Wasu mutane suna da'awar cewa kashi 60 cikin XNUMX na duk kididdiga, kamar wannan, an yi su ne kawai daga siraran iska. Dukkan kididdigar da ke da alaƙa da Covid - lambobin da suka kamu da cutar, kamuwa da cuta da adadin mace-mace, mace-mace daga Covid kuma tare da Covid, adadin rayukan da aka ceto ta hanyar kulle-kulle, abin rufe fuska, da alluran rigakafi, adadin rayukan da aka rasa a cikin dogon lokaci sakamakon kulle-kulle da abin rufe fuska da raunin alluran rigakafi, ɓarnar da aka yi amfani da su sosai. rashin rarraba mutuwa a cikin makonni 2-3 na farko da ke biyo bayan allurar kamar 'marasa alurar riga kafi' idan ba a san halin da ake ciki ba ko kuma wannan shine kashi na biyu - an buɗe don sarrafa bayanan ceri, tare da zazzagewa cikin ƙira don samar da abubuwan da aka riga aka ƙaddara.
Wannan kuma ya sa kwatancen ƙetaren ƙasa ya zama ƙalubale na musamman, yayin da ƙasashe ke amfani da ma'anoni daban-daban na mahimman ra'ayoyi da dabaru daban-daban don ƙididdige ƙididdiga daban-daban. Duk da haka, dole ne mu yi aiki a cikin waɗannan iyakokin saboda wannan shine kawai bayanan da muke da su.
Bayanai Baya Baya Da'awar Nasarar Alurar
'Nasarar' allurar rigakafin Covid a cikin fahimtar jama'ar Amurka na iya tasowa daga daidaituwar lokaci na raguwar yawan mace-macen Covid wanda ya yi daidai da fitowar allurar. Amma a wannan lokacin adadi mai yawa na Amurkawa suma sun kamu da kwayar cutar kuma sun haɓaka rigakafi na halitta wanda duka ya fi ƙarfi kuma mai dorewa fiye da wanda alluran rigakafin suka bayar. A lokaci guda wannan yana faruwa a cikin amfanin jama'a na rigakafin garken garken.
Yi la'akari da misalai guda uku - Ostiraliya, New Zealand, da Indiya - waɗanda suka saba wa da'awar tasirin fa'idar alluran rigakafi wajen rage adadin mutuwar Amurkawa. An zana bayanan daga Duniyarmu a cikin Data da Worldometers. Zan magance matsalolin tsaro ba da jimawa ba. A yanzu, babban abin da za a dauka shine, biyo bayan gwajin karyar Karl Popper, lamuran guda uku sun nuna rashin ingancin alluran rigakafin.
Adadin wadanda suka mutu sanadiyar cutar ta Covid-8 a Amurka ya zuwa 2024 ga Afrilu 3.6 sau 2020 fiye da wadanda suka mutu a allurar riga-kafin 1. Bayanin wannan shine kashi daya bisa uku na adadin wadanda suka mutu sanadiyar cutar ta Amurka sun kasance tun daga 2022 ga Janairu 63.4, wanda a ranar 90% na Amurkawa sun sami cikakkiyar rigakafin. Akasin haka, sama da kashi 1 cikin ɗari na mutuwar da ke da alaƙa da Covid ta Australiya sun faru ne tun daga 2022 ga Janairu 75.5, lokacin da ta kai 27.1% cikakken rigakafin. Ya bambanta da Amurka, don haka, sau 1 kamar yadda yawancin Australiya suka mutu tare da Covid tun 2022 ga Janairu 2020 kamar na XNUMX.
Mutuwar New Zealand ta fi tabarbare sosai a cikin lokacin tun daga 1 ga Janairu 2022, lokacin da kashi 74.4 na yawan jama'a suka sami cikakkiyar rigakafin. Mutane 25 ne kawai suka mutu tare da Covid a cikin 2020, kuma ya zuwa ƙarshen 2021 jimillar ya kai 50. Amma duk da haka a cikin Afrilu 2024 jimillar ta kasance tsakanin 4,000 (Duniyar mu a cikin Bayanai) da 5,700 (Worldometer - Ba ni da fahimta game da rashin daidaituwar lambobi tsakanin waɗannan bayanan biyu). Wato, kashi 98-99 cikin 74.4 na duk mace-macen da ke da alaƙa da Covid-XNUMX a cikin ƙasar sun faru ne bayan buga cikakken kashi XNUMX cikin ɗari.
Adadin mace-macen Covid-1 na Indiya ya haura mutum 7 ga mutum miliyan kusan makonni 8-2021 daga farkon watan Mayu zuwa karshen watan Yunin 2.92, wanda ya kai 29 a ranar 2021 ga Mayu, 2. A wannan lokacin, cikakken ɗaukar allurar rigakafin Indiya ya kasance kashi 4-19 ne kawai kuma adadin masu mutuwa ya haura da kashi uku kawai na yawan jama'ar da suka kammala ka'idar rigakafin Covid-XNUMX ta farko. Don haka mutuwar Covid ta tashi kuma ta faɗi cikin tsayin daka bisa ga wasu dabaru na ƙwayar cuta waɗanda ba su da alaƙa da fitowar alluran rigakafin.
An auna ta hanyar mutuwar kowane mutum miliyan, Duniyaometer bayanai kamar na 6 Afrilu nuna Ostiraliya tare da 108th Yawan mace-mace na Covid na kasashe 228. Duk da haka, ƙasashen da suka fi Ostiraliya sun haɗa da Koriya ta Kudu, Japan, Vietnam, da Indiya a cikin yankin Asiya, a cikin tsari; da Taiwan, Iceland, da Singapore a matsayin ƙasashen tsibiri. Tabbas, ya kamata Taiwan ta kasance mafi fallasa kuma ta kasance mai rauni saboda yanayin hunturu, kusanci da Sin, da yawan tafiye-tafiyen giciye kafin a daga kararrawa a farkon 2020.
Mun sani zuwa yanzu cewa ra'ayin matsakaicin adadin masu kamuwa da cuta na Covid (IFR) yana da matuƙar ɓatarwa a matsayin kayan aikin manufofin kiwon lafiyar jama'a saboda babban canji ta hanyar tsarin shekaru da kuma a duk faɗin sassan duniya. Ostiraliya, mai yiyuwa a matsayin nuni na ci gaba da rikon al'adar da ke sa shugabanninta su zama kamar rashin dangantaka ta 'babban sarki' na Anglo-US, tana son kwatanta kanta da Turai da Amurka. Don haka ma'auni a baya ta jami'anta don kyakkyawan aikin su na Covid, yin watsi da fa'idodin lokacin da aka siya ta hanyar sa'a na kasancewa a Kudancin Kudancin a tsakiyar lokacin bazara lokacin da cutar ta barke a Arewacin Hemisphere, tsibirin tsibirin a matsayin shinge na halitta ga yaduwar kwayar cutar, da isasshen hasken rana da kuma kyakkyawan tsari (ayyukan da suka dace da hasken rana da kuma kyakkyawan yanayin rayuwa). mafi kyawun su don kawar da wannan kadari na halitta: kada ku yi la'akari da iyawa da asu-zuwa-harshen jan hankali na 'yan siyasa don zakara), da gidaje da tsarin zama.
Duk da haka, idan Ostiraliya za ta iya kwatanta kanta da Turai, to, daidai yake da izinin gano ayyukanta a cikin Oceania. A nan Ostiraliya ita ce ta biyar mafi muni a cikin ƙasashe 18 a cikin Oceania kuma New Zealand ita ce ta biyu mafi muni (Faransanci Polynesia kawai ya fi muni).
A ranar 26 ga Maris, Ofishin Kididdiga na Australiya (ABS) ya buga kowane wata kididdiga na bara. Matsakaicin matsakaicin tushe da aka yi amfani da shi shine adadin mace-mace a cikin shekaru huɗu na 2017-2019 da 2021. Domin 2020 da 2022 sun kasance yawanci ƙasa da sama, bi da bi, fiye da matsakaicin shekaru, ba a haɗa su a cikin Hanyar ABS don ƙididdige matsakaicin tushe.
Abu na farko da aka sani shine karuwar adadin wadanda suka mutu sanadiyar cutar ta Covid daga 855 a cikin 2020 zuwa 1,231, 9,840, da 4,387 a cikin shekaru uku masu zuwa. Tare da taimako daga manyan allurai na tilastawa da tilastawa wasu sassa, ƙaddamar da allurar rigakafin daga farkon 2021 ya sami babban ɗaukar nauyi kuma 95.5 kashi na sama da 16 an yi musu allurar sau biyu a ƙarshen Afrilu 2022. Don haka don dalilai masu amfani Ostiraliya ta sami nasarar rigakafin manya na duniya.
Duk da haka, an sami ƙarin mutuwar kashi 43 cikin 2021 a cikin 11.5 da raguwar 2022 sau da yawa a cikin 2020 kamar yadda aka yi a riga-kafin rigakafin 2023. Bugu da ƙari, an sami mutuwar fiye da sau biyar a cikin 2020, lokacin da cutar ta ƙare, kamar a cikin XNUMX. Idan wannan ya nuna rashin nasarar rigakafin, Ina tsammanin abin da zai yi kama da nasara.
Wannan ya ci karo da duk wani yunƙuri na bama-bamai na masu fafutukar kula da lafiyar jama'a game da babban nasarar da aka samu na ayyukan gudanar da cutar ta hanyar kulle-kulle, abin rufe fuska, da alluran rigakafi. Sau nawa Firayim Minista Scott Morrison ya yi iƙirarin cewa manufofin gudanarwa na Covid ya ceci rayuka 40,000, kididdigar da aka yi da shi cewa ya ci gaba da yin kwalliya?
Maimakon haka, yana tabbatar da ainihin iƙirarin biyu na masu sukar allurar kamar Jay Bhattacharya na Jami'ar Stanford, Sunetra Gupta na Oxford, da Martin Kulldorff na Harvard, fitattun masanan cututtukan cututtukan guda uku waɗanda suka rubuta. Babban Sanarwa na Barrington a watan Oktoban 2020. Sun yi nuni da cewa da zarar an riga an samu kwayar cutar a cikin al’umma, ba za a iya kawar da ita ba sai dai kawai a sarrafa ta har sai ta zama annoba kuma ta zama ruwan dare gama gari. Na biyu kuma, ƙuntatawa daban-daban kan hulɗar zamantakewa na iya jinkirta amma ba za su iya guje wa adadin ƙarshe ba. Sakamakon haka, yanayin haɓaka da faɗuwar coronavirus na iya zama maras tushe na siyasa; ma'ana, ba su da tasiri sosai daga kutsawar manufofin daban-daban. Haka ya faru.
Sweden, Yi Baka
Daga cikin ƙasashe, tabbataccen hujjar wannan ita ce Sweden, wacce ta ɗauki yanke shawara mai ma'ana ta kasancewa tare da ilimin kimiyya da shawarwarin siyasa dangane da shekaru ɗari na bincike, bayanai, da gogewar duniya, maimakon haɗarin kulle-kulle mara tushe da matakan rufe fuska da gwamnatocin firgita suka kafa. Ditto Florida tsakanin jihohin Amurka.
Sakamakon lafiyar su na Covid a yau ba su da muni fiye da matsakaicin ƙasashen Turai da jihohin Amurka. Kamar yadda ta Duniyaometer bayanai, adadin wadanda suka mutu na SARS-CoV-2 shine kashi 0.99 cikin dari kuma adadin tsira gabaɗaya shine kashi 98.97. Na farko za a iya wuce gona da iri, na biyu kuma ba a fayyace shi ba, saboda ƙarancin rahoto, rikodi, da tattara bayanai na kamuwa da cuta tsakanin ɗaruruwan miliyoyin a ƙasashe masu tasowa.
An auna ta hanyar mutuwar mutum miliyan, Sweden ta kasance 23rd mafi muni na ƙasashen Turai 47 da 35th mafi muni a duniya kuma Amurka ita ce ta 14th mafi muni a duniya. Sakamakon tattalin arziki, ilimi, da zamantakewar Sweden sun fi kyau sosai.
A ranar 11 Fabrairu, Frederik NG Andersson da Lars Jonung daga Jami'ar Lund a Sweden sun buga wani bincike a cikin Harkokin tattalin arziki nazarin fa'idodi da farashin kulle-kulle a cikin kasashe 25 na Turai, tare da mai da hankali musamman kan Sweden a matsayin fitaccen mai cin karo da waccan manufar. Ƙaddamarwarsu ta jaddada mahimmancin guje wa firgita a cikin rikici da kuma barin yanke shawara na gajeren lokaci ya lalata sakamakon dogon lokaci.
Madadin haka, matakan da aka bullo da su ba tare da kwakkwaran hujja ba a matsayin larura na wucin gadi na tsawon shekaru biyu, kuma kasar Sin mai mulkin kama karya ta zama abin koyi don tauye 'yancin jama'a da 'yancin 'yan kasa. Dimokiradiyyar Turai ta kafa tsauraran matakan kulle-kulle wanda ya haifar da ingantaccen tasirin kiwon lafiya amma raguwar ayyukan tattalin arziki ya yi daidai da tsananin kulle-kulle. Wannan nau'in cutar ya karu da ƙoƙarce-ƙoƙarce na tinkarar koma bayan ayyukan tattalin arziki tare da faɗaɗa manufofin kasafin kuɗi da na kuɗi fiye da kima wanda ya haifar da zubar da basussukan jama'a.
Sabanin haka, hane-hane na kulle-kulle na Sweden sun kasance masu sassaucin ra'ayi kuma galibi na son rai kuma an hana martanin kasafin kudin sa. Wannan ya ba Sweden ƙarancin mace-mace mai rahusa, ƙananan asara a ci gaban tattalin arziki, da ci gaba da samun ƙarfin kuɗin jama'a. GDP na Sweden a yau ya kusan kashi shida girma fiye da na 2019. Wani bincike na ƙasashe 34 da aka buga a watan Nuwamba a Amurka Aikace-aikace na National Academy of Sciences ya kammala da cewa Amurka za ta kasance Kimanin mutane miliyan 1.60 sun mutu idan yana da wasan kwaikwayon Sweden.'
Bari wannan ya nitse a ciki.
Game da Yawan Mutuwar Australiya
Siffa ta biyu mai ban mamaki na bayanan ABS shine al'amarin na yawan mace-mace, tsare a matsayin 'bambanci tsakanin adadin da aka lura a cikin ƙayyadadden lokaci da kuma adadin da ake tsammanin mutuwa a cikin wannan lokacin.' Hoto na 1 hoto ne na yawan mace-mace a Ostiraliya, Sweden, da Amurka.
A cikin shekarun Covid, ABS ya yi bayanin, an yi amfani da ƙididdigar kisa fiye da kima don samar da bayanai game da nauyin mace-mace da ke da alaƙa da cutar ta Covid-19, gami da mutuwar da aka danganta kai tsaye ko a kaikaice ga Covid-19.' Lura da sleight na hannu (sleight na hankali?) a nan. Babu maganar mace-mace da ta haifar, ko dai kai tsaye ko a kaikaice, daga manufofin da za a magance cutar, kawai daga cutar da kanta.
Me yasa wannan ya shafi? Akwai kalmar likita mai suna'da dai sauransu,' ya bayyana ta hanyar Cambamus ɗin Cambridge a matsayin cuta ko matsala 'da ake haifarwa ta hanyar magani ko likita.' Misalin amfani da shi a cikin jumla shine: 'Sama da mutuwar 100,000 na faruwa a Arewacin Amurka daga cutar iatrogenic, wanda ke nufin likita- ko cututtukan da ke haifar da ƙwayoyi.'
An yi muhawara mai yawa, a cikin duniyar gaske fiye da wanda manyan shuwagabannin manyan masana'antun rigakafin ke zaune, jami'an kula da lafiyar jama'a, da kafa likitoci, na girman girman da girman raunin rigakafin Covid-19, gami da mace-mace. Yawancin karatu, amma ba duka ba, sun sami alaƙa mai ƙarfi tsakanin yawan mace-mace da ɗimbin alluran rigakafi, ƙima, da adadin allurai.
Igor Chudov, alal misali, ya gano cewa adadin allurar rigakafin ya bayyana kashi 24 cikin 31 na yawan mace-mace a cikin kasashen Turai XNUMX, wanda ke da matukar muhimmanci. Charts samar da Fabian Spiker sun haɗa da misalai guda uku waɗanda ke nuna alaƙar ɗan lokaci na spikes a cikin mutuwar Covid-19 a duk faɗin Afirka, ƙaƙƙarfan alaƙa tsakanin masu haɓakawa da shari'o'in Covid a Jamus, da tsakanin allurai na farko na rigakafin da mutuwar Covid a cikin mata masu shekaru 50-64 a cikin jihohin Amurka (Hoto na 2).
Saboda biliyoyin alluran rigakafin Covid an gudanar da su ta hanyar dandamali na mRNA na juyin juya hali a ƙarƙashin izinin amfani da gaggawa kafin a iya kammala amincin aminci na shekaru na al'ada da ingantattun gwaje-gwajen da ake buƙata na sabbin alluran rigakafi, ya kamata hukumomin kiwon lafiyar jama'a da masu kula da magunguna su yi taka tsantsan game da yiwuwar iatrogenic illolin da alluran rigakafi ke haifarwa. Maimakon haka da yawa da alama sun yi aiki a matsayin masu ba da magunguna maimakon masu gudanarwa.
Babban kimanta fa'idar haɗari na masu haɓaka rigakafin rigakafi ga masu shekaru 18-29 da aka buga a cikin Jaridar La'akarin Likita A watan Janairu an gano cewa don hana asibiti guda ɗaya na Covid na mutumin da ba a taɓa kamuwa da shi ba, dole ne a haɓaka mutane 22,000-30,000 tare da rigakafin mRNA. Amma ga asibiti guda ɗaya da aka hana, ana iya tsammanin munanan abubuwa 18-98.
Matsakaicin fa'ida mai fa'ida a haƙiƙanin gaskiya ma bai fi dacewa ba saboda yawaitar rigakafin cutar bayan kamuwa da cuta a cikin rukunin jama'a da kuma ƙarancin fa'idodin kiwon lafiyar jama'a, tunda alluran rigakafin suna da tasiri na wucin gadi a kan watsawa. Dokoki suna haifar da babbar illa ga zamantakewa kamar tauye damar samun ilimi da guraben aikin yi, lalacewar mutunci, barazanar ja da baya, haifar da rashin yarda a cikin al'umma da cibiyoyin jama'a, da haifar da shakkun alluran rigakafin rigakafin yara da na manya.
Wani binciken da aka buga a watan Fabrairu ya yi la'akari da adadin mace-mace ta matsayin allurar rigakafi a tsakanin marasa lafiya da ke asibiti tare da Covid kuma ya gano cewa a cikin sama da 50s, rukunin da aka yiwa alurar riga kafi ya kusan ninka adadin mace-mace na rukunin marasa alurar riga kafi (kashi 70-37). Bugu da ƙari, waɗanda ke da ƙarin allurai suna da yawan mace-mace.
Farfesa Karl Heneghan, darektan Cibiyar Magungunan Shaida a Jami'ar Oxford, kuma Tom Jefferson ya tambayi dalilin da yasa Hukumar Tsaron Lafiya ta Burtaniya ta ki bayyana wa majalisar dokoki da bayanan jama'a da ta ke da shi kan mace-mace ta adadin alluran rigakafin. Yana iya zama saboda bayanai daga complementary Ofishin Kididdigar Kasa ya nuna cewa yawan mace-mace ya kasance a cikin allurar, yana ba da shawara amma ba tabbatar da cewa alluran na iya taka rawa ba?
A ranar 2 ga Maris, ƙungiyar giciye ta 21 'yan majalisar dokokin Burtaniya da takwarorinsu ya soki 'bangon shiru' kan batun kuma ya rubuta wa Sakatariyar Kiwon Lafiya Victoria Atkins game da 'damuwa da damuwa na jama'a da ƙwararru' a cikin ƙimar yawan mace-mace na Burtaniya tun daga 2020. A ranar 21 ga Maris, an sanar da cewa Majalisar Dokokin za ta sami muhawara akan mutuwar fiye da 18 ga Afrilu.
Ko da game da duk wata alaƙa tsakanin allurar rigakafi da mace-mace masu yawa, duk da haka, Sweden ta zama fitacciyar. Yana cikin ƙasashen da aka fi yin allurar rigakafi, wanda ya sami cikakken kashi 70 cikin ɗari a cikin Janairu 2022 (Amurka tana 65 da Ostiraliya a kashi 77 a lokacin). Yawan mace-macen Sweden daga 1 Maris 2020 zuwa 31 Disamba 2023 ya kasance 21,260, idan aka kwatanta da 51,007 na Ostiraliya da 1,313,492 na Amurka.
Amma ga abin. Bisa lafazin Duniyar mu a Data, jimlar mutuwar Sweden da ta shafi Covid ta 3 Maris 2024 ta kasance 27,219 kuma na Amurka ya kasance 1,180,025 (Hoto na 3).
A takaice dai, mutuwar wadanda ba na Covid-19 ba na Sweden sun kasance mara kyau, ƙasa da matsakaicin tushe. Saboda kwanakin da ke tsakanin nau'ikan adadi biyu ba su da bambanci, na yi wasu ƙididdiga masu ƙirƙira ta amfani da bayanai daga Duniyar mu a Data, OECD kididdigar yawan mace-mace, da ƙididdiga na wucin gadi na kowane wata da ABS ta buga don 2020, 2021, 2022, Da kuma 2023. Dangane da waɗannan ƙididdiga marasa izini na bayanan da aka daidaita kwanan wata, a watan Maris na wannan shekarar adadin waɗanda ba su da alaƙa da Covid-29,367 sun mutu XNUMX ga Ostiraliya, debe 4,574 na Sweden, da 222,016 na Amurka.
Abin da ke da ban sha'awa game da Sweden, ba shakka, shine ainihin sakamakon da za mu yi tsammani tare da Covid ya kashe adadi mai yawa na yawan tsofaffi da masu fama da cutar, ta haka rage ƙungiyar cikin haɗarin mutuwa a cikin 'yan shekaru masu zuwa. Ko ta yaya, misalin Sweden ya sake ba da shawarar cewa lahani na ƙuntatawa na kullewa na iya samun babban fa'ida ga yawan mace-mace masu taurin kai. Ko kuma Sweden kawai ta buge ta da sa'a ta musamman na allurar rigakafin, saboda da alama akwai wasu shaidun da ke nuna cewa ba duk batches sun kasance daidai a cikin sarrafa inganci yayin aikin masana'anta?
Komawa Ostiraliya, adadin wadanda ba na Covid-16,046 sun mutu ya wuce 2022 a cikin 9.7 (kashi 12,345) da 7.5 bara (kashi XNUMX). Babu wata kwakkwarar shaida da ke nuna cewa alurar riga kafi ne a or da dalilin farko na yawan mace-mace. Amma akwai isassun game da alamun aminci cewa lamarin yana buƙatar ingantaccen bincike tare da ci gaba da yanayin cutarwa daga gwajin zamantakewar kullewa. Ƙin bincikar wannan abin ban mamaki ne musamman bayan dagewa tun daga 2020 cewa ko da mutuwar Covid guda ɗaya da za a iya gujewa ita ce mutuwa ɗaya da yawa. Don haka dagewar rufe wani birni ko jiha baki ɗaya tare da gano shari'ar Covid guda ɗaya kawai.
Bayan yunƙurin da aka yi ta fama da shi, a ranar 26 ga Maris Majalisar Dattawa ta kada kuri’a 31-30 rike tambaya Kwamitin Tuntuɓar Al'amuran Al'umma kan abubuwan da ke haifar da mace-mace mai yawa. Sanata Ralph Babet, babban mai gabatar da kudirin, yana ganin wannan na iya zama wani bincike na farko a duniya.
Abin mamaki, duk Sanatocin Green da Labour sun kada kuri'ar kin amincewa da hakan. Da gaske? Me suke tsoron a bayyana cewa sun gwammace su boye?
Ya bambanta da ƙwaƙƙwaran allurar rigakafi a cikin 2021-22, a cikin watanni shida zuwa Maris na wannan shekara, kawai 3.3 kashi na masu shekaru 18-64 sun sami tallafi kuma a cikin masu shekaru 65-74 masu rauni, kashi 21.4 bisa dari, a cewar Ma'aikatar Lafiya.
A bayyane yake, yawancin mutane an yi su da Covid kuma sun daina yin biyayya ga shawarwarin hukumomin kiwon lafiyar jama'a. Wannan ba shakka ya ƙunshi nasa haɗari na dogon lokaci. Shin Labour da Greens ba su da sha'awar sanin gaskiyar maganin rigakafi da dawo da amincin jama'a game da amincin cibiyoyin jama'a, gami da Lafiya da Majalisa?
A sosai ya fi guntu An buga sigar wannan a cikin Spectator Australia a ranar 13 ga Afrilu.
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Ramesh Thakur, Babban Babban Masanin Cibiyar Brownstone, tsohon Mataimakin Sakatare-Janar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ne, kuma farfesa na farko a Makarantar Siyasa ta Crawford, Jami'ar Kasa ta Australiya.
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