littafin Coddling na Amurka Mind, ta Greg Lukianoff da Jonathan Haidt, sun bayyana a cikin 2018. Ya bayyana abubuwan da suka sake yin yawancin rayuwar Amurkawa, kamar aminci, soke al'adu, da siyasar ainihi. Ya kai lamba takwas akan New York Times jerin mafi kyawun kaya.
An yi littafin ya zama fim, wanda ya fito a gidajen wasan kwaikwayo a farkon wannan shekara don yin nazari mai zurfi. A ranar 17 ga Oktoba, 2024, sakin kan layi ya faru a manyan ayyukan yawo na Google Play, Apple TV, da—harrumph—ba Firayim na Amazon.
Daraktan fim din, Ted Balaker, bayyana cewa "An daɗe da tabbatar wa ƙungiyarmu" cewa fim ɗin zai fito a Amazon ranar 17 ga Oktoba. Amma ba a cika alkawarin ba. Balaker ya rubuta, "Amazon har yanzu ba ta ba mu takamaiman dalilin wannan babban rikici ba."
Kwanaki biyar bayan kwanan watan da aka yi alkawarin, Amazon ya tuba. Balaker ya biyo baya don gode wa masu karatunsa don "lalata Amazon da imel." Yanzu ana samun fim ɗin akan Amazon.
Amazon ya gudanar da kansa bisa zalunci. Ya yi sau da yawa, sau da yawa fiye da tsanani. Amma bari mu yi la'akari da wannan takamammen lamarin don gano ma'anoni uku na adalci.
Adam Smith bai cika ba
Me muke nufi, cewa Amazon ya aikata rashin adalci?
Abubuwa uku, a zahiri, a cewar masanin falsafa dan Scotland Adam Smith. A ciki Ka'idar Jumla, wanda aka fara bugawa a cikin 1759, ya bayyana kuma yayi aiki da ma'anoni uku na adalci.
Mafi ƙanƙanta adalci shine adalcin kimantawa. Halin Amazon ya nuna cewa yana ƙididdige wasu abubuwa da ba daidai ba. Abubuwan su ne, alal misali, mutuncin Amazon, jin daɗin wasa mai kyau, da ƙa'idar cika alkawari. Waɗannan abubuwa ne. Wani ra'ayi yana ƙidaya a matsayin abu lokacin da muka ɗauki hangen nesa na kimanta adalci.
Idan ka kiyasta abu kasa da abin da ya cancanta, an ce ka yi abin kasa da adalci. Idan ka kiyasta abu fiye da yadda ya cancanta-kamar mummunar ɗabi'a ko ra'ayin siyasa - kun yi shi fiye da adalci. Duk zullumi nau'i ne na rashin adalci.
Rarraba Adalci
Na biyu, ta hanyar yin alƙawarin sakin fim ɗin a ranar 17 ga Oktoba kuma ba yin haka ba, Amazon ya yi amfani da abin da ba shi da kyau - wato, dandalin kansa, kamfani, ƙoƙari, da hankali. Waɗannan albarkatun ne na Amazon, kuma ya yi mummunar rarraba albarkatunsa. Irin adalcin da ke tattare da shi a nan shine adalcin rarraba. Smith ya ce mutum yana cika adalcin rarraba lokacin da ya zama mai amfani da abin nasa. In ba haka ba, ya aikata ta hanyar da ba ta da adalci.
Zalunci na Sadarwa
Ganin cewa adalcin rarraba shine game da abin da kuke yi da kayanku, ma'ana ta uku ta adalci tana da alaƙa da abin da kuke yi ga kayan wasu. Kuma shi ne wanda muka fi danganta shi da adalci a shari’a ta sirri. Ita ce wacce ƙarni na marubutan fikihu suka karrama kamar su Hugo Grotius, Samuel Pufendorf, da malamin Adam Smith Francis Hutcheson.
Wannan halin kirki yana gaya muku: Kada ku yi rikici da kayan wasu.
Wannan halin kirki yana sanya nahawu na zamantakewa. Sabanin ma'ana guda biyu da suka gabata (ƙididdigewa da rarrabawa), waɗanda ƙa'idodinsu "sauye ne, m, da rashin ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun bayanai," wannan, mai sauƙin fahimta, yana da ƙa'idodi waɗanda suke "daidai kuma daidai," kamar yadda Smith. sa shi.
Ga yadda Smith ya bayyana wannan ma’anar adalci: “Mafi tsarkin dokoki na adalci… sune dokokin da ke tsare rayuwa da mutun maƙwabcinmu; na gaba su ne waɗanda ke kiyaye dukiyarsa da dukiyoyinsa; kuma na ƙarshe su ne waɗanda ke kiyaye abin da ake kira haƙƙinsa na kashin kansa, ko kuma abin da ya same shi daga alkawuran wasu.”
Daga baya a cikin littafin, Smith ya bambanta wannan ma'anar adalci a matsayin adalcin daidaitawa. Hanya ɗaya don tunani game da wannan kalmar ita ce yin tunani game da tafiya, kamar yadda yake tafiya daga aya zuwa aya. Adalci na sassauƙa ya shafi ƙa'idodi irin na nahawu waɗanda yakamata su gudanar da aiwatar da sashi zuwa sashe, sabanin sashe ga duka. Kamar yadda nahawu ba ya shafi yadda ake yin rubutunku mai kyau ba, haka nan ma’anar adalci ba ta mayar da hankali wajen kyautata halayenku ba.
Alkawarin Amazon ya fito fili: Don sakin fim ɗin a ranar 17 ga Oktoba. Kowa zai iya ganin cewa Amazon ya keta yarjejeniyar. Wato saboda ƙa'idodin cika alkawari daidai ne kuma daidai ne. Kamar ka'idojin nahawu.
Daidaituwa da daidaito suna taimakawa wajen tabbatar da doka ta zama mai aiwatar da kanta, saboda keta haddi yana haifar da share fage da tozarta cikin tsegumi da cin mutuncin mutum.
Abin da kuma ke yin alkawuran aiwatar da kai shi ne cewa wanda aka azabtar ya san ainihin wanda aka azabtar, wanda ba haka ba ne idan wani ya saci kayan gidan ka a cikin dare ko ya ba da abin rufe fuska ya yi maka. Watakila ba za ka san wane ne ya sace ka ko ya buge ka a bayan kai ba, amma ka san wanda ya karya alkawarin da ya yi maka.
Zaluncin Amazon ya ninka sau uku
Abin ban dariya cewa kamfani ya damu da adalci da kansa ya kasa yin adalci, kuma a cikin hanyoyi uku. Amazon ya kiyasta abubuwan da ba su dace ba, yana rarraba albarkatunsa ta hanyar da ba ta dace ba, kuma ta lalata da wasu kayan mutane, musamman alkawurran da masu shirya fina-finai suka yi. Amazon ya gudanar da kansa ba bisa ka'ida ba ta hanyar ƙididdigewa, rarrabawa, da kuma hanyar sadarwa.
Smith ya rubuta game da bacin rai da hukunce-hukuncen da suka biyo baya a matsayin “babban tsaro na ƙungiyar ’yan Adam, don kare raunana, da hana masu tashin hankali, da kuma azabtar da masu laifi.”
Mu azabta masu laifi. Da kuma tattara Tasirin Streisand don Ƙaddamar da Hankalin Amurka,fimu!
(Don ƙarin jagora a kan adalci mai nau'i-nau'i na Smith, duba babi na 1 na littafina nan.)
-
Daniel Klein farfesa ne a fannin tattalin arziki kuma Shugaban JIN a Cibiyar Mercatus a Jami'ar George Mason, inda yake jagorantar shirin a Adam Smith.
Hakanan abokin tarayya ne a Cibiyar Ratio (Stockholm), abokin bincike a Cibiyar Independent, kuma babban editan Econ Journal Watch.
Duba dukkan posts
