Ya zuwa Afrilu 2020, Amurkawa suna rayuwa a cikin tsarin sa ido na gwamnati wanda a baya ba za a iya gane shi ba. 'Yan siyasa, jaridu, da masu fafutuka sun yi la'akari da wani "aiki-matakin aikin Manhattan" da nufin aiwatar da umarnin kulle-kullen ta hanyar sa ido kan jama'a da umarnin kama gida. Yayin da suke nanata ayyukansu don tallafawa lafiyar jama'a ne, sun yi amfani da shirye-shiryen bin diddigin da suka saba da su waɗanda suka lalata kariyar Amincinmu na Hudu. Silicon Valley ya ƙirƙira haɗin gwiwa mai riba tare da gwamnatocin jihohi da na ƙasa, suna siyar da halaye da motsin masu amfani ba tare da izininsu ba. Maimakon haka ba zato ba tsammani, 'yan ƙasa da ake zaton 'yan ƙasa ne batun shirye-shiryen "waƙa da gano" kamar dai fakitin UPS ne.
Rahm Emanuel ya yi tsokaci sosai cewa "Ba za ku taɓa son rikici mai tsanani ya lalace ba." "Kuma abin da nake nufi da hakan wata dama ce ta yin abubuwan da kuke tunanin ba za ku iya yi a da ba." 'Yan wasan kwaikwayo na jihohi da masu cin gajiyar fasaha sun rungumi falsafar Emanuel a cikin martanin Covid. Sun yi amfani da fargabar al'ummar kasar wajen aiwatar da shirye-shiryen da suka soke gyara na hudu. Kamfanonin fasaha sun ga nasarori masu yawa yayin da suke aiwatar da wani tsari wanda ya ba wa jami'an tsaro damar bin diddigin kowane ɗan ƙasa a kowane wuri a kowane lokaci. Coronamania ya kasance damar yin abubuwan da ba za su iya yi ba a da, kuma sakamakon ya kasance mai riba. Arzikin attajirai ƙara a cikin shekaru biyun farko na cutar fiye da yadda aka yi a cikin shekaru 23 da suka gabata a hade, da farko saboda nasarorin da aka samu a fannin fasaha.
A cikin 1975, Sanata Frank Church ya jagoranci binciken gwamnati kan hukumomin leken asirin Amurka. Da yake magana game da ikonsu na ɓoye shekaru 50 da suka wuce, Church gargadi, "Wannan damar a kowane lokaci za a iya juya ga jama'ar Amurka, kuma babu wani Ba'amurke da zai sami wani sirri da ya rage, irin wannan shine ikon sa ido kan komai: tattaunawa ta wayar tarho, telegrams, ba kome. Ba za a sami wurin ɓoye ba."
Ba wai kawai gwamnati ta mayar da ikonta na sa ido ga 'yan kasa ba, amma ta dauki kamfanoni masu karfi a tarihin duniya don ci gaba da manufofinta, wanda ya bar Amurkawa cikin talauci, rashin 'yanci, kuma ba su da wurin buya. Big Tech da hukumomin gwamnati sun yi hadin gwiwa don soke kariyar gyara na Hudu wanda a baya ya kare Amurkawa daga sa ido. Wannan tsari ya karkatar da dalar haraji ga masana'antun masu arzikin kasar, lamarin da ya tilasta wa 'yan kasar ba da tallafi don kwato 'yancinsu.
Kariya daga Zalunci
Kwaskwari na Hudu ya ba da tabbacin 'yancin samun 'yanci daga binciken gwamnati da kamawa marasa ma'ana. Kotun koli ta sha yanke hukuncin cewa jihar ba za ta iya amfani da sabbin fasahohi don kaucewa kariyar ta ba. A cikin 2018, Kotun ta yanke hukunci Kafinta v. Amurka cewa Gwamnati ta karya doka ta Hudu lokacin da ta sami bayanan wurin wayar da dan kasa ke ciki daga dillalin wayarsa. Babban Alkali Roberts rubuta cewa “babban manufar” Gyara na Hudu shine “tsare sirri da tsaron mutane daga mamayewar jami’an gwamnati na son rai.” Gwamnati "ba za ta iya yin amfani da fasaha ba" don guje wa binciken tsarin mulki.
The Masassaƙa Kotun ta ba da misali da haƙƙin Amurkawa na kare bayanansu na “motsi na jiki” daga sa ido na gwamnati. "Taswirar wurin wayar salula," in ji Kotun, ya haifar da "rikodin wurin da mai rike da shi" wanda ba shi da ma'ana kuma wanda bai dace ba.
Kafin Maris 2020, doka ta fito karara: Sabbin fa'idodin Silicon Valley ba su haifar da wata hanya ta gwamnati don binciken da ba a yarda da shi ba. Nan da nan, firgicin da ke kewaye da coronavirus ya shafe kariyar Kwaskwarimar Kwaskwarima ta Hudu, kuma Amurkawa sun sadaukar da sirrin su ga abokan hulɗar jama'a masu zaman kansu. Hukumomin jihohi da na tarayya sun yi amfani da bayanan wayar hannu don bin diddigi da gano ƴan ƙasar Amurka, ta yin amfani da sabbin fasahohi don tauye haƙƙinsu. Wannan jihar ta sa ido ta zama kasa ta gaba daya yayin da Kattafan Silicon Valley suka yi hadin gwiwa da kasashe a fadin duniya don fadada mulkin kama karya fiye da iyakokin kasa.
Daga Snowden zuwa Covid
Tushen Covid panopticon - haɗin gwiwar jama'a da masu zaman kansu, sa ido kan jama'a, da leƙen asiri na cikin gida - sun fara tun kafin 2020. A cikin 2013, wani ɗan kwangilar NSA mai shekaru 29 ya gano shirye-shiryen sa ido ba bisa ƙa'ida ba yayin da yake aiki a wani tushe na Hawaii. Ya gabatar da damuwarsa ga tashoshi na cikin gida da suka dace, amma masu kulawa sun yi watsi da rahotanninsa akai-akai. Ya hau jirgi zuwa Hong Kong tare da dubban bayanan sirri na NSA kuma ya gana da gungun 'yan jarida, ciki har da Glenn Greenwald.
Rahotanni sun bayyana cewa hukumar tsaron kasar ta gudanar da wani shiri na sirri na sa ido ga gwamnatin kasar wanda ya sanya miliyoyin Amurkawa ta wayar tarho da sadarwa. Kai tsaye sun saba wa rantsuwar da daraktan hukumar leken asiri ta kasa James Clapper ya yi a watannin baya. "Shin NSA tana tattara kowane irin bayanai kwata-kwata akan miliyoyin ko daruruwan miliyoyin Amurkawa?" tambaye Sanata Ron Wyden. Clapper ya amsa, "A'a, sir… ba da gangan ba."
Takardun da Edward Snowden ya bankado sun fallasa manyan laifuffuka da suka hada da karyar karya da Clapper ya yi. Ƙungiyar leƙen asiri ta shigar da kiran waya, imel, da bayanan kuɗi na miliyoyin Amurkawa. A cikin samfoti na shekarar 2020, rahoton Snowden ya bayyana azzaluman hadewar gwamnati da na kamfanoni. AT&T da Western Union sayar babban bayanan kiran waya da kuma aika kuɗi na duniya zuwa CIA. The NSA ta tattara bayanan tarho daga Verizon wanda yayi cikakken bayanin rajistan ayyukan miliyoyin Amurkawa akan “ci gaba, yau da kullun” ta hanyar umarnin kotu na sirri.
Snowden kuma saukar wani aiki na sirri na gwamnati da ake kira "Prism" wanda ya bai wa NSA damar samun bayanan 'yan kasa kai tsaye daga kamfanonin fasaha da suka hada da Facebook, Google, da Apple. Ba tare da wata muhawara ta jama'a ba, Ƙungiyoyin Hankali sun sami damar yin amfani da tarihin binciken 'yan ƙasa, canja wurin fayil, taɗi kai tsaye, da sadarwar imel.
Kotun daukaka kara ta Amurka guda biyu daga baya ta yanke hukuncin cewa shirin leken asiri na hukumar leken asiri ta NSA haramtacce ne. A ciki ACLU v. Clapper, Sashe na Biyu ya rubuta cewa "yawan tarin bayanai game da ainihin dukan jama'ar Amurka… yana ba da izinin haɓaka bayanan gwamnati tare da yuwuwar mamaye sirrin da ba za a iya tunanin a baya ba." Daga baya Saki na Tara ya yi nuni da ayoyin Snowden rabin sau goma sha biyu a cikin ra'ayi dayawa ta yanke hukuncin cewa yawancin tarin bayanan Amurkawa haramun ne.
Majalisa ta tsara waɗannan ka'idoji zuwa doka, kuma Shugaba Obama ya sanya hannu kan Dokar 'Yanci ta Amurka a cikin 2015, tare da haramta tarin tarin bayanan Amurkawa. Dokar ba ta yi kadan ba don dakile ayyukan kungiyar Leken asiri ta wuce gona da iri. A cikin 2021, Sanatocin Amurka sun bayyana cewa CIA ta ci gaba da ayyukan leken asirin cikin gida. “…Manufar Majalisa, wanda aka bayyana tsawon shekaru da yawa kuma ta hanyar wasu dokoki da yawa, don iyakancewa, kuma a wasu lokuta, ta haramta tarin bayanan Amurkawa marasa garanti,” rubuta Sanatoci Ron Wyden da Martin Heinrich ga Daraktan CIA da Daraktan leken asiri na kasa. "Duk da haka, a cikin wannan lokacin, CIA ta gudanar da nata shirin a asirce." Sauran hukumomin ma sun yi laifi. FBI da Ma'aikatar Tsaron Cikin Gida shigar da shi don siyan madaidaicin bayanan GPS daga kamfanonin wayar hannu.
Rashin kyama ga al'umman Intelligence Community ga sirrin Amurkawa da kuma rashin kula da 'yancin tsarin mulki ya kafa matakin rikicin Covid don shigar da wani sabon zamani na sa ido kan jama'a.
Maris 2020: Babu Wurin Boye
Nan da nan gwamnatocin tsakiya sun tura don sa ido kan dijital yayin da shari'o'in Covid suka tashi a cikin Maris 2020. A ranar 17 ga Maris, Wall Street Journal ruwaito, "Hukumomin gwamnati suna aiwatarwa ko yin la'akari da nau'ikan fasahar sa ido da sa ido waɗanda ke gwada iyakokin sirrin sirri." Fadar White House ta kaddamar da wani aiki tare da kamfanonin fasaha, ciki har da Google, Facebook, da Amazon. Cibiyar CDC rabuwa tare da Palantir don ƙaddamar da tattara bayanai da dabarun gano tuntuɓar juna. EU nema cewa kamfanonin sadarwa na Turai suna raba bayanan masu amfani da wayar hannu "don amfanin gama gari" a tsakanin yaduwar Covid-19.
Hukumar Lafiya Ta Duniyar kira kasashe don bin diddigin wayoyin hannu don saka idanu da aiwatar da umarnin keɓewa. "Yana da kyau kuma yana da kyau a ce ware kai, yanzu ne lokacin da za a ce dole ne a yi," in ji Marylouise McLaws, mai ba da shawara ga sashin rigakafin kamuwa da cuta na WHO na duniya. Kamar yadda McLaws ya nuna, sa ido kan fasaha hanya ce ta neman yarda da tabbatar da cewa dole ne a yi. Rundunar 'yan sanda ba za ta iya ƙunsar miliyoyin 'yan ƙasa ba, amma dandamali na dijital sun ba da damar sa ido kan jama'a kuma, bi da bi, bin ƙa'idodin jama'a.
A Birtaniya, Firayim Minista Boris Johnson ya gayyaci kamfanonin fasaha sama da 30 don shiga cikin gwamnati a kokarinta na yaki da Covid. Masana kimiyya na Burtaniya ya yi kira ga kamfanonin (da suka hada da Google, Apple, Facebook, da Amazon) da su "sa hannun jari a cikin al'umma" ta hanyar mika bayanan abokan ciniki ga gwamnati. Sun rubuta a cikin mujallar kimiyya Nature:
"Bayanan dijital daga biliyoyin wayoyin hannu da sawun sawun bincike na yanar gizo da kafofin watsa labarun sun kasance ba su isa ga masu bincike da gwamnatoci ba. Waɗannan bayanan na iya tallafawa sa ido kan al'umma, gano tuntuɓar jama'a, wayar da kan jama'a, haɓaka kiwon lafiya, sadarwa tare da jama'a da kuma kimanta ayyukan kiwon lafiyar jama'a."
Ba kamar rigimar Snowden ba, masu goyon bayan hukumomin gwamnati sun kasance a tsaye tare da manufofinsu. An tsara shirin don aiwatarwa kula da al'umma. A cikin makonni, Amazon, Microsoft, da Palantir amince don yin kwangila don raba bayanan 'yan ƙasa tare da gwamnatin Burtaniya. A Amurka, hukumomin jihohi sun gana da kamfanonin Silicon Valley don haɓaka tsarin tantance fuska da fasahar haƙar ma'adinan bayanai don bin diddigin mutanen da suka kamu da cutar. Gwamnatin Tarayya data yi amfani daga Google da Facebook don bin diddigin wuraren GPS na 'yan ƙasa.
Ya zuwa watan Mayu, kusan kasashe 30 ne ke amfani da bayanai daga kamfanonin wayar salula don bin diddigin 'yan ƙasaJohn Scott-Railton, wani babban mai bincike a Citizen Lab, cibiyar bincike a Jami'ar Toronto, ya shaida wa "Wannan matsala ce ta Manhattan matakin da mutane ke magancewa." Washington Post.
Wannan labarin ci gaba:
"A cikin 'yan watanni, an sanya dubun-dubatar mutane a cikin kasashe da dama a karkashin sa ido. Gwamnatoci, kamfanoni masu zaman kansu da masu bincike suna lura da lafiya, halaye da motsin 'yan kasa, galibi ba tare da izininsu ba. Wannan babban kokari ne, da nufin aiwatar da ka'idojin keɓewa ko gano yaduwar cutar sankara, wanda ya haifar da tashin hankali a cikin ƙasa. "
Watanni biyu kacal da suka gabata, da Amurkawa ba za su iya gane wannan labarin ba. Dubun miliyoyin mutane an sanya su a cikin sa ido, sau da yawa ba tare da izininsu ba. a cikin aikin matakin Manhattan wanda ke da nufin aiwatar da ƙa'idodin keɓewa (kamun gida).. Irin wannan nau'in dystopian hellscape ya yi tsauri har ma ga masu mulki a China, duk da haka Amurka ta karɓi shirin a cikin makonni shida da Covid ya isa gaɓar ta.
A watan Afrilu 2020, da New York Times touted shirin gano tuntuɓar “wanda a baya za a yi la’akari da wanda ba za a iya misaltuwa ba.” Tsarin labarin ya fito daga Cibiyar Ci gaban Amirka, Tankin tunani mai sassaucin ra'ayi wanda dan jam'iyyar Democrat John Podesta ya kafa kuma Bill Gates, George Soros, da Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America (Big Pharma's lobbying mahaɗan) suka tallafa. The Times ya tallata shirin na “babban tsarin sa ido kan fasahar bayanai” wanda zai yi amfani da bayanan wayar salula na Amurkawa “don sa ido kan inda suka je da kuma wanda suke kusa, wanda zai ba da damar gano tuntuɓar juna nan take.”
Amurka ta amince da ainihin shawarwarin Cibiyar Ci gaban Amurka. Daga baya wannan watan, Ma'aikatar Lafiya da Ayyukan Dan Adam amince zuwa kwangilar miliyoyin miliyan biyu tare da Palantir don sa ido kan 'yan ƙasa don mayar da martani ga Covid. Bayan watanni biyar, Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Kasa da aka bayar Palantir wata kwangilar gwamnati don gina "mafi girman tarin bayanan Covid-19 a duniya." Gwamnatocin jihohi sun yi amfani da bayanan wayar salula wajen bin diddigin ‘yan kasar da kuma hukunta wadanda suka ki bin doka. Kamar yadda Sanata Church ya yi gargaɗi, babu “babu wurin buya,” kuma masu iko sun ji daɗin iska mai yawa.
"Sabon al'ada" yana da riba mai yawa ga kamfanonin fasaha waɗanda ke haɗin gwiwa tare da hukumomin gwamnati. Palantir ya fito bainar jama'a a watan Satumba na 2020. Bayan watanni uku, darajar kasuwar ta ta haura zuwa sau goma darajar IPO. Daga Maris 2020 zuwa Yuni 2023, kasuwar Amazon ta karu da kashi 40%, Google ya karu da kashi 75%, Apple ya karu da kashi 127%.
Covid ya haɓaka wani tsari wanda keɓaɓɓun iko ke amfani da bayanai don neman kulawar zamantakewa da riba. Cikakkun yanayin yanayin sa ido ya kasance ba a sani ba, amma shirye-shirye masu zaman kansu suna ba da shawarar cewa martanin Covid ya kawar da sirrin da aka tsara gyara na Hudu don karewa. Bin diddigin ba da garanbawul ya yi niyya ga maƙiyan jihar Covid, gami da masu zuwa coci, waɗanda ba a yi musu allurar rigakafi ba, da kuma masu aiki. Mafi firgita, tsarin ikon duniya yana ɗokin sake fasalin shirye-shiryen ganowa na Covid don aiwatar da tsarin sa ido na dindindin.
Bibiyar Halartar Ikilisiya
A watan Mayu 2022, Vice saukar cewa CDC ta sayi bayanan wayar salula daga kamfanin Silicon Valley SafeGraph don bin diddigin wurin dubun-dubatar Amurkawa yayin Covid. Da farko, hukumar ta yi amfani da wannan bayanan don bin bin bin umarnin kullewa, tallan rigakafin rigakafi, da sauran abubuwan da suka shafi Covid. Hukumar ta yi bayanin cewa “bayanan motsi” za su kasance don ƙarin “amfani da hukuma gabaɗaya” da kuma “abubuwan da suka fi ba da fifiko ga CDC,” gami da sa ido kan ayyukan addini.
SafeGraph ya sayar da wannan bayanin ga jami'an gwamnatin tarayya, wadanda suka yi amfani da bayanan don leken asiri kan halayen miliyoyin Amurkawa. Binciken ya hada da bayanai kan inda suka ziyarta da kuma ko sun bi umarnin tsare gida. Ba a ɗaure shi daga tsare-tsaren tsarin mulki ba, ma'aikatan ofishin sun bi diddigin motsin Amurkawa, bukukuwan addini, da ayyukan likita.
A California, Ma'aikatar Kiwon Lafiya ta Santa Clara County ta sayi bayanan motsin salula daga SafeGraph don yin niyya ta addini. Kamfanin ya tattara wuraren GPS tare da tattara bayanai akan wuraren masu amfani da 65,000. Sun yi amfani da wannan bayanin - waɗanda aka sani da wuraren buƙatun (POIs) - kuma sun sayar da su ga hukumomin gwamnati. A Santa Clara, sun mai da hankalinsu ga cocin bishara na gida mai suna Calvary Chapel.
SafeGraph da ƙaramar hukuma sun ƙirƙiri iyaka na dijital - wanda aka sani da "geofence" - kusa da kadarorin Calvary Chapel da na'urorin salula waɗanda ke ɗaukar lokaci a cikin iyakokin cocin. Jami'an gundumar sun nace cewa bayanan GPS ba a bayyana sunansa ba, amma dan jarida David Zweig ya bayyana cewa asirin yana da sauƙin fashe:
"Bayanai na SafeGraph ostensibly ba ya samar da bayanan sirri a kan mutane. Duk da haka na yi magana da wani masanin kimiyya wanda ke amfani da irin wannan bayanai a cikin aikinsu wanda ya ce zai, ba shakka, ya zama mai sauƙi don gano wani mai amfani.
Bayanan “marasa sani” baya hana ƙungiyoyi tantance mai amfani. A cikin 2020, wani gidan labarai na Katolika ya ɓoye bayanan wani firist na Wisconsin don bayyana cewa ya ziyarci sandunan luwadi. A cikin 2021, Google dakatar SafeGraph daga shagon sa na app bayan masu fafutuka masu fafutuka sun yi gargadin cewa za a iya amfani da bayanan don gano matan da ke ziyartar asibitocin zubar da ciki.
Tare da taimakon sa ido na dijital, Santa Clara ya aiwatar da jihar 'yan sanda. A cikin watan Agusta 2020, gundumar ta kafa "tsarin tilasta tilasta jama'a" don bincike da hukunta keta umarnin sashen kiwon lafiya. A wannan watan, jami'an tilastawa sun kai hari coci da azabtar da kudi. Zuwa Oktoba, gundumar ta ci tarar Calvary $350,000.
Ƙarfinsu na fasaha na zamani ba da gangan ba ya bayyana halin son kai da halin kulle-kulle na gwamnati. Kamar yadda Santa Clara ke bin ƴan ƙasarta, ta sa ido akan wuraren da suka fi shahara a cikin gundumar. By Thanksgiving 2020, wurare shida mafi yawan jama'a a yankin sune wuraren siyayya da kantuna. Ba kamar majami'u na gida ba, ƙungiyoyin kasuwanci ba su da hani kan taron cikin gida. Yayin da gundumar ta ba da umarnin ba da izini, sa ido kan wurin, da rikodin rikodin a Calvary Chapel, manyan kantuna da wuraren sayayya ba su fuskanci tsangwama daga jami'an tsaro ba. "Geofences" ya tabbatar da cewa gwaje-gwajen yarda ne, ba tare da dalili ba.
Za a yi la'akari da ainihin shirin ba Ba-Amurke ba kafin juyin mulkin Covid. Watanni tara kafin coronavirus ya bulla, da New York Times yanke yadda Sinawa suka ƙirƙiro " keji mai kama-da-wane " ta hanyar tsarin bayanai na dijital wanda "na shiga cikin hanyoyin sadarwa na masu ba da labari" da "biyan mutane da nazarin halayensu." Labarin ya bayyana tsarin "sabbin fasaha na zamani" da shugaba Xi ya aiwatar don murkushe 'yan adawa da kuma takaita 'yanci. "Manufar nan ita ce sanya tsoro - tsoron cewa fasahar sa ido za ta iya gani a kowane lungu na rayuwar ku," Wang Lixiong, wani marubucin kasar Sin, ya shaida wa jaridar. Times. "Yawancin mutane da kayan aikin da ake amfani da su don tsaro wani bangare ne na abin da zai hana."
Shekara ɗaya bayan haka, {asar Amirka ta kafa nata tsarin “masu kama-da-wane.” Daga qarshe, manufar ita ce: sanya tsoro, neman daidaito, hana rashin yarda. Ta hanyar bin diddigin ƴan ƙasa, za su iya duba kowane lungu na rayuwar Amurkawa, ba tare da izni ba ga waɗanda ba su yarda ba.
MassNotify da Mass Sa ido
A Massachusetts, Ma'aikatar Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a ta jihar ta yi aiki tare da Google don shigar da software na gano Covid a asirce akan wayoyin hannu na 'yan ƙasa. Jihar ta ƙaddamar da "MassNotify" a cikin Afrilu 2021, amma 'yan ƙasa kaɗan ne suka sauke app ɗin. Bayan watanni biyu, gwamnati da Google sun yi aiki tare don shigar da shirin a asirce akan na'urorin wayar hannu sama da miliyan daya ba tare da izini ko sanin masu shi ba. Idan masu amfani sun gano shirin kuma suka goge shi, Ma'aikatar Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a ta sake shigar da shirin a wayoyinsu, ba tare da amincewarsu ba.
"MassNotify" ya yi amfani da Bluetooth don yin hulɗa tare da na'urorin da ke kusa da kuma ƙirƙirar jerin wuraren masu amfani. An tsara wannan bayanin lokaci-lokaci kuma an adana shi tare da abubuwan gano masu amfani, gami da adiresoshin IP mara waya, lambobin waya, da asusun imel na sirri. Wannan bayanan yana samuwa ga Jiha, Google, masu samar da hanyar sadarwa, da wasu ɓangarori na uku. Waɗancan ƙungiyoyin za su iya gano daidaikun mutane da madaidaitan rajistar bayanan su. A taƙaice, Gwamnati ta sami damar yin amfani da tsarin lokaci na dijital na motsi, lambobin sadarwa, da bayanan sirri.
Wannan a fili ya saba wa tsarin Kotun Koli. A cikin 2018, Kotun Koli ta yanke hukunci Masassaƙa waccan bin diddigin wayar salula ya saba wa Kwaskwari na Hudu. "Kamar yadda yake tare da bayanan GPS, bayanan da aka yi tambarin lokaci yana ba da cikakkiyar taga a cikin rayuwar mutum, yana bayyana ba kawai ƙungiyoyin sa na musamman ba, amma ta hanyar su danginsa, siyasa, ƙwararru, ƙungiyoyin addini, da jima'i," Kotun ta bayyana. Duk da haka, a ƙarƙashin sunan lafiyar jama'a, Massachusetts ya keta wannan ƙa'ida kuma ya ba da dalar Amurka haraji ga Google don sa ido kan motsi da ƙungiyoyin 'yan ƙasa.
Amurkawa biyu sun kalubalanci tsarin mulki na MassNotify, suna zargin cin zarafi na Kwaskwarimar Kwaskwarima ta Hudu da kundin tsarin mulkin jihar. korafinsu jãyayya, "Haɗin kai tare da wani kamfani mai zaman kansa don sace wayoyin hannu na mazauna ba tare da sanin masu shi ko yarda ba ba kayan aiki ba ne da Ma'aikatar Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a ta Massachusetts za ta iya amfani da shi bisa doka a ƙoƙarinta na yaƙar COVID-19. Irin wannan rashin kula da 'yancin ɗan adam ya saba wa kundin tsarin mulkin Amurka da Massachusetts, kuma dole ne a daina yanzu."
A cikin Maris 2024, Kotun Gundumar Massachusetts ta ki amincewa da bukatar da Jiha ta yi na yin watsi da karar. Gwamnati ta bayar da hujjar cewa masu amfani da wayar salula ba su da "hanyar kariyar kadarori ta tsarin mulki a cikin ajiyar dijital" na bayanansu kuma batun ya ci tura saboda shirin ba ya aiki. Kotun gundumar ba ta amince da hakan ba, tana mai cewa masu gabatar da kara na da isassun tuhume-tuhume na tauye hakkinsu da kundin tsarin mulkin kasar ya ba su, kuma har yanzu Kotun na iya bayar da taimako dangane da lamarin. Ya zuwa watan Fabrairun 2025, ana ci gaba da shari’ar, kuma masu shigar da kara suna da damar gano hanyoyin sadarwa na jihar da suka shafi shirin.
Google ya saba da zarge-zargen sa ido mara kyau. A cikin 2022, kamfanin amince zuwa rikodin dala miliyan 391 tare da jihohi 40 bisa zargin yaudarar masu amfani da shirye-shiryen sa ido kan wurin. A cikin 2020, Arizona ta shigar da kara a kan Google yana zargin cewa 'yan kasarta "masu hari ne na na'urar sa ido da Google ta tsara [da Google] don tattara bayanan halayensu. en masse, gami da bayanan da suka shafi wurin mai amfani." Google ya daidaita karar akan dala miliyan 85 A wani lamari na daban, Babban Lauyan Washington, DC ya yi ikirarin cewa "Google ya yaudari masu sayayya game da yadda ake gano wurin da kuma amfani da su."
Ka'idar Massachusetts duka biyu ce mai tsangwama kuma ba ta da tasiri. Ya zuwa 2021, ya bayyana a fili cewa neman tuntuɓar bai hana yaduwar Covid-19 ba. A cikin Disamba 2021, jihar ta ba da sanarwar cewa tana kawo karshen MassNotify bayan kashe sama da dala miliyan 150 kan shirin. Har da New York Times shafi na edita shigar da shi a cikin Nuwamba 2020 cewa "akwai 'yan kaɗan shaida da ke nuna cewa waɗannan ƙa'idodin suna aiki, kuma suna kawo musu tambayoyi da yawa game da sirri."
Ma'aikatar Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a a fili ta keta dokar Kotun Koli don aiwatar da tsarin sa ido na jama'a wanda ba ya nuna wariya wanda ya gaza a manufarsa. Hukumar ta wadatar da Silicon Valley da kudaden masu biyan haraji a cikin wani tsari na sirri don kwace wa 'yan kasar hakokinsu na Gyara na Hudu.
Excelsior Pass
Kutsawa cikin sirrin Amurkawa ba da daɗewa ba ya zama tsakiya ga tsattsauran ra'ayin rigakafin gwamnatin Covid. Gwamna Andrew Cuomo ya yi amfani da jawabinsa na jihar na 2021 don bayyana shirye-shiryen fasfo na dijital na Covid-19. Ya sanya masa suna "The Excelsior Pass." "Alurar rigakafin za ta kawo karshen rikicin COVID," in ji Cuomo. "Dole ne mu yi allurar kashi 70-90% na New Yorkers miliyan ashirin." Kamar sauran ƙoƙarce-ƙoƙarce na Covid, jihar ta ɗauki kamfanoni na ƙasa da ƙasa - gami da IBM da Deloitte - don taimakawa ƙoƙarinsu na kwace haƙƙoƙin Amurkawa.
Gwamna Cuomo ya ƙaddamar da shirin matukin jirgi na Excelsior Pass a cikin Maris 2021. The New York Times kira shi "tikitin sihiri" kawai ana iya samunsa "ga mutanen da aka yi wa alurar riga kafi a cikin jihar." The tikitin sihiri ya zama ginshiƙi ga ƴan ƙasa don samun dama ta asali na wayewa, gami da jigilar jama'a, cin abinci, da nishaɗi.
Cuomo ya tabbatar wa masu biyan haraji cewa shirin zai kashe dala miliyan 2.5 kawai. Da sauri balloon zuwa sama da dala miliyan 60. Yayin da shirin ya yi tafiyar sau 25 akan kasafin kudi, manyan kamfanoni na kasar sun ji dadin iska. IBM ya tara miliyoyi daga masu biyan haraji na New York don kiyaye bayanan lafiya da aka adana a cikin app. Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru ta Boston da Deloitte sun sami kusan dala miliyan 30 don aikin su a kan shirin; daga baya sun karɓi dala miliyan 200 a cikin kuɗin masu biyan haraji a ƙarƙashin kashe kashe “gaggawa” na jihar.
Masu cin riba sun yi amfani da wannan dama yayin da jami'an gwamnati ke maraba da karuwar ikon jihar. A watan Agusta 2021, Cuomo ya buɗe Excelsior Pass Plus, shirin da aka tsara don faɗaɗa fasfo a wasu jihohi da ƙasashe. Daga baya ’yan jarida sun bayyana cewa shirin ya riga ya fara kamuwa da cutar. The Unionungiyar Times ruwaito:
"Aikin faɗaɗa kwangilar New York tare da kamfanonin biyu a zahiri ya fara…a cikin Satumba 2019. Yarjejeniyar da aka faɗa ta ƙunshi aikin 'canzawa ko sabunta tsarin kasuwancin gwamnati da ayyuka.' Jami’an jihar sun amince su kashe har dala miliyan 59.5 a cikin shekaru biyar masu zuwa don hidimar Boston Consulting Group da Deloitte, kowace kungiya ce ta fi dacewa da aikin kan takamaiman ayyuka.”
Ofishin kwanturola na jiha ne ke da alhakin kula da wannan kashe kudi na gwamnati, amma daga baya shigar da shi cewa ta rasa kwangilar a lokacin aikinta na nesa don mayar da martani ga Covid. Ko ta yaya, ƙungiyoyin ba shakka sun yi nasarar “canzawa ko sabunta tsarin” tsarin wayewa.
Musamman ma, Cuomo ya lalata haƙƙin keɓantawa na New York. "Shirin dystopian na Cuomo kuma ya keta haƙƙin New Yorkers don samun 'yanci daga bincike da kamawa marasa ma'ana a ƙarƙashin Kwaskwari na Hudu na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Tarayya," Ƙungiyar 'Yancin Jama'a ta Kasa. bayyana. "Kotu da yawa sun fahimci cewa mutane suna da kyakkyawan fata na sirri a cikin bayanan likitan su, ma'ana cewa Gwamna ba zai iya tilasta musu yada irin wannan bayanan ba don shiga cikin rayuwar jama'a."
Yunkurin mai biyan haraji na Cuomo ya keta ka'idojin doka da dadewa. Shekaru da yawa, kotunan daukaka kara ta tarayya suna da gane cewa bayanan likita "suna da kyau a cikin burin kayan da ke da hakkin kariyar sirri." A shekara ta 2000, da hudu Circuit aka gudanar cewa "takardun jiyya… suna da hakkin samun wani ma'auni na kariya daga isa ga jami'an gwamnati." Kotun koli daga baya sarauta cewa gwaje-gwajen likitanci sun ƙunshi binciken da ba bisa ka'ida ba, kuma dalilai na "mai kyau" ba za su iya "ba da izinin tashi daga kariyar Gyara ta Hudu ba."
Amma fasfo ɗin rigakafin Covid ya faɗi ƙarƙashin keɓewar corona-mania daga hani na tsarin mulki. An bayyana bayanan likitanci azaman samfurin “amfani da gaggawa” wanda ba a gwada shi ba ya zama abin da ake buƙata don shiga cikin al'umma.
Bin diddigin marasa alurar riga kafi
Bayan bin diddigin yanki, gwamnatin Amurka ta sanya ido a asirce ta bayanan likitancin Amurkawa don yin rajista ko sun sami allurar Covid. Tun daga 2022, CDC ta aiwatar da wani shiri wanda ya umurci likitoci su rubuta matsayin rigakafin marasa lafiya a cikin rikodin likitancin lantarki ba tare da izininsu ko saninsu ba.
A cikin Satumba 2021, kwamitin CDC hadu don tattauna amfani da "lambobin bincike," kuma aka sani da lambobin "ICD-10", don amsawa "rashin rigakafi ga Covid-19." Waɗannan lambobin bincike sune gudanar da harhada ta Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya.
Sabanin sauran lambobin ICD-10, sabon shirin bai bi diddigin cututtuka da yanayin kiwon lafiya ba; a maimakon haka, ya kasance ma'auni don bin doka. Rubutun ya haɗa da cikakkun bayanai dalilan da yasa Amurkawa suka zaɓi rashin karɓar maganin. Misali, CDC ta ƙirƙiri lambobi daban-daban ga waɗanda ba a yi musu allurar ba "saboda dalilai na imani."
Likitoci sun bayyana cewa lambobin ba su ba da fa'idar bincike ba. "Ina da wahala a asibiti ganin alamun likita na amfani da su," Dokta Todd Porter, likitan yara, ya gaya wa Epoch Times. "Ba ma yin wannan don mura, wanda a cikin ƙananan shekarun ke da mafi girma IFR [rashin kamuwa da cuta] fiye da COVID-19. Yin amfani da waɗannan lambobin kuma yana watsi da gudummawar rigakafi na halitta, wanda binciken bincike ya nuna ya fi ƙarfin rigakafi."
A taron Satumba 2021, CDC Dr. David Berglund ya tattauna "darajar" na "iya gano wadanda ba a yi musu allurar ba." Lokacin da aka tambaye shi ko lambobin za su yi la'akari da rigakafi na halitta, ya ce lambobin za su yi la'akari da 'yan ƙasa "cikakkiyar rigakafi" idan sun karɓi adadin alluran rigakafin da CDC ta ba da shawarar. Ba za a sami keɓancewa ba.
A wata mai zuwa, Dr. Anthony Fauci da wasu manyan jami'an kiwon lafiyar Amurka uku sun yi ganawar sirri don tattauna ko rigakafin halitta ya kamata ya keɓance Amurkawa daga umarnin rigakafin. Kwamitin gwamnatin ya hada da Likita Janar na Amurka Vivek Murthy, Darakta CDC Rochelle Walensky, Daraktan NIH Francis Collins, da kuma mai kula da rigakafin rigakafin Bechara Choucair na Fadar White House.
A lokacin, CDC shawarar harbi uku ga kusan duk manya Amurkawa duk da tartsatsi bincike yana nuna cewa rigakafi na halitta ya fi alluran mRNA. Walensky ya kasance mai rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar John Snow Memorandum daga Oktoba 2020, wanda jãyayya cewa babu "babu shaida don dorewar rigakafi ga SARS-CoV-2 bayan kamuwa da cuta" duk da binciken da aka yi akasin haka.
Bayan ganawar sirri na Oktoba 2021, jami'an kiwon lafiyar jama'a na Amurka sun ƙara shawarwarin rigakafin su ba tare da keɓancewa ga waɗanda ke da rigakafi na halitta ba. A cikin watanni, Amurka ta aiwatar da shirin bin diddigin na'urorin kiwon lafiyar jama'a.
CDC ta kasance madaidaiciya a cikin makasudin shirin. "Akwai sha'awar samun damar bin diddigin mutanen da ba a yi musu rigakafi ba ko kuma an yi musu wani bangare kawai," hukumar ta rubuta. Bugu da ƙari, masana'antar inshora ta ba da shawarar kutsawa cikin sirri, tare da tabbatar wa jami'an kiwon lafiya cewa za ta iya amfani da bayanan don haɓaka samfuran da ba su da abin alhaki na Big Pharma; "Ƙirƙirar lambobin ICD-10 waɗanda za a iya bin diddigin su ta hanyar da'awar za su ba wa masu samar da inshorar lafiya mahimman bayanai don taimakawa wajen haɓaka ƙimar rigakafi," in ji Danielle Lloyd, wata babbar mataimakiyar shugaba a Lafiya ta Amurka, mai ba da inshora.
Shirin ya kasance sirri ne kusan shekara guda bayan aiwatarwa. Lokacin kungiyoyi ciki har da The Epoch Times, Laura Ingraham, da Dr. Robert Malone sun bayyana aikin bin diddigin, CDC ta yi jinkirin amsa tambayoyi.
Wakilan Majalisa goma sun aika da wasiƙa zuwa Daraktan CDC Walesnsky, suna rubutawa, "muna cikin damuwa game da gwamnatin tarayya ta tattara bayanai game da zaɓin Amurkawa - bayanan da ba su da wata manufa ta gaske wajen kula da yanayin lafiyar marasa lafiya - da kuma yadda za a iya amfani da su a nan gaba."
Membobin ci gaba, "Tsarin tsarin ICD an yi niyya ne don rarraba cututtuka da dalilai na ziyartar likita, ba don gudanar da sa ido kan yanke shawara na likita na jama'ar Amirka ba. Bisa la'akari da rashin tabbas da rashin amincewa da yawancin Amirkawa ke ji game da CDC da kuma kayan aikin likita gaba ɗaya, yana da mahimmanci ga CDC don bayyana manufar da manufar waɗannan sababbin lambobin. "
CDC da Dr. Walensky sun ƙi amsa wasiƙar. Ba tare da hujjar likita ba, tsarin bin diddigin ya bayyana azaman kayan aiki ne, wanda aka ƙera a tsayin allurar rigakafin don sa ido kan wanda ya ƙi mRNA jabs kuma me yasa. Ya kasance karara karya ga ƙa'idar Gyara ta Hudu wanda ke ba da tabbacin bayanan likitancin 'yan ƙasa "kare kariya daga isa ga jami'an gwamnati."
"The Architecture of zalunci"
A cikin kwanakin farko na barkewar cutar, Edward Snowden ya yi gargadin cewa gwamnatoci za su yi jinkirin yin watsi da ikon da za su tara. "Lokacin da muka ga an zartar da matakan gaggawa, musamman a yau, sun kasance suna daurewa," in ji Snowden a cikin Maris 2020. "Ayyukan gaggawa na iya fadadawa. Sannan hukumomi sun gamsu da wani sabon iko. Sun fara son shi."
Gargadin na Snowden ya tabbata. Makonni biyu don daidaita lankwasa an fadada zuwa kwanaki 1,100 na umarnin gaggawa, kuma shugabannin sun nuna farin ciki da sabbin ikonsu. "Shin kun yi imani da gaske cewa lokacin tashin farko, wannan kalaman na biyu, 16th guguwar coronavirus abin tunawa ne da aka manta da shi, cewa ba za a kiyaye waɗannan damar ba? ” Daga baya Snowden ya tambaya "Ko ta yaya ake amfani da shi, abin da ake ginawa shine gine-ginen zalunci."
Hatta wasu a cikin Gwamnatin Amurka sun yi gargadin cewa jihar sa ido ba za ta bace ba yayin da kwayar cutar ta lafa. "Gwamnatin tarayya ta fahimci darajar ɗimbin bayanan mabukaci na kasuwanci wanda ke samuwa kyauta a kasuwannin buɗe ido," in ji 'yar majalisa Kelly Armstrong. ya ce a cikin 2023. "Haɗa [yawan bayanan da ake samu] tare da ci gaban fasaha kamar [hankali na wucin gadi], sanin fuska, da ƙari, wanda zai ba da damar tattarawa, bincike, da ganowa, kuma muna cikin hanzarin tunkarar yanayin sa ido ba tare da wani tabbaci ba face alkawuran gwamnatinmu cewa ba za ta yi amfani da wannan gagarumin nauyi ba."
Dukkanin shaidu sun nuna cewa gwamnati za ta ci gaba da yin amfani da "babban alhakin" ta hanyar haɗin gwiwa tare da kamfanonin Silicon Valley don kwace Kwaskwarima na Hudu.
Jami'an jama'a sun yi amfani da bayanan GPS na 'yan ƙasa don dawwamar da ikonsu akan zaɓe. Kamfanin tantance masu kada kuri'a PredictWise ya yi alfahari da cewa ya yi amfani da "kusan pings GPS biliyan 2" daga wayoyin salula na Amurkawa don ba wa 'yan kasa maki sakamakon "cin zarafin dokar COVID-19" da "damuwar COVID-19." Jam'iyyar Democrat ta Arizona ta yi amfani da waɗannan "maki" da tarin bayanan sirri don rinjayar masu jefa ƙuri'a don tallafa wa Sanatan Amurka Mark Kelly. Abokan kasuwancin sun haɗa da jam'iyyun Democrat na Florida, Ohio, da South Carolina.
‘Yan siyasa da hukumomin gwamnati sun sha kara karfinsu da gangan ta hanyar bin diddigin ‘yan kasar da kuma tauye musu hakkinsu na gyaran fuska na hudu. Daga nan sai suka yi nazarin wannan bayanin, sun ba wa ’yan ƙasa biyayya “maki,” kuma sun yi amfani da kayan leƙen asiri don sarrafa masu jefa ƙuri’a don su ci gaba da kasancewa da muƙamansu.
Wasu ƙasashe sun haɓaka tsare-tsare don sanya ido kan Covid dindindin.
A cikin Mayu 2023, Burtaniya ta cimma sabbin yarjejeniyoyin tare da masu samar da hanyar sadarwa ta wayar hannu don raba bayanan masu amfani da zasu baiwa gwamnati damar ci gaba da bin diddigin motsin jama'a. Hukumar Tsaron Lafiya ta Burtaniya ya ce bayanin zai ba da haske game da "canjin halaye bayan annoba… da kuma kafa tushen ɗabi'a bayan annoba."
Snowden ya yi gargadin cewa da zarar hukumomi sun gamsu da sabon iko, "sun fara son shi." A Ostiraliya, Firayim Minista Scott Morrison ya ɗauki matakin da ba a taɓa gani ba na nada kansa ministan sassa biyar yayin Covid, gami da Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta ƙasa. A karkashin kulawar sa, Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta fitar da aikace-aikacen matakin kasa da na jiha don sa ido kan cututtukan Covid. An tallata shirye-shiryen a matsayin hanyar sanar da mutane idan sun kasance kusa da wanda ya gwada ingancin kwayar cutar; Ba da dadewa ba hukumomin leken asirin suka ci zarafin shirin ta hanyar “ba zato ba tsammani” tattara bayanan ‘yan kasa, kuma jami’an tsaro sun hada kai da shirin don bincikar laifuka.
Hakanan Isra'ila ta yi amfani da shirye-shiryen bayanan cutar don haɓaka ikon ƙasa. Gwamnatin Isra'ila ta haɓaka fasahar sa ido da aka tallata a matsayin kayan aikin yaƙi da yaduwar Covid. Yin amfani da bayanan dijital, 'yan sanda sun fara bayyana a gidajen Isra'ilawa idan an same su da keta umarnin keɓewa. Wannan yunƙurin "tunanin tuntuɓar" sannan ya wuce Covid. Hukumar tsaron Isra'ila - Shin Bet - ta yi amfani da fasahar gano lambobin sadarwa wajen aika sakonnin barazana ga 'yan kasar da ta yi zargin shiga zanga-zangar adawa da 'yan sanda. Ta hanyar amfani da wuraren GPS, gwamnati ta sami damar gano masu iya adawa da kuma murkushe masu adawa.
A China, CCP ta aiwatar da na'urorin daukar hoto na QR yayin bala'in kuma ta dage cewa za a yi amfani da su don sa ido kan cututtuka. Madadin haka, Beijing ta canza shirin yayin da cutar ta ƙare don hana tafiye-tafiye, zanga-zangar, da haɗin kai.
"Abin da COVID ya yi shi ne haɓaka amfani da waɗannan kayan aikin da bayanan da kuma daidaita shi, don haka ya dace da labari game da samun fa'idar jama'a," wani babban mai bincike a ƙungiyar sa ido ta intanet. ya gaya Kamfanin Dillancin Labarai na Associated Press. "Yanzu tambayar ita ce, shin za mu iya yin lissafi game da amfani da wannan bayanan, ko wannan sabon al'ada ne?"
Wannan hisabi bai zo ba tukuna. Idan lambobin QR na kasar Sin sun yi kama da wani mafarki na waje wanda ba zai taɓa zuwa biranen Amurka ba, la'akari da yadda sauri Amurka ta ɗauki matakin. Ayyukan matakin aikin Manhattan da nufin aiwatar da dokokin kama gida. Al'ummar Intelligence ta dade tana nuna rashin mutunta 'yancin 'yan kasa ko hani kan tsarin mulki.
Tsoron Covid ya haifar da dama ga kamfanonin Silicon Valley da gwamnatin tarayya yin abubuwan da ba za su iya yi ba a da, kamar yadda Rahm Emanuel zai ba da shawara. Big Tech ya sami riba daga lalacewar haƙƙin gyare-gyare na huɗu na ƴan ƙasa. Gargadin Cocin Sanata ya cika; An juya karfin leken asirin Amurka a kan jama'ar Amurkawa, kuma babu amuriyar sirri da ya rage, wannan ita ce karfin da za a kula da komai - Rikodin Lafiya, Motsa, Motsa Guji, da ƙari. Babu wurin buya.
Shiga cikin tattaunawar:
An buga ƙarƙashin a Commonirƙirar Commonabi'a Mai Creativeayatarwa 4.0 Licenseasashen Duniya
Don sake bugawa, da fatan za a saita hanyar haɗin yanar gizo zuwa asali Cibiyar Brownstone Labari da Marubuci.
