki ga kamfanonin da suka yi kowane aiki na tarayya, koda kuwa ayyukansu ba su da alaƙa da haɗin gwiwar gwamnati. "Saboda rashin sa'ar yin aiki da kamfani wanda zai iya samun kwangilar tarayya, ana iya tilasta Ba'amurke ya karɓi maganin da ba ya so ko kuma ya rasa aikinsa," daga baya kara bayyana.
Shugaba Biden ya ba da hujjar hukuncin nasa a ƙarƙashin Dokar Siyayya, dokar tarayya da ke da nufin taimakawa gwamnati ta samar da “tsarin tattalin arziki da ingantaccen tsarin” don siyan ayyuka da kaddarori. Ya yi iƙirarin, "tabbatar da cewa ƴan kwangilar tarayya da ƴan kwangilar sun sami isasshen kariya daga COVID-19 zai haɓaka tattalin arziki da inganci a cikin sayayyar tarayya."
Amma akasin hakan gaskiya ne. Umurnin sun yi kasadar rasa damar yin amfani da manyan gungun ma'aikatan da ba sa son karbar harbe-harbe. Biden bai taba yin magana kan yadda raguwar wuraren aiki zai inganta inganci ba; lokacin da aka tilasta wa gwamnatinsa ta kare sanarwarsa ta takarda a kotu, umarnin ba zai iya jure binciken shari'a ba.
A cikin Disamba 2021, wani alkali ya hana wa'adin da 'yan kwangila na tarayya ya fara aiki. Wa'adin "ya wuce magance matsalolin gudanarwa da gudanarwa," in ji Alkalin Kotun Gunduma Stan Baker. Yana "yana aiki azaman ƙa'ida na lafiyar jama'a, wanda ba a ba da izini a sarari ba a ƙarƙashin Dokar Sayi." Baker ya bayyana cewa umarnin ya haifar da matsalolin tattalin arziki, ba inganci ba. Biden ba kawai ya rasa ingantaccen hujja ba; ya kasance yana aiwatar da akasin nufinsa. Alkali Baker ya bayar da umarni a duk fadin kasar wanda ya hana odar aiki.
Wata mai zuwa, wani Alkalin kotun gundumar ya hana wa'adin. Alkali Jeffrey V. Brown ya rubuta "[umarni] sun kai ga wa'adin shugaban kasa cewa duk ma'aikatan tarayya sun yarda da allurar rigakafin Covid-19 ko kuma rasa ayyukansu." "Ikon Shugaban kasa ba shi da yawa." Ya kasance "gada da nisa" ga Fadar White House "tare da bugun alkalami ko ba tare da shigar da majalisa ba, don buƙatar miliyoyin ma'aikatan tarayya su yi aikin likita a matsayin yanayin aikinsu," ya yi bayani.
Fadar White House ta daukaka karar umarnin, tana dogaro da hujjar "tattalin arziki da inganci" na Biden. Kotun Daukaka Kara ta Amurka ta 11 ta yi muhawara kan shari'ar lokacin bazara kuma ta amince da umarnin Alkali Backer a watan Agusta 2022. panel kammala cewa Shugaba Biden "wataƙila ya wuce ikonsa" a ƙarƙashin Dokar Siyayya.
Babban Lauyan Jihar Texas Ken Paxton ya jagoranci jihohi wajen shigar da kara a gaban gwamnatin Biden, yana neman a soke umarnin watan Satumba na 2021. A cikin Mayu 2023, Fadar White House sanar karshen bukatunta na allurar rigakafin ga ma'aikatan tarayya da 'yan kwangila, janye abubuwan da ake bukata kafin shari'ar ta kai ga Kotun Koli.
Paxton ya ce "Joe Biden da gaske ya wuce ikonsa a yunƙurin sa na tilasta wa duk 'yan kwangilar tarayya allurar ko kuma su rasa ayyukansu," in ji Paxton. "Abin raini ne ga Shugaban kasa ya yi barazana ga ikon ma'aikaci na ciyar da iyalinsa don cimma biyan bukatunsa."
Ba tare da son sake fuskantar wani shan kaye a shari'a ba, Fadar White House ta janye bukatunta, wanda ya kawo cikakken tsarin manufofin gwamnatin. Gwamnatin tarayya ta dawo kan matsayin Biden na farko. Hukunce-hukuncen ba “ayyukan gwamnatin tarayya ba ne,” kamar yadda Jen Psaki ta bayyana kasa da shekaru biyu da suka gabata. Ya sake zama "rawar da cibiyoyi, kamfanoni masu zaman kansu, da sauransu za su iya ɗauka."
OSHA
Majalisa ta kirkiro OSHA - Dokar Tsaro da Lafiyar Ma'aikata ta 1970 - to "Hana a kashe ma'aikata ko a cutar da su sosai a wurin aiki." Dokar ta haifar da ƙayyadaddun kariyar wurin aiki kamar daidaita faɗuwar asbestos, hana ramuka daga faɗuwa, da buƙatar lasisi don ayyuka masu haɗari.
Kamar dai yadda Biden ya yi ƙoƙarin yin watsi da Dokar Siyayya don tallafawa yaƙin neman zaɓe na rigakafi, Fadar White House ta nemi canza OSHA daga shirin kariya daga wurin aiki zuwa bludgeon don sanya manufofin gwamnati a kan kamfanoni masu zaman kansu. Umurnin zartarwa na Shugaba Biden ya kira OSHA don buƙatar duk kasuwancin da ke da ma'aikata 100 ko fiye don aiwatar da buƙatun alluran rigakafi, gwaji, da rufe fuska.
Sakatariyar yada labaran fadar White House Jen Psaki ta kira manufofin "masu mahimmanci ga martanin COVID-19 na kasarmu." Ma'aikatar Shari'a ta bayar da hujjar cewa shirye-shiryen sun zama dole don hana "mummunan sakamakon kiwon lafiya" daga ma'aikatan da ba a yi musu allurar ba. Umurnin ya shafi fiye da kashi biyu bisa uku na kamfanoni masu zaman kansu, wanda ya kai sama da Amurkawa miliyan 80.
'Yan kasuwa da jihohi sun shigar da kara, suna masu cewa shirin ya zarce karfin ikon Shugaba Biden. Shugaban kasa ba zai iya mayar da OSHA zuwa kashi biyu bisa uku na ma'aikata ba, in ji su. Su jãyayya cewa ka'idar Biden za ta ba Ma'aikatar Kwadago "mara iyaka, ikon da ba a taba ganin irinsa ba a kan masana'antar Amurka ta hanyar barin hukumar ta kai hari kan hadurran da ke wanzuwa a wuraren aiki kawai saboda suna wanzuwa a duniya gaba daya." A watan Janairun 2022, shari’ar tasu ta kai Kotun Koli.
Kotun ta ce wa’adin Biden ya sabawa doka. "Dokar [OSHA] ta ba wa Sakataren Kwadago damar saita ka'idojin aminci na wurin aiki, ba fa'idodin kiwon lafiyar jama'a ba," yawancin sun rubuta. Amma Covid ba batun amincin wurin aiki ba ne - yana yaduwa "a gida, a makarantu, yayin wasannin motsa jiki, da kuma ko'ina da mutane ke taruwa. Irin wannan haɗarin duniya bai bambanta da haɗarin yau da kullun da kowa ke fuskanta daga aikata laifuka, gurɓataccen iska, ko kowane adadin cututtuka masu yaduwa." Ba bisa ka'ida ba ne a yi amfani da "hadari na gabaɗaya" don lalata OSHA ga buƙatun Shugaban kasa don kafa "muhimmiyar cin zarafi a cikin rayuka - da lafiya - na yawan ma'aikata," Kotun ta rubuta.
A cikin wani ra'ayi mai ma'ana, Mai shari'a Gorsuch ya rubuta cewa kananan hukumomin "suna da iko mai yawa don daidaita lafiyar jama'a" yayin da ikon tarayya ya kasance "iyakance da rarrabuwa." Idan ba tare da waɗancan iyakokin ba, ya yi gardama, "gaggawa ba za su taɓa ƙarewa ba kuma 'yancin raba ikon Tsarin Mulkinmu na neman kiyayewa zai kai kaɗan."
Tabbas, zahirin manufar hurumin zartarwa shine kaucewa raba madafun iko. Kamar yadda Dr. Fauci ya bayyana a fili, bin son rai bai isa ya biya bukatunsu ba. Shiri ne na dacewa da tilas, kuma Shugaba Biden bai yarda ya mika ikon lafiyar jama'a ga kananan hukumomi ba. A watan Satumba na 2021, ya gaya wa waɗanda ba a yi musu allurar ba, “Mun yi haƙuri, amma haƙurin mu ya ƙare. Rashin hakurinsa ne, da kuma rashin haquri, ya sa ya fito da faffadan ayyukansa na haram.
Gwamnatin Covid ta yi tir da hukuncin da Kotun ta yanke. Kakakin majalisar Nancy Pelosi ya fadawa manema labarai, "Kotu ta zaɓi yin watsi da kimiyya da doka ta hanyar hana Hukumar Gudanarwa daga kiyaye Amurkawa a wuraren aiki." Fauci daga baya ya fada da New York Times Wannan adawa da umarni wani bangare ne na "jin kyamar kimiyya, rarrabuwar kawuna da ke da nasaba da siyasa a kasar nan."
Fadar White House tayi shiru tsallake OSHA ta wajabta makonni biyu bayan haka. Daga baya hukumar ta yi kamar duk lamarin bai faru ba. Shugaban OSHA Douglas Parker ya shaida ga Majalisa, "Ba mu yi wa kowa barazana ba, kuma ba mu nemi a kori kowa ba." Azzaluman diktansu sun kasa jurewa binciken shari'a, duk da haka sun ƙi amincewa da kuskure. Fadar White House aka bayyana yadda "Shugaba Biden ya yi ƙoƙari na lokacin yaƙi" don ƙara yawan allurar rigakafi. Kimanin Amurkawa miliyan 30 ne suka sami rigakafin a cikin makonni goma na wa'adinsa na farko. Yunkurin ya sabawa doka, amma an yi nasara.
Alurar rigakafin yara
A cikin watanni 8 kacal, Dr. Anthony Fauci ya fita daga bainar jama'a yana adawa da duk umarnin rigakafin Covid don ba da shawarar a sanya su a kan yaran makaranta. "Na yi imanin cewa tilasta wa yara rigakafin su bayyana a makaranta abu ne mai kyau," ya fadawa CNN a watan Agustan 2021. Ya kwatanta shi da allurar rigakafin cutar shan inna kuma ya bukaci gundumomin makarantu da su tilasta wa iyaye su yi wa ‘ya’yansu bulala saboda wata cuta da ba ta da wata hadari a gare su.
Kamar tattaunawar da ke kewaye Jacobson, jami'an gwamnati da shugabannin magana sun yi kamar ba a cece-kuce ba. Idan Tony Fauci shafaffu ya yi kira gare shi, to dole ne a bauta wa umarni. Bugu da ƙari, duk da haka, umarnin ba zai iya jure bincike mai sauƙi ba.
Jenin Younes, lauya tare da New Civil Liberties Alliance, yayi bayani a cikin Wall Street Journal, "Tsarin rigakafin Covid ga yara haramun ne." Ta yi magana kwatankwacin Fauci da "madaidaicin allurar rigakafin yara" kamar cutar shan inna da diphtheria, tana mai bayanin cewa "wadannan allurar rigakafin shekaru da yawa sun wuce cikakkiyar tsarin gwajin FDA" yayin da "alurar rigakafin Covid [ya sami izinin amfani da gaggawa kawai" (EUA) ga yara a cikin bazara 2021.
Dokar tarayya ta hana majiyyata tilastawa, tilastawa, ko matsawa zuwa shan kayayyakin EUA. Bukatar yara su sami harbe-harbe don shiga cikin rayuwar jama'a ko halartar makaranta shine "ƙaddamar da yarda da sanarwa ba bisa doka ba," in ji Younes.
Waɗannan ƙa'idodin ƙa'idodin doka sun ɓace a cikin yanayin Covid. Kamar shekarun su na rashin samartaka da ilimi, Fauci da Fadar White House sun ba da shawarar sadaukar da 'yancin yara don ciyar da manufofinsu. Younes ya k'arashe da ita Labari, "Kada mu yi wa yara ƙanana allurar tilas, wanda ya sabawa tsarin mulki kuma ba bisa ƙa'ida ba a ƙarƙashin dokar tarayya, hanya ta gaba da za mu yi watsi da bukatunsu don murkushe fargabar manya."
Amma tsarin ya ci gaba. A cikin Oktoba 2021, California ta zama jiha ta farko da ta ba da sanarwar cewa za a buƙaci rigakafin Covid ga ɗalibai da zarar ta sami amincewar FDA. "Jihar ta riga ta buƙaci a yi wa ɗalibai allurar rigakafin ƙwayoyin cuta da ke haifar da kyanda, mumps, da rubella - babu dalilin da zai sa ba za mu yi daidai da COVID-19 ba," Gavin Newsom bayyana yayin da yake bikin sabon wa'adin sa. Washington, DC, Detroit, da sauran yankunan sun sanar da irin wannan tsare-tsare.
Da alama an yi shiru a cikin kumfa na coronamania, 'yan majalisar sun kadu da gano iyaye sun bijire wa umarninsu yayin da suka ki yi wa 'ya'yansu rigakafin cutar da ba ta cutar da su ba. A cikin gundumar Columbia, gwamnati sanar cewa za ta dage wa'adin ta lokacin da kusan rabin daliban makarantun gwamnati na DC ba a yi musu alluran rigakafi ba bayan wa'adin da za a dauka. Magajin gari Eric Adams ya yi watsi da buƙatun allurar rigakafin ga ɗaliban-'yan wasan New York lokacin da Adadin allurar rigakafin ya kai kusan kashi 50%. Kotunan California sun gano cewa umarnin makaranta a Los Angeles da San Diego sun kasance ba bisa doka ba, jinkirta aiwatar da kamfen ɗin rigakafin Newsom cikin shekarar makaranta ta 2022-2023. A cikin Fabrairu 2023, California a hankali ta yi watsi da umarnin Covid ga ɗalibai. Gwamnatin Newsom leaked labarai ga manema labarai ba tare da wata sanarwa ko bayani ba.
"Yara suna da 'yancin cin gashin kansu na jiki da kuma ƙin jinyar da ba dole ba, wanda iyayensu ke amfani da su a madadinsu," in ji Younes a muhawarar ta. "Gwamnati ba za ta iya sanya su a matsayin aladun Guinea ko tasoshin don kare manya ba." Yin amfani da waɗannan haƙƙoƙin iyaye ya dakatar da umarnin. Ya zuwa 2023, kusan kashi biyu bisa uku na yaran Amurkawa sun kasance “ba a yi musu allurar rigakafi ba” a cewar rahoton CDC. Kashi 7% na yara sun sami abubuwan ƙarfafawa da aka ba da shawarar. Ko da a cikin yankunan da ke bin dimokiradiyya, ƙasa da ɗaya cikin yara takwas sun kasance "na zamani" tare da shawarar da aka ba su na Covid. Juriya mai yawa, maimakon bin doka, ta jure wa mulkin kama karya.
Sakamakon Kasa
Ba wai kawai hanyoyin ba bisa ka'ida ba ne, amma ƙarshen ya kasance bala'i. Akalla 8,000 sojojin An kori su daga sojojin Amurka saboda ƙin ɗaukar rigakafin Covid. A cikin 2022, sojoji sun ba da rahoton mutuwar Covid a tsakanin sojoji masu aiki, amma Sakataren Tsaro Lloyd Austin ya dage kan ci gaba da umarnin.
Ya bayyana a cikin umarninsa. A cikin Disamba 2022, manema labarai sun tambayi wanda ke da alhakin manufofin. Austin ya amsa, "Ni ne mutumin." Shi kara da cewa, "Ina goyon bayan ci gaba da yi wa sojojin allurar rigakafi." Pentagon ta ci gaba da tilasta wa sojoji masu lafiya su zabi tsakanin allurar rigakafi ko korar su daga soja, ba tare da la’akari da kamuwa da cutar ba, har sai da Sanatoci suka shiga tsakani.
A cikin Janairu 2023, Sanatoci Rand Paul da Ted Cruz sun kara da buƙatu ga Dokar Ba da izinin Tsaro ta ƙasa wacce ta tilasta wa Ma'aikatar Tsaro soke aikinta. Pentagon ba ta yarda da rashin hankali ba; sai dai daga baya ta sanar da cewa ba za ta mayar da duk wani sojojin da aka kora ba saboda gaza aiwatar da aikin.
Lloyd Austin ya yi murna da cewa ya tilasta wa sojoji zabi tsakanin allurar gwaji da hidimar da suke yi wa kasarsu. A cikin a memo, ya sanar da cewa yana matukar alfahari da aikin da Sashen ke yi na yakar cutar ta coronavirus, ya kara da cewa hukunce-hukuncen nasa "za su sami madawwama ga rayuwar da muka ceta."
Amma Austin bai taɓa ba da amsa don nazarin ƙimar fa'ida na yanke shawararsa ba. A daidai lokacin da sojojin suka buge gazawar tarihi a kokarin da take yi na daukar ma'aikata, wa'adinsa ya yanke karfin sojojin Amurka. Amfanin da aka ce yana kara yawan sojojin da suka dauki maganin rigakafi mara inganci na kwayar cutar da ba ta yin barazana ga lafiyarsu. A cikin Janairu 2025, Shugaba Trump ya dawo da membobin sabis waɗanda aka kora saboda ƙin rigakafin. Nasa Tsarin tsari ya bayyana matakin a matsayin "gyara wani zalunci," yana mai nuni da cewa "duk da shaidar kimiyya, Hukumar Biden ta sallami mambobin ma'aikatan lafiya - wadanda da yawa daga cikinsu suna da kariya ta dabi'a kuma suka sadaukar da rayuwarsu gaba daya don yiwa kasarmu hidima - saboda ƙin rigakafin COVID. Gyaran gwamnati game da waɗannan korar ba daidai ba ya ƙare.
Sai dai barnar da aka yi, a bangare daya ta riga ta fara aiki, kuma tashe-tashen hankulan ba wai kawai sojoji ne kadai ba. Bayan umarnin Shugaba Biden na allurar rigakafin a cikin Satumba 2021, Kudu maso Yamma ya ba da sanarwar buƙatun rigakafin ga duk ma'aikata da matukan jirgi. Kungiyar matukan jirgi na Southwest Airlines sanya takardar kwat da wando don dakatar da umarni. Bayan kwana biyu, jirgin sama soke soke Jiragen sama 1,800 a karshen mako na Ranar Columbus, suna zargin rashin kyawun yanayi da karancin ma'aikata.
Kamar yadda wa'adin ya ci gaba, haka kuma jinkiri, sokewa, da karancin ma'aikata. A cikin Yuni 2022, ma'aikata 1,300 Kudu maso Yamma sun zaɓi Filin jirgin saman Dallas don nuna adawa da buƙatun rigakafin. "Me yasa muke fama da karancin ma'aikata?" tambaye Tim Bogart, matukin jirgi na Kudu maso Yamma. "Na yi imanin hakan ya faru ne saboda allurar COVID."
Kasar ba ta da inganci kuma ba ta da tsaro; 'yan ƙasa suna fuskantar ci gaba da raguwa a cikin ingancin rayuwa; yara ba su da koshin lafiya, kuma raunin allurar rigakafi yana lalata iyalai har abada. Waɗancan gwagwarmaya za a iya danganta su kai tsaye da hukunce-hukunce na sama waɗanda suka ɗauki kusan kowane sashe na rayuwar Amurkawa. Sun kasance marasa ma'ana, fasikanci, kuma ba bisa ka'ida ba; kuma mafi tasiri a cikin al'ummarmu - daga duniyar doka, kafofin watsa labaru, da masu amfani da ikon gwamnati - sun sauƙaƙe da kuma tabbatar da aiwatar da su.
Shiga cikin tattaunawar:
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